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Understanding RBI's Monetary and Fiscal Policies

The document discusses various aspects of monetary policy and fiscal policy in India. It defines monetary policy as the Reserve Bank of India's policy to control money supply, interest rates, and inflation to maintain price stability and economic growth. Fiscal policy refers to the government's spending and taxation policies to influence aggregate demand. The key difference is that monetary policy controls money supply and interest rates, while fiscal policy controls government spending and taxes. It also discusses concepts like fiscal deficit, primary deficit, and revenue deficit, and explains fiscal consolidation efforts in India.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views5 pages

Understanding RBI's Monetary and Fiscal Policies

The document discusses various aspects of monetary policy and fiscal policy in India. It defines monetary policy as the Reserve Bank of India's policy to control money supply, interest rates, and inflation to maintain price stability and economic growth. Fiscal policy refers to the government's spending and taxation policies to influence aggregate demand. The key difference is that monetary policy controls money supply and interest rates, while fiscal policy controls government spending and taxes. It also discusses concepts like fiscal deficit, primary deficit, and revenue deficit, and explains fiscal consolidation efforts in India.

Uploaded by

amir chandi
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PART – B

1  What is Monetary Policy of RBI ? 


 
The  objectives  are  to  maintain  price  stability  and  ensure  adequate 
flow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy.  
Stability  for  the  national  currency  (after  looking  at  prevailing 
economic  conditions),  growth  in  employment  and  income  are  also 
looked  into.  The  monetary  policy  affects  the  real  sector  through 
long  and  variable  periods  while  the  financial  markets  are  also 
impacted through short-term implications.  
There are four main 'channels' which the RBI looks at:  
 
Quantum  channel:  money  supply and credit (affects real output and 
price  level  through  changes  in  reserves  money,  money  supply  and 
credit aggregates).  
Interest rate channel.  
Exchange rate channel (linked to the currency).  
Asset price.  
 
The  Monetary  and  Credit  Policy  is  the  policy  statement, 
traditionally  announced  twice  a  year,  through  which  the  Reserve 
Bank  of  India  seeks  to  ensure  price  stability  for  the  economy, 
employment generation and economic growth. 
These  factors  include  -  money  supply,  interest  rates  and  the 
inflation.  In  banking  and  economic  terms  money  supply  is  referred 
to  as  M3  -  which  indicates  the  level  (stock)  of  legal  currency  in  the 
economy. 
  
Besides,  the  RBI  also announces norms for the banking and financial 
sector  and  the  institutions  which  are  governed  by  it.  These  would 
be  banks,  financial  institutions,  non-banking  financial  institutions, 
Nidhis  and  primary  dealers  (money  markets)  and  dealers  in  the 
foreign exchange (forex) market. 
2  What is Fiscal Policy? 
 
Fiscal  system  refers  to  the  mechanism  through  which  financial 
resources  for  the  government  and  its  agencies  are  obtained,  or 
raised,  and  the  scale  and  pattern  of  allocation  of  such  resources  is 
determined.  In  the  Indian  fiscal  system  the  budgetary  resources 
and  expenditures  are  determined  through  the  annual  budget of the 
Central Government and the State Governments. 
 
Fiscal  policy  is  the  sister  strategy  to  monetary  policy,  with  which 
RBI  influences  a  nation’s  money  supply.  These  two  policies  are 
used  in  various  combinations  in  an  effort  to  direct  a  country’s 
economic goals 
3  What is the difference between Monetary Policy & Fiscal Policy? 
 
Two important tools of macroeconomic policy are Monetary Policy 
and Fiscal Policy. 
The  Monetary  Policy  is  different  from  Fiscal  Policy  as  the  former 
brings  about  a  change  in  the  economy  by  changing  money  supply 
and  interest  rate,  whereas  fiscal  policy  is  a  broader  tool  with  the 
government.  
The  Fiscal  Policy  can  be  used  to  overcome  recession  and  control 
inflation.  It  may  be  defined  as  a  deliberate  change  in  government 
revenue  and  expenditure  to  influence  the  level  of  national  output 
and prices.  
 
For  instance,  at  the  time  of  recession  the  government can increase 
expenditures or cut taxes in order to generate demand.  
On  the  other  hand,  the  government  can  reduce  its  expenditures  or 
raise  taxes  during  inflationary  times.  Fiscal  policy  aims  at  changing 
aggregate  demand  by  suitable  changes  in  government  spending  and 
taxes.  
The annual Union Budget showcases the government's Fiscal Policy.  
4  What is Fiscal Deficit Mean? 
 
When a  government's  total  expenditures exceed the revenue that it 
generates  (excluding  money  from  borrowings).  Deficit  differs  from 
debt, which is an accumulation of yearly deficits.  
 
The  difference  between  total  revenue  and  total  expenditure  of the 
government  is termed as fiscal deficit. It is an indication of the total 
borrowings  needed  by  the  government.  While  calculating  the  total 
revenue,  borrowings  are  not  included.  Generally  fiscal deficit takes 
place  due  to  either  revenue  deficit  or  a  major  hike  in  capital 
expenditure.  Capital  expenditure  is  incurred  to  create  long-term 
assets  such  as  factories,  buildings  and  other  development. A deficit 
is  usually  financed  through  borrowing  from  either  the  central  bank 
of  the  country  or  raising  money  from  capital  markets  by  issuing 
different instruments like treasury bills and bonds. 
 
Fiscal  deficit  is  an  economic phenomenon, where the Government's 
total  expenditure  surpasses  the  revenue  generated  .  It  is  the 
difference  between  the  government's  total  receipts  (excluding 
borrowing)  and  total  expenditure.  Fiscal  deficit  gives  the  signal  to 
the  government  about  the  total  borrowing  requirements  from  all 
sources. 
 
Components of fiscal deficit 
 
The primary component of fiscal deficit includes revenue deficit 
and capital expenditure. 
 
Revenue deficit​: It is an economic phenomenon, where the net 
amount received fails to meet the predicted net amount to be 
received. 
 
Capital expenditure​: It is the fund used by an establishment to 
produce physical assets like property, equipments or industrial 
buildings. Capital expenditure is made by the establishment to 
consistently maintain the operational activities. 
 
In India, the fiscal deficit is financed by obtaining funds from 
Reserve Bank of India, called deficit financing. The fiscal deficit is 
also financed by obtaining funds from the money market (primarily 
from banks). 
 
5  What is the difference between fiscal deficit and primary deficit?  
 
Primary deficit is one of the parts of fiscal deficit. While fiscal 
deficit is the difference between total revenue and expenditure, 
primary deficit can be arrived by deducting interest payment from 
fiscal deficit. Interest payment is the payment that a government 
makes on its borrowings to the creditors.  
6  What is revenue deficit?  
 
A mismatch in the expected revenue and expenditure can result in 
revenue deficit. Revenue deficit arises when the government’s 
actual net receipts is lower than the projected receipts. On the 
contrary, if the actual receipts are higher than expected one, it is 
termed as revenue surplus. A revenue deficit does not mean actual 
loss of revenue. 
 
Let’s take a hypothetical example, if a country expects a revenue 
receipt of Rs 100 and expenditure worth Rs 75, it can result in net 
revenue of Rs 25. But the actual revenue of Rs 90 is realized and 
expenditure is Rs 70. This translates into net revenue of Rs 20, 
which is Rs 5 lesser than the budgeted net revenue and called as 
revenue deficit. 
 
7  What is fiscal consolidation ? 
 
A  conscious policy effort is needed by the government to live within 
its  means  and  thereby  bring down the fiscal deficit and public debt. 
It  includes,  among  other  things,  efforts  to  raise  revenues  and  bring 
down  wasteful  expenditure  such  as  subsidies  . As a larger mandate, 
it  also  involves  the  participation  by  state  governments  in  the 
process.  But  the  whole  initiative  is  planned  as  a long-term exercise 
by  the  government through a road map for fiscal reform rather than 
through  a  single  Budget  announcement.  This  is  particularly  true for 
a  country  like  India  where  the  government's  expenditure  is  way 
beyond its revenues, forcing it to borrow. 
 
Why do rating agencies often express their concern about it? 
 
Just  as  a borrower's creditworthiness depends on her indebtedness, 
a  country's  rating  is  often  linked  to  its  fiscal  deficit.  Fiscal 
consolidation  efforts  are  looked  at  positively  by  sovereign-rating 
agencies.  This  is  because  it  gives  them  an  indication  of  a  country's 
financial  strength  and  hence,  its  ability  and  capacity  to  service  the 
debt  it  raises.  Many  a  time,  even  though  an  economy  has  grown 
well  or  its  other  indicators,  such  as  external  sector  strength,  are 
buoyant,  it  does  not  get  a  good  rating  only  on  the  ground  of  poor 
efforts at fiscal consolidation. 
 
How is India placed on fiscal consolidation ranking? 
 
For  many  years,  India  ranked  low  on  fiscal  consolidation.  However, 
from  2003  onwards  ,  the  government  made  conscious  efforts  to 
bring  down  its  fiscal  deficit  and  public  debt  after  it  passed  the 
Fiscal  Responsibility  and  Budget  Management  (FRBM)  Act.  This 
enabled  the  government  to  pursue  fiscal  reforms  aimed  at 
committing to a pre-decided level of deficit. 
 
Though  its  efforts  went  off  well  in  the  initial  years,  government 
finances  slipped  in  the  last  two  years  as  it  was  forced  to  provide 
fiscal  sops  initially  to  tackle  high  inflation  and  then  to  contain  the 
impact  of  the  global  financial  crisis  of  2008-09  that  hit  the  real 
economy  hard.  As  a  result,  through  its  fiscal  stimulus  package,  it 
had  to  announce  several  fiscal  concessions  and  also  increase 
expenditure  on  account  of  some  sops.  This  ended  in  a  further 
worsening of the country's finances. 
 
What is India going to do about it? 
 
Although  the  government  does  not  borrow  overseas,  it  cannot 
ignore  the  fisc  as it is now a part of the global economy. The cost of 
borrowing  for  private  corporates  which  raise  money  overseas, 
depends  a  lot  on  its  home  country's  sovereign  ratings  .  It  is 
expected  that  Finance  Minister  Sri  P.  Chidambaram  will  roll  out  a 
road  map  for  fiscal  consolidation  during  the  Union  Budget,  which 
includes unwinding of the fiscal stimulus. 
 
8  What is Fiscal Expansion? 
 
Government  policies  and  actions  often  influence  the  economy  of 
the  country.  Fiscal  expansion,  also  known  as  fiscal  stimulus,  is  one 
common  way  a  government  can  affect  economic  growth.  During 
times  of  economic  stagnation,  fiscal  expansion  enables  the 
government  to encourage growth by changing the levels of spending 
or taxation. 
 
Fiscal  expansion  is  generally  defined  as  an  increase  in  economic 
spending  owing  to  actions  taken by the government. This expansion 
of  spending  in  the  economy  may  be  intended,  or  may  be  a  side 
effect  of  a  government  policy.  Government  spending  is  limited  by 
its  budget  and  available  funds.  Factors  such  as  tax  levels  and 
national budgets can affect how much fiscal expansion can occur. 
9  What are the Causes for Fiscal Expansion? 
 
There  are  two  basic  causes  of  fiscal  expansion.  The  first  is 
increased  government  spending  directly  into  the  economy.  For 
instance,  if  the  government  begins  an  expensive  new  highway 
project,  direct  fiscal  expansion  occurs  when  money  is  spent  to  buy 
the  necessary  equipment  and  hire  workers.  The  second  cause  of 
fiscal  expansion  is  decreasing  taxes.  When  taxes  decrease,  people 
are  able  to  keep  and  spend  more  of  their  money.  The  increased 
spending by consumers leads to indirect fiscal expansion. 
 
10  What are the Advantages for Fiscal Expansion? 
 
The  primary  advantages  of  fiscal  expansion  are  increased economic 
stimulus  and  expanded  demand  for  goods  and  services. 
Theoretically,  fiscal  expansion  enables  companies  to  increase  their 
output  and  hire  more  workers.  Fiscal  expansion  is  sometimes  used 
to  "jump-start"  a  stagnant economy and increase the productivity of 
private businesses. 
 
11  What are the Disadvantages for Fiscal Expansion? 
 
Fiscal  expansion  that  depends  on  government  spending  can  lead  to 
a  budget  deficit.  A  deficit  occurs  when  the  government  increases 
spending  beyond  the  level  of  incoming  revenue.  Long-term  deficit 
spending  can  drain  the  financial  reserves  of  the  government. 
Expansion  that  relies  on  tax  cuts  can  also  create  disadvantages.  If 
the  government  lowers  taxes  too  far,  it  may  not  bring  in  enough 
yearly  revenue  to  meet  its  obligations.  For  these  reasons, 
government  fiscal  expansion  is  usually  used  as  a  short-term 
strategy, and cannot be used to grow the economy indefinitely 
   

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