Asexual Reproduction Significance Variations Sexual Reproduction
? It is a rapid mode of multiplication. Variations are the differences found in
It is the production of offspring by a single parent the morphological and physiological It is the process of development of new
without the formation and fusion of gamete. ? Cell division takes place either individual through formation and fusion
mitotically or amitotically. features of an organism.
e.g. binary fission in Amoeba, budding in Hydra, e.g. in a colony, some members get of gametes,
? The new individuals produced after e.g. human, dogs, cats, frogs, etc.
spore formation in Rhizopus, fungus and vegetative resistant against antibiotics as a
cell divisions are always genetically
propagation in flowering plant like rose, etc. result of variations.
identical to their parents, e.g. clone.
? A single parent is involved,
e.g. opposite sexes are not
involved.
Fission ? It does not involve the fusion of Significance
The splitting of a unicellular organism into two
gametes. In Flowering ? It is not a rapid mode of multiplication.
or more than two separate daughter cells.
? Cell division involves meiosis at some
Binary Fission Parent organism divides into Plants
Flowering plants are stages.
two identical daughter organisms with definite
orientation, e.g. Amoeba, Euglena. Pollination generally ? The new individuals produced after
The transfer of pollen grains from the Angiosperms. They cell division exhibit variation, e.g.
Multiple Fission Parent organism divides into
anther of the stamen to the stigma of a carry the reproductive offspring are different from parents in
many identical daughter organisms e.g.
flower is termed as pollination. parts within the flower eye colours, hair etc.
Plasmodium.
Self pollination In which, the pollen from and seeds enclosed in ? It requires the involvement of two
the stamen of a flower is transferred to a fruit, e.g. formation of parents (a male and a female).
the stigma of a same flower. gametes ? It involves the formation and fusion of
Fragmentation (gametogenesis).
Cross pollination In which, the pollen gametes.
It is a form of asexual reproduction in which
from the stamen of a flower is transferred
multicellular organisms break up into two or
to the stigma of a different flower.
more small fragments or pieces, e.g.
Spirogyra. In Human Beings
Fertilisation
Regeneration Fusion of male gamete with female Puberty
A fully differentiated organism can give rise to gamete to form zygote. Puberty is the time period when your body begins to develop and
new individual organism from its body part, changes as you move from kid to an adult.
e.g. Hydra.
Reproductive Health
Male Reproductive System
Budding
A daughter organism is formed from a small
Birth Control
projection known as bud, which develops as an
Birth control barrier, hormonal, chemical and Testes Accessory Glands
outgrowth due to repeated cell division on the Paired structure Include paired seminal vesicles, prostate
surgical method.
parent body, e.g. yeast, Hydra. lying in scrotum. and urethral glands.
Barrier Condom, Diaphragm,
IntraUterineContraceptive Device (IUCD)
Hormonal Oral contraceptive pills
Spore Formation Chemical Spermicide Female Reproductive System
Living cells of spore have the ability to Surgical Vasectomy, tubectomy. Consists of a pair of ovaries along with a pair of oviduct, uterus,
germinate and give rise to a new colony, cervix, vagina and external genitalia.
e.g. Rhizopus.
STDs
STDs e.g. AIDS, syphilis transmitted by sexual Menstruation
contact with infected person. Menstrual cycle begins with puberty at the age of 11-13 years.
Vegetative Propagation
New plants are obtained from a part of the Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoea The first menstruation is called menarche. The stoppage of
parent plant without the involvement of Syphilis Treponema pallidum menstruation permanently is called menopause. It occurs between
reproductive organs. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) 45-50 year.
Natural Under favourable condition, various HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
structures take part in this type of reproduction Genital warts HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
known as natural vegetative propagation, Fertilisation
e.g. root tubers. Process of fusion of sperm and egg to produce zygote.
Artificial The methods such as cutting, layering Tissue Culture Implantation (embedding of embryo in thick lining of uterus).
and grafting are known as methods of artificial (In vitro micropropagation) Maintain tissues or Gestation (period from development till child birth).
vegetative propagation in order to grow many organs under sterile in vitro to grow disease Parturition (strong rhythmic muscular contraction in the uterus).
plants like sugarcane, roses, grapes, etc. free plants, e.g. ornamental plant like orchids.