Federal
Express
Intermodal Operations Case Study
By Shea Suski
Fall 2009
While researching FedEx’s capabilities I came across a service mark that truly
encompasses the company’s broad coverage of shipping services: “Don't worry. There's a FedEx
for thatSM.” FedEx makes it clear across its website that they are in the market to get whatever
you have to wherever it needs to go on your schedule, and a multimodal system is absolutely
necessary to meet such a goal. This report will analyze FedEx’s array of transportation modes
and services that allow it to be a major intermodal‐using entity.
Intermodal Overview
FedEx is well known for its truck and air services, readily visible on any given day in
neighborhoods and at airports across the country and the world. These two modes make up
the usual intermodal transfer, with a typical FedEx shipment experiencing the following chain of
events (intermodal exchange in bold blue):
(Birla)
However, FedEx is not limited to only trucks and aircraft, although these are what make up its
capital. FedEx also offers services that link rail and maritime transport within its supply chain
operations, establishing FedEx in all major modes of shipping transportation.
Truck Operations
Truck operations are a major aspect to FedEx’s service in general, but are crucial for its
intermodal operations. In 2008, FedEx had almost 44,000 vehicles in its trucking delivery fleet,
with a majority of these trucks geared for short‐trip parcel delivery (FedEx Corporation 14).
FedEx’s fleet also contains long‐haul trucks for LTL freight services through its FedEx Freight,
National LTL, and Trade Networks arms, while also contracting with FTL providers through its
Trade Networks branch. For its own fleet, FedEx Freight and National LTL utilize 28‐foot (single
and pairs) and 53‐foot trailer setups to deliver freight cargo. It even has custom trailers to
transport vehicles in an enclosed environment through its Custom Critical branch. Additional
trucking services, such as oversized freight, is provided by FedEx Truckload Brokerage, which
again contracts with “quality carriers that are pre‐qualified and held to performance
standards”, while providing a single point of contact in FedEx (FedEx Truckload Brokerage).
FedEx uses its wide array of trucks to create the intermodal link in almost all of its
operations. Its main point‐to‐point delivery model, as previously mentioned, is the truck‐
aircraft transfer, which revolves around trucks transferring packages from customers/shipping
centers to airports, and then from airports to a final destination. Its trucking services can also
link maritime and rail logistical services that are provided by FedEx, which will be discussed in
the following maritime and rail operations sections. Some of the divisions that provide trucking
services for FedEx include FedEx Ground, FedEx SmartPost® (utilizes the US Postal Service for
final delivery leg), and FedEx Freight (for delivery of cargo over 150 lbs.). Below are maps of
FedEx’s SmartPost® and Freight hubs:
FedEx SmartPost® Hub Locations
(FedEx)
FedEx Freight Hub Locations
(FedEx Freight)
Air Operations
Air operations are what initially made FedEx, being the first provider to offer overnight
express shipping by using cargo‐only aircraft (Birla 1). This sector of FedEx is called FedEx
Express, and in 2008 it had 672 planes of 14 different varieties (FedEx Corporation 14) that
enplaned almost 11 billion pounds of freight and over 30 million pounds of mail (Bureau of
Transportation Statistics). According to Wikipedia, which has a listing of the top airlines by fleet
through analysis of each airline’s inventory obtained from their respective websites, FedEx
Express’s fleet is the largest for any airline, passenger or cargo. In 2008, the fleet carried the 5th
most international freight, the most domestic freight, and the most total freight (domestic and
international) by weight, coming in at anywhere from 24% to 50% more than its closest
competitor in UPS (International Air Transport Association).
Airborne cargo handling is practically intermodal by definition, as customers are not
(normally) located at the airport, thus trucks must transport the items from the airport to
another facility or the final destination. This interchange, as previously mentioned, is a major
aspect of FedEx’s main intermodal service and is what allows FedEx to provide an array of
services that range in delivery duration, cost, and scope of destination. They are even able to
offer same day cross‐country shipping when given advanced notice.
A majority of FedEx Express traffic runs through its Memphis headquarters hub, as
FedEx generally runs a hub‐and‐spoke air transport system 1 . However, it does have some
regional airport hubs in the United States. Below is a map of FedEx Express hubs, both
domestic and international (FedEx Express):
1
See [Link]
FedEx Express Global Hubs
1 Memphis, Tennessee
SuperHub
2 Indianapolis, Indiana
National Hub
3 Fort Worth, Texas
National Hub
4 Anchorage, Alaska 4
National Hub
5 Newark, New Jersey
Regional Hub
9
6 Oakland, California 7 2
10
Regional Hub 6 11
5
8 1
7 Chicago, Illinois 3
Metroplex
12 13
8 Los Angeles, California
Metroplex
15
9 United Kingdom (Stansted Airport) 14
Global Network
10 Frankfurt, Germany
Global Network
11 Paris, France
Global Network
12 Tokyo, Japan
Global Network
13 Osaka, Japan
Global Network
14 Subic Bay, Philippines
Global Network
15 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Global Network
As a pioneer of the modern hub-and-spoke transportation system, FedEx Express has built an unsurpassed global network,
including air route authorities to serve more than 210 countries around the world, the largest fleet of air-cargo aircraft and
an extensive network of operational hubs placed strategically around the globe.
Maritime Operations
FedEx itself does not own freight ships to transport customer cargo, nor does it own
containers to ship goods within 2 . Rather, FedEx utilizes its truck and air services to transport
customer shipments to and from ports, while providing logistical support to arrange ocean
shipment with other shippers/vendors. Thus, intermodal activity occurs at ports across the
world during this transfer point between truck and ship. This is quite useful, as a product could
leave a factory and end up at a buyer’s doorstep halfway around the world, all through
interfacing with only one company: FedEx. Multiple entities may be involved with the actual
handling, but FedEx is the point of contact and logistical coordinator. This service makes it
much easier for a company to handle the shipment of a product, eliminating the need of
coordinating multiple entities in the delivery process.
FedEx accomplishes its maritime shipping service through its FedEx Trade Networks
branch, which is arguably the ultimate multimodal‐utilizing arm of FedEx. The Trade Networks
branch brokers transportation between all major modes of transit: truck, air, rail, and maritime.
For maritime services specifically, FedEx utilizes its already established network of truck
services (FedEx Ground, FedEx SmartPost®, FedEx Freight, etc.) and air services to bridge
maritime shipping services of other entities in order to create a beginning‐to‐end chain of
multimodal service. This service is referred to by FedEx as its International DirectDistribution
Ocean Solutions, and is known as an “Ocean‐to‐Ground” operation. The branch’s website
boasts that you can “enjoy significant savings on landed costs, and you can choose from a large
pool of weekly sailing options” through FedEx’s relations with “more than a dozen ocean
2
Although FedEx has an image that shows a FedEx container on its Trade Networks website, a short phone
interview with the Trade Networks office in Dallas stated that this was likely a marketing demonstration.
carriers for trans‐Pacific and trans‐Atlantic service” (FedEx Trade Networks). The following are
examples of what types of maritime cargo FedEx coordinates:
• Full‐container‐load (FCL)
• Less‐than‐container‐load (LCL)
• Dry or liquid bulk shipments
• Full or partial vessel charters, including refrigerated service or on‐board cranes to
handle heavy shipments to smaller ports
• Physical cargo and paper‐consolidation programs to importers and exporters who
purchase from multiple vendors
(FedEx Trade Networks)
Unfortunately, a list of ocean shipping partners could not be found, likely due to the
competitive nature of the; however, a quick appraisal of the FedEx Trade Networks locations
does show its determination to be located near major world and regional port locations, such
as Los Angeles, Miami, Savannah, Port Huron, Houston, Norfolk, and Seattle in the United
States, and places like Hong Kong, Vancouver, Antwerp, Delhi, Jakarta, and Singapore
internationally (FedEx Trade Networks).
Rail Operations
Railroad utilization is probably the least advertised and documented mode of
transportation that FedEx uses. FedEx Trade Networks lists rail intermodal, trailer‐on‐flat‐car
(TOFC), and container‐on‐flat‐car (COFC) as services that it can utilize for its North American
shipping network, but no additional information is given. Since FedEx does not operate a
railroad, it partners and negotiates deals with established railroads and provides logistics to
orchestrate containers to be transported via rail 3 . In fact, BNSF has even been awarded
“Carrier of the Year” by FedEx’s Supply Chain Services in 2003 (BNSF). BNSF has also built a
major intermodal facility in the Memphis area (Roberts), and although there is no specific
mentioning of FedEx, the two undoubtedly work together at various times due to FedEx’s major
national sorting hub at Memphis International Airport. In the end, much like FedEx Trade
Network’s use of ports for maritime shipping, FedEx’s use of rail can vary based on customer
needs and location/destination. It does not appear that their use of rail extends very far
beyond its Trade Networks logistical use; however, various internet forums dedicated to rail
and trucking topics have reported seeing FedEx trailers on flat‐bed railcars.
Closing
Over the years FedEx has continued to advance intermodal operations in order to
become a truly worldwide, multifaceted cargo transportation company. It leverages its
inventory of trucks and aircraft along with its logistical expertise to include third‐party maritime
and rail services to allow the shipping of whatever to wherever in any manner a customer may
demand. It’s safe to say that whatever services its customers or other markets may require,
3
According to the FedEx Trade Networks office in Dallas, FedEx does not have company‐branded containers used
in rail transport.
FedEx will not be shy at further expanding its knowledge and expertise beyond its current
supply chain. Perhaps one day we may even see FedEx containers traversing the Pacific Ocean
or railcars tunneling through the Rocky Mountains. Whatever the case, multimodal
transportation has been a cornerstone of FedEx’s operations, and will continue to be as long as
FedEx exists, whether it’s through FedEx owned capital or though logistical services linking
shipping leaders of different transportation modes.
Bibliography
Birla, Madan. FedEx Delivers. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
BNSF. New Release: FedEx Supply Chain Services Again Honors BNSF as Carrier of the Year. 6 October
2003. 15 November 2009 <[Link]
Bureau of Transportation Statistics. RITA Air Carriers: T‐100 Market (All Carriers). 2008. 11 November
2009 <[Link]
FedEx Corporation. Q1 Fiscal 2009 Statistics. 15 November 2009
<[Link]
FedEx. Distribution Centers. 21 November 2009
<[Link]
FedEx Express. FedEx Express Global Hubs. 21 November 2009
<[Link]
FedEx Freight. FedEx Freight Distribution & Consolidation. 21 November 2009
<[Link]
FedEx Trade Networks. Contact Us. 21 November 2009
<[Link]
—. FedEx International DirectDistribution Ocean Solutions. 15 November 2009
<[Link]
—. North American Transportation. 15 November 2009
<[Link]
—. Ocean Transportation. 15 November 2009
<[Link]
FedEx Truckload Brokerage. FedEx Truckload Brokerage. 21 November 2009
<[Link]
International Air Transport Association. Scheduled Freight Tonne ‐ Kilometres. 17 November 2009
<[Link]
Roberts, Jane. "Railroad's Memphis intermodal facility could be engine of growth." 23 July 2008. The
Commercial Appeal. 15 November 2009 <[Link]
intermodal‐facility‐an‐engine‐of‐growth/>.