SR NO DESCRIPTION UNIT REMARKS/ NOTES/ REFERENCES

1. SYSTEM FAULT CURRENT If 10 KA (As per FDS AnnVI )

2 EARTH FAULT CURRENT 10 KA (As per FDS AnnVI )

3 DURATION OF FAULT tc 0.5 SEC (As per FDS AnnVI )

(As per EARTHING LAYOUT FOR
4. LENGTH OF SWITCHYARD L1 25 MTRS GROUND FLOOR)
(As per EARTHING LAYOUT FOR
5. BREADTH OF SWITCHYARD B1 7.5 MTRS GROUND FLOOR)
(As per EARTHING LAYOUT FOR
6. NO. OF GROUND ELECTRODE nR 18 NOS. GROUND FLOOR)

7. LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ELECTRODE Lr 3 MTR

8. SOIL RESISTIVITY ρ 20 OHM-MTR (As per FDS AnnVI )

9. GROUND CONDUCTOR l 25 mm dia MS Rod

10. DEPTH OF BURIAL OF CONDUCTOR hs 1 MTR

11 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Ta 35 DEG. C

12 DIAMETER OF THE ELECTRODE 0.025 MTR

13 DURATION OF SIZING OF CONDUCTOR 0.5 Sec.

14 [Link] TEMP. RISE (for welded joints) Tm 1510 DEG. C

(Steel 1020)
15 THERMAL CAPACITY FACTOR = Tcap 3.28 [ J/cm^3 .deg Cel ]

16 THERMAL COEFFICIENT OF RESISTIVITY AT Tr αr 0.0016 (1/deg cel)

17 REFERENCE TEMP. FOR MATERIAL CONSTANT = Tr 20 DEG. C

18 (1/αr)-Tr = Ko 605 DEG. C

19 RESISTIVITY OF GROUND CONDUCTOR at Tr ρr 15.9 ( [Link])

20 MINIMUM AREA OF GROUND CONDUCTOR IN [Link]. A

Formulae for Required conductor size in sqmm. -

A= If x 1/(sqrt((Tcap/(tc x αr x ρr x 10000))x(ln((Ko+Tm)/(Ko+Ta)))))

GRID EARTHING CONDUCTOR CROSS SECTION : A 56.96 [Link].

As per CBIP Publication No. 223 (Page no. 6) ,1992 for soil resistivity lower than 25 Ohm Mtr,
conductor with 15% more area than the actual area is required to be considered
Hence A = 66 [Link].
THE ACTUAL SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR
SELECTED IS (D) 25 MM A= PIXR^2 = 491 [Link].
HENCE ADEQUATE

CALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF EARTHSTRIP

DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL CONDUCTOR(D) 4 MTR

NO. OF GRID CONDUCTOR IN X-AXIS (nx) 7 NOS.
NO. OF GRID CONDUCTOR IN Y-AXIS (ny) 20 NOS.

LENGTH OF ADDITIONAL CONDUCTOR, IF ANY L3

LESS UNCOVERED AREA (IF ANY)
LENGTH OF SWITCHYARD IN Y-AXIS (L2) 0 MTR
LENGTH OF SWITCHYARD IN X-AXIS (B2) 0 MTR
NO. OF GRID CONDUCTOR IN X-AXIS (nx1) 0 NO.
NO. OF GRID CONDUCTOR IN Y-AXIS (ny1) 0 NO.

Lc = (((nx*L1)+(ny*B1)+L3)-((nx1*L2)+(ny1*B2)))

TOTAL LENGTH OF GRID CONDUCTOR IN MTR ( Lc) 325 MTR.

Lm = (Lc+LR) IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn 90
WHERE Lm= EFFECTIVE BURRRIED LENGTH
Lc = TOTAL LENGTH OF GRID CONDUCTOR
LR = TOTAL LENGTH OF GROUNDING ELECTRODE
Lx = MAXIMUM LENGTH OF GRID IN X DIRECTION = nx x L1 175 MTRS REFER TABLE NO. 12
Ly = MAXIMUM LENGTH OF GRID IN Y DIRECTION = ny x B1 150 MTRS PAGE NO.89
IEEE-80(2000)
LR = (Lr*nR) = 54 MTR
Lm= (Lc + ((1.55 + 1.22 (Lr/(√(Lx² + Ly²))) * LR) 410 MTR IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn 91
Lr = LENGTH OF EACH GFROUND ELECTRODE IN 'M'.
CALCULATION FOR MESH AND STEP POTENTIAL

TOLERABLE MESH POTENTIAL

Em = ((1000+(1.5*Cs*ρs))*(0.157)/sqrt(ts) IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn 32
Cs = (1-a1*(((1-(ρ/ρs))/(2*hs+a1))))
WHERE
ρs = RESISTIVITY OF CRUSHED ROCK = 3000 OHM-METER
Cs = SURFACE LAYER RESISTIVITY DERATING FACTOR = 0.771
= 1 FOR CRUSHED STONE RESISTIVITY EQUAL TO SOIL RESISTIVITY
= 1- a1(1-(ρ/ρs)/(2*hs+a1)) IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn 27
a1 = 0.09 MTR
hs = THICKNESS OF CRUSHED ROCK SURFACE LAYER IN MTR..
= 0.15 MTR
ts =DURATION OF SHOCK CURRENT = 1 sec

TOLERABLE MESH POTENTIAL IN VOLTS (Em50) = 701.55 VOLTS

TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL

Es = (1000+(6*Cs*ρs))*(0.157)/sqrt(ts) IEEE-80(2000)- Eqn29
Es = 2335.19 VOLTS

TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL IN VOLTS (Es50) = 2335.19 VOLTS

Maximum grid current IG = 10 KA

IG = 10 kA

MESH VOLTAGE (Em) = (ρ*IG*1000*Km*Ki)/(Lm) IEEE-80 (2000) -Eqn80 PAGE NO.91

WHERE
Em = MESH VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
Lm = (Lc + Lr)= 410 MTR
Lc = LENGTH OF GRID CONDUCTOR = 325 MTR
LR = (NO. OF GROUND ELECTRODE)*(LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ELECTRODE) = 54
Km = SPACING FACTOR FOR MESH VOLTAGE = 0.450
= (ln((((D*D)/(16*h*d))+(((D+2*h)*(D+2*h))/(8*D*d))
- (h/4*d))))+(Kii/Kh)*ln(8/π*(2*n-1))))*1/(2*π)
Ki = CORRECTED FACTOR FOR GRID GEOMETRY.
= (0.644+0.148*n) = 2.40 IEEE-80 (2000)
n = na x nb x nc x nd 10.89

n = EFFECTIVE NO. OF PARALLEL CONDUCTOR IN THE GRID

na = 2 x Lc/Lp 10.00
Lp = PERIPHERIAL LENGTH OF THE GRID IN MTRS = 2 x L1 + 2 x B1 = 65 MTRS
nb = √(Lp/(4*√A)) = 1.09
A = AREA OF THE GRID IN SQ. MTRS. = L1 X B1 = 187.5 [Link].
nc = 1
nd = 1
Kii = CORRECTED WEIGHTING FACTOR= 1.0
= 1 FOR GRIDS WITH GROUND ELECTRODE
Kh = CORRECTIVE WEIGHTING FACTOR THAT EXMPHASIZES THE
EFFECTS OF GRID DEPTH.
= sqrt(1+(h/ho)) = 1.26

ho = (REFERENCE DEPTH OF GRID)= 1.0 MTR

h = DEPTH OF GROUND GRID CONDUCTOR= 0.6 MTR
d = DIAMETER OF THE CONDUCTOR = 0.025 MTR
MESH VOLTAGE IN VOLTS (Em): 526.84 VOLTS
STEP VOLTAGE (Es):

STEP VOLTAGE (Es) = (ρ*IG*1000*Ks*Ki)/(Ls) =

WHERE
IG 10 kA
Es = STEP VOLTAGE
Ls = .75Lc + .85LR = 290
Ks = SPACING FACTOR FOR STEP VOLTAGE 0.302
= ((1/(2*h))+(1/D+h))+(1/D)*(1-0.5POWER n-2)/(1/3.14)

STEP VOLTAGE IN VOLTS (Es): 500.09 VOLTS

TOLERABLE STEP POTENTIAL : 2335.19 VOLTS

TOLERABLE MESH POTENTIAL : 701.55 VOLTS
ACTUAL STEP POTENTIAL : 500.09 VOLTS DESIGN IS SAFE
ACTUAL MESH POTENTIAL : 526.84 VOLTS DESIGN IN SAFE

CALCULATION OF SUB-STATION GRID RESISTANCE

Total system resistance(Rg) = R1R2 - R2m

R1 + R2 -2Rm
Where
R1 = Resistance of Grid Conductors in ohms
R2 = Resistance of all ground electrodes in ohms
Rm = Mutual resistance between the group of grid conductors R1 and group of ground electrodes R2 in ohms

R1 = ( r/ pLc) (ln (2Lc/a') + K1(Lc/ ÖA) - K2)

R2 = ( r/2nRLR) [(ln (4 LR /b) - 1 + 2K1(Lr/ ÖA) (ÖnR-1)2 ]

Rm = ( r/ pLc) [ln (2Lc/Lr) + K1(Lc/ ÖA) - K2 + 1]

Where
K1,K2 = Constants related to the geometry of the system
K1 = 1.15 As per fig. 25 of IEEE-80(2000)
K2 = 4.75 As per fig. 25 of IEEE-80(2000)
a' = √a * 2h = 5.26
a = Radius of the conductor 13.82
b = Radius of Ground Electrode 0.05

R1 = 0.54 Ohm

R2 = 0.04 Ohm

Rm = 0.55 Ohm

Rg = 0.54 Ohm

THE SUBSTATION GROUNDING RESISTANCE IS LESS THAN 1 OHM,

THE DESIGN IS SAFE
S/ REFERENCES

Ref. Table - 2 Pg 44 IEEE80-2000

(As per FDS AnnVI )

Refer table 1
Material constants
Page 42,
IEEE80, 2000

IEEE-80(2000) -Eqn 40

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0(2000)-Eqn 90

E NO. 12

0(2000)-Eqn 91

0(2000)-Eqn 32

E NO.91

MTR

IEEE-80 (2000) -
Eqn81 Pg. No.93

Eqn89

IEEE-80 (2000)
-Eqn81 [Link]..93

IEEE-80 (2000)
Page No.138
IEEE-80 (2000)
Eqn 83 Pg. No.93.

Page 2 of 3
IEEE-80 (2000) Eqn 92
Pg. No.94

IEEE-80 (2000) Eqn 94

IEEE-80-Eqn53

IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn54

IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn55

IEEE-80(2000)-Eqn56

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