09-Aug-18
Department of Chemical Engineering
Course Code: CE1302/1306
Momentum Transfer
Instructor: Dr Gaurav A Bhaduri
Faculty Block 3, 1 AB Building
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Department of Chemical Engineering
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• What is a fluid?
• Properties of Fluids
• Newton’s law of viscosity
Solids Vs Fluids
• The stress strain behavior of
solids is based on compressive
and tensile stress.
• A solid material does on deform
under shear stress.
• A fluid is defined as a material
that deforms continuously when
shear force is applied to it.
“Anything that flows is a fluid”
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Properties of Fluids
• Density
• Specific Gravity and Specific Density
• Surface Tension
• Viscosity
Denn, M.M., “Process Fluid Mechanics”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp 11
Fluid Properties & Continuum Hypothesis
• Gases and Liquids are fluids
• Fluids are made up of finite discrete particles (atoms or molecules)
• Atomic scale is very small to engineering scale
• In engineering, material is assumed to be a continuous (same of solid
or fluid)
• Continuum Hypothesis: Matter is considered to be continuous form
so that the properties that are considered are same though out the
considered space. The limit of the space considered is always greater
than the molecular or atomic level.
Denn, M.M., “Process Fluid Mechanics”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp 11
White, “Fluid Mechanics”, pp 6
Fluid Properties: DENSITY 𝛿𝑚
𝛿𝜗
𝜌 = lim
ELEMENTAL
→ 𝛿𝜗
VOLUME
Where 𝜓 is limiting volume
𝜌 Microscopic
uncertainty
CONTROL
VOLUME
Macroscopic uncertainty
𝛿𝜗
0 𝜓 ≈ 10 𝑚𝑚
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Fluid Properties: SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WEIGHT
• Specific gravity is defined as • Specific weight is defined as
𝜌 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌 . ,
Ref for liquid is water (𝜌 = 1000kg/m3)†
Ref for gases is air (𝜌 = 1.205 kg/m3) †
Perry et al. Ed., “Handbook of Chemical Engineering”
Fluid Properties: SURFACE TENSION
• Surface tension is an important
property of fluids that is
important for many chemical
engineering applications
• Surface tension or coefficient of
surface tension (𝜎) is defined as
force per unit length.
𝐹
𝜎=
𝑙
Surface tension and Surface energy
• In order to create a new surface
work needs to be done on the
system
𝑤 = 𝜎 𝑑𝐴
• This work equation can also be
expressed in terms of energy.
𝐸 𝑑𝜎
= 𝜎 −𝑇
𝐴 𝑑𝑇
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Surface tension and Bubble formation
• The interaction between two d
fluids leads to formation of a
interface.
• When two immiscible fluids 𝑃
are brought in contact with
one another there is formation
of bubbles.
4𝜎
𝑃
𝑃 −𝑃 =
𝐷
[Link]
Illustration:
A sphere of water of diameter 2 mm is sprayed into a million droplets of the same diameter.
Determine the energy required for doing this where the surface tension of water is 72 dynes/cm.
𝐸 𝑑𝜎
= 𝜎 −𝑇
𝐴 𝑑𝑇
8.96 x 10-5 J
Appl. Phys. Lett, 2006, 89, 153107
Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2016, 3278789
Surface tension and Wettability
𝜃 𝜃
𝜃
𝜃 = 152° 𝜃 = 72° 𝜃 = 18°
When a solid and liquid comes in contact with one another there is either adhesion or
cohesion between the solid and liquid. Thus there is observed an angle between the
solid and liquid surface due to adhesive or cohesive forces.
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[Link]
Surface tension and Capillarity
When a small tube is entered in a pool of liquid then
there is a rise of liquid in to pipe.
𝐹 = 𝜋𝐷𝜎 cos φ
Where 𝐹 is surface force
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝐷 ℎ𝑔𝜌
4
Where 𝐹 is gravity force/weight
ℎ𝑔𝐷𝜌
𝜎=
4 cos 𝜑
Remember for wetting fluid 𝝋 is zero, therefore cos 𝝋 is 1
Illustration:
Calculate the capillary effect in mm in a glass tube 3 mm in diameter when immersed in (a) water
(b) mercury. Both the liquids are at 20 ⁰C having a surface tension of 73.6 dyne/cm and 510
dyne/cm in air. The contact angle of water is 0⁰ where as for mercury is 130⁰, respectively. 𝜌 =
13.56 𝑔/𝑐𝑐
ℎ𝑔𝐷𝜌
𝜎=
4 cos 𝜑
(a) 10 mm
(b) -3.28 mm
[Link]
Surface tension and droplet formation
Water Water + 1. Assumption is that the liquid
Detergent
perfectly wets the needle
2. If the surface tension does not act
vertically then the droplet will not
be spherical ( in the case of
detergent and water) thus the
experimentally measured surface
tension needs to be corrected by a
factor of 1.5
𝑉 𝜌 𝑔 = 𝜋𝐷𝜎
𝑉 𝜌𝑔
𝜎=
𝜋𝐷
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Surface tension with an interesting
phenomena
Fluid Properties: VISCOSITY
What is the difference?
Consider the following fluids
1. Water
2. Oil
3. Cough syrup
4. Gear oil
5. Honey
6. Butter
Fluid Properties: VISCOSITY ℱ
General flow equation
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Ohm’s law
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Newton’s Law of viscosity
𝑑𝜐
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
Where 𝜇 is coefficient of viscosity or viscosity
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Fluid Properties: VISCOSITY
Units of absolute viscosity is Kinematic viscosity/
defined as momentum diffusivity
𝜏 Ns 𝜇
𝜇= = = 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 𝜗= 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑆𝑡
𝑑𝜐⁄𝑑𝑦 𝑚
𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 = 10 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚. 𝑠
Fluid Properties: VISCOSITY
Solid
Power Law or Ostwald de Waele
Shear Stress (𝜏)
𝑑𝜐 𝑑𝜐 𝑑𝜐
Dilatant Fluid 𝜏 = −Κ
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜇 = −Κ
𝑑𝑥
𝑛>1
𝑑𝜐 𝑑𝜐 𝑑𝜐
Pseudo Plastic 𝜏 = −Κ
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜇 = −Κ 𝑛<1
𝑑𝑥
Bingham Plastic 𝜏
𝑑𝜐
𝜏−𝜏 = 𝜇 𝜏>𝜏 Dilatant
𝑑𝑥 Ideal fluid
Thixotropic 0 Velocity Gradient (𝑑𝜐⁄𝑑𝑦)
𝑑𝜐 Change of shear stress with velocity
𝜏−𝜏 = 𝜇 𝜏>𝜏 𝑛<1
𝑑𝑥 gradient for different types of fluids
J. Food Eng., 2006, 27, 372
Fluid Properties: VISCOSITY
de Guzman or Andrade equation
𝐵
ln 𝜇 = 𝐴 +
𝑇
Vogel Equation
𝐵
ln 𝜇 = 𝐴 +
𝑇+𝐶
Change in viscosity of honey with temperature where A, B and C are constants.
having a moisture content of 17%
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Streeter, V.L.; Wylie, E.B.; Bedford, K.W.; “Fluid Mechanics”,
McGraw Hill, New Delhi, pp 493-497
Measurement of Viscosity
𝜇𝜋 𝑁𝑟 𝑟 𝑟ℎ 𝐷
𝑇= + 𝜇= (𝑤 − 𝑤)
15 4𝑎 𝑏 18𝑉
r2
b
∆𝑃𝜋𝐷
h 𝜇= h
r1 128𝑄𝐿 L
D
a
Capillary Tube Viscometer
Concentric
Cylinder Viscometer Falling Sphere Viscometer
Modi, P.N.; Seth, S.M.; “Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics including
Hydraulic Machines”, Standard Book House, New Delhi. pp 633
Measurement of Viscosity
Overflow
Weir Ostwald
Viscometer
Testing fluid
Water bath
Water bath
Testing fluid
Stopper Capillary tube Redwood
Saybolt viscometer
Viscometer