PART – B
1 What is Monetary Policy of RBI ?
The objectives are to maintain price stability and ensure adequate
flow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy.
Stability for the national currency (after looking at prevailing
economic conditions), growth in employment and income are also
looked into. The monetary policy affects the real sector through
long and variable periods while the financial markets are also
impacted through short-term implications.
There are four main 'channels' which the RBI looks at:
Quantum channel: money supply and credit (affects real output and
price level through changes in reserves money, money supply and
credit aggregates).
Interest rate channel.
Exchange rate channel (linked to the currency).
Asset price.
The Monetary and Credit Policy is the policy statement,
traditionally announced twice a year, through which the Reserve
Bank of India seeks to ensure price stability for the economy,
employment generation and economic growth.
These factors include - money supply, interest rates and the
inflation. In banking and economic terms money supply is referred
to as M3 - which indicates the level (stock) of legal currency in the
economy.
Besides, the RBI also announces norms for the banking and financial
sector and the institutions which are governed by it. These would
be banks, financial institutions, non-banking financial institutions,
Nidhis and primary dealers (money markets) and dealers in the
foreign exchange (forex) market.
2 What is Fiscal Policy?
Fiscal system refers to the mechanism through which financial
resources for the government and its agencies are obtained, or
raised, and the scale and pattern of allocation of such resources is
determined. In the Indian fiscal system the budgetary resources
and expenditures are determined through the annual budget of the
Central Government and the State Governments.
Fiscal policy is the sister strategy to monetary policy, with which
RBI influences a nation’s money supply. These two policies are
used in various combinations in an effort to direct a country’s
economic goals
3 What is the difference between Monetary Policy & Fiscal Policy?
Two important tools of macroeconomic policy are Monetary Policy
and Fiscal Policy.
The Monetary Policy is different from Fiscal Policy as the former
brings about a change in the economy by changing money supply
and interest rate, whereas fiscal policy is a broader tool with the
government.
The Fiscal Policy can be used to overcome recession and control
inflation. It may be defined as a deliberate change in government
revenue and expenditure to influence the level of national output
and prices.
For instance, at the time of recession the government can increase
expenditures or cut taxes in order to generate demand.
On the other hand, the government can reduce its expenditures or
raise taxes during inflationary times. Fiscal policy aims at changing
aggregate demand by suitable changes in government spending and
taxes.
The annual Union Budget showcases the government's Fiscal Policy.
4 What is Fiscal Deficit Mean?
When a government's total expenditures exceed the revenue that it
generates (excluding money from borrowings). Deficit differs from
debt, which is an accumulation of yearly deficits.
The difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the
government is termed as fiscal deficit. It is an indication of the total
borrowings needed by the government. While calculating the total
revenue, borrowings are not included. Generally fiscal deficit takes
place due to either revenue deficit or a major hike in capital
expenditure. Capital expenditure is incurred to create long-term
assets such as factories, buildings and other development. A deficit
is usually financed through borrowing from either the central bank
of the country or raising money from capital markets by issuing
different instruments like treasury bills and bonds.
Fiscal deficit is an economic phenomenon, where the Government's
total expenditure surpasses the revenue generated . It is the
difference between the government's total receipts (excluding
borrowing) and total expenditure. Fiscal deficit gives the signal to
the government about the total borrowing requirements from all
sources.
Components of fiscal deficit
The primary component of fiscal deficit includes revenue deficit
and capital expenditure.
Revenue deficit: It is an economic phenomenon, where the net
amount received fails to meet the predicted net amount to be
received.
Capital expenditure: It is the fund used by an establishment to
produce physical assets like property, equipments or industrial
buildings. Capital expenditure is made by the establishment to
consistently maintain the operational activities.
In India, the fiscal deficit is financed by obtaining funds from
Reserve Bank of India, called deficit financing. The fiscal deficit is
also financed by obtaining funds from the money market (primarily
from banks).
5 What is the difference between fiscal deficit and primary deficit?
Primary deficit is one of the parts of fiscal deficit. While fiscal
deficit is the difference between total revenue and expenditure,
primary deficit can be arrived by deducting interest payment from
fiscal deficit. Interest payment is the payment that a government
makes on its borrowings to the creditors.
6 What is revenue deficit?
A mismatch in the expected revenue and expenditure can result in
revenue deficit. Revenue deficit arises when the government’s
actual net receipts is lower than the projected receipts. On the
contrary, if the actual receipts are higher than expected one, it is
termed as revenue surplus. A revenue deficit does not mean actual
loss of revenue.
Let’s take a hypothetical example, if a country expects a revenue
receipt of Rs 100 and expenditure worth Rs 75, it can result in net
revenue of Rs 25. But the actual revenue of Rs 90 is realized and
expenditure is Rs 70. This translates into net revenue of Rs 20,
which is Rs 5 lesser than the budgeted net revenue and called as
revenue deficit.
7 What is fiscal consolidation ?
A conscious policy effort is needed by the government to live within
its means and thereby bring down the fiscal deficit and public debt.
It includes, among other things, efforts to raise revenues and bring
down wasteful expenditure such as subsidies . As a larger mandate,
it also involves the participation by state governments in the
process. But the whole initiative is planned as a long-term exercise
by the government through a road map for fiscal reform rather than
through a single Budget announcement. This is particularly true for
a country like India where the government's expenditure is way
beyond its revenues, forcing it to borrow.
Why do rating agencies often express their concern about it?
Just as a borrower's creditworthiness depends on her indebtedness,
a country's rating is often linked to its fiscal deficit. Fiscal
consolidation efforts are looked at positively by sovereign-rating
agencies. This is because it gives them an indication of a country's
financial strength and hence, its ability and capacity to service the
debt it raises. Many a time, even though an economy has grown
well or its other indicators, such as external sector strength, are
buoyant, it does not get a good rating only on the ground of poor
efforts at fiscal consolidation.
How is India placed on fiscal consolidation ranking?
For many years, India ranked low on fiscal consolidation. However,
from 2003 onwards , the government made conscious efforts to
bring down its fiscal deficit and public debt after it passed the
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act. This
enabled the government to pursue fiscal reforms aimed at
committing to a pre-decided level of deficit.
Though its efforts went off well in the initial years, government
finances slipped in the last two years as it was forced to provide
fiscal sops initially to tackle high inflation and then to contain the
impact of the global financial crisis of 2008-09 that hit the real
economy hard. As a result, through its fiscal stimulus package, it
had to announce several fiscal concessions and also increase
expenditure on account of some sops. This ended in a further
worsening of the country's finances.
What is India going to do about it?
Although the government does not borrow overseas, it cannot
ignore the fisc as it is now a part of the global economy. The cost of
borrowing for private corporates which raise money overseas,
depends a lot on its home country's sovereign ratings . It is
expected that Finance Minister Sri P. Chidambaram will roll out a
road map for fiscal consolidation during the Union Budget, which
includes unwinding of the fiscal stimulus.
8 What is Fiscal Expansion?
Government policies and actions often influence the economy of
the country. Fiscal expansion, also known as fiscal stimulus, is one
common way a government can affect economic growth. During
times of economic stagnation, fiscal expansion enables the
government to encourage growth by changing the levels of spending
or taxation.
Fiscal expansion is generally defined as an increase in economic
spending owing to actions taken by the government. This expansion
of spending in the economy may be intended, or may be a side
effect of a government policy. Government spending is limited by
its budget and available funds. Factors such as tax levels and
national budgets can affect how much fiscal expansion can occur.
9 What are the Causes for Fiscal Expansion?
There are two basic causes of fiscal expansion. The first is
increased government spending directly into the economy. For
instance, if the government begins an expensive new highway
project, direct fiscal expansion occurs when money is spent to buy
the necessary equipment and hire workers. The second cause of
fiscal expansion is decreasing taxes. When taxes decrease, people
are able to keep and spend more of their money. The increased
spending by consumers leads to indirect fiscal expansion.
10 What are the Advantages for Fiscal Expansion?
The primary advantages of fiscal expansion are increased economic
stimulus and expanded demand for goods and services.
Theoretically, fiscal expansion enables companies to increase their
output and hire more workers. Fiscal expansion is sometimes used
to "jump-start" a stagnant economy and increase the productivity of
private businesses.
11 What are the Disadvantages for Fiscal Expansion?
Fiscal expansion that depends on government spending can lead to
a budget deficit. A deficit occurs when the government increases
spending beyond the level of incoming revenue. Long-term deficit
spending can drain the financial reserves of the government.
Expansion that relies on tax cuts can also create disadvantages. If
the government lowers taxes too far, it may not bring in enough
yearly revenue to meet its obligations. For these reasons,
government fiscal expansion is usually used as a short-term
strategy, and cannot be used to grow the economy indefinitely