Contents

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 2

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE OVERVIEW .................................................................... 2

APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................... 3

METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 4

BLOCKDIAGRM ............................................................................................................................... 7
COMPONENT CALCULATIONS ....................................................................................... 7

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS ................................................................................................ 11

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 13

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 13

1
 INTRODUCTION
DC converters are widely used for traction motor control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine
hoists, forklifts trucks, and mine haulers. They provide high efficiency, good acceleration control and
fast dynamic response. They can be used in regenerative braking of DC motors to return energy back
into the supply. This attribute results in energy savings for transportation systems with frequent steps.
DC converters are used in DC voltage regulators; and also are used, with an inductor in conjunction, to
generate a DC current source, specifically for the current source inverter Efficiency, size, and cost are
the primary advantages of switching power converters when compared to linear converters. The
switching power converter efficiencies can run between 70- 80%, whereas linear converters are
usually 30% efficient. The DC-DC Switching Boost Converter is designed to provide an efficient
method of taking a given DC voltage supply and boosting it to a desired value.

BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE OVERVIEW

Power for the boost converter can come from any suitable DC sources, such as DC generators,
batteries, solar panels and rectifiers. The method that changes one DC voltage to a different DC
voltage is called DC to DC conversion. Generally, a boost converter is a DC to DCconverter with an
output voltage greater than the source voltage. It is sometimes called a step-up converter since it “steps
up” the source [Link] high efficiency, the SMPS switch must turn on and off quickly and have
veryless losses. The coming of a commercial semiconductor switch such as the boost converter in the
1950s represented a major milestone that made SMPSs possible. The main DC to DC converters were
developed in the early 1960s when semiconductor switches [Link] systems such as
SMPS are a challenge to design since its model depends on whether a switch is opened or closed. R.
D. Middlebrook from Caltech in 1977 published the models for DC to DC converters in market today.
He averaged the circuit configurations for each switch state in a technique called state-space average
modelling. This simplification resulted in reduction of two systems into one. This model led to
insightful design equations which helped SMPS growth.

2
 APPLICATIONS
Battery powered systems often stack cells in series to obtain higher voltage. However, sufficient
heaping of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications due to insufficient space. Boost
converters can increase the voltage and reduce the cell numbers. Two battery-powered applications
that use boost converters are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and [Link] NHW20
model Toyota Prius HEV utilizes 500 V. If there is no boost converter, the HEV would need nearly
417 cells to power its motor. In reality, a Prius actually uses only 168 cells and boosts the battery
voltage from 202 V to 500 V. On a smaller scale application, boost converters also power devices
such as portable lighting systems and emergency [Link] 3.3 V to function, and a boost
converter can step up the voltage from a single 1.5 V alkaline cell topower the light. It can also
produce higher voltages to operate coldcathode fluorescent tubes (CCFL) in devices such as
LCD backlights and someflashlights.

A boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the circuit known as the 'Joule thief',
which is a circuit topology used with low power battery applications, and is purposed at the ability
of a boost converter to 'steal' the remaining energy in a battery. The energy remaining would
otherwise be wasted since the low voltage of a nearly depleted battery makes it unusable for a load.
The remaining energy would otherwise remain untapped because many applications do not allow
enough current to flow through a load when voltage degrades. This occurs as batteries are degraded,
and is a characteristic of a normal battery.

There are a range of uses for a DC-DC boost converter. Travelers need to carry such devices when
they want to bring electronics from home and the supply of current in a foreign country differs from
that which is present at their home. Sometimes only a plug converter is required, but in other cases,
plugging electronics directly into the power supply could damage the devices. A boost converter
provides a bridge to allow travelers to access electricitysafely.
Such devices are also used with systems that require high voltage, ranging from theatrical lighting
to scientific apparatus. The boost converter may in some cases be wired directly into the electrical
supply because of a permanent requirement. In other instances, it becomes necessary to plug the
device in as required, especially in the case of traveling equipment like that used by bands on the
concerts. As with other electrical devices, it is advisable to inspect a boost converter before use to
confirm it is in good working condition and to check for any issues that might impair functionality
or safety.

3
 METHODOLOGY
In a boost converter, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage – hence the name “boost”. A
boost converter using a power MOSFET is shown below.

The function of boost converter can be divided into two modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2. Mode 1 begins
when transistor M1is switched on at time t=0. The input current rises and flows through inductor L
and transistorM1.
Mode 2 begins when transistor M1 is switched off at time t=t1. The input current now flows through
L, C, load, and diode Dm. The inductor current falls until the next cycle. The energy stored in
inductor L flows through the load.

4
The circuits for the two modes of operation are shown below:

(a)

The waveforms for the voltages and currents are shown below

5
6
 BLOCKDIAGRM

Fig. 3.2.1 shows the basic blocks of building a boost converter circuit:

Magnetic Field

Storage Element

Voltage Switch Switching Output

Element
Source Control Rectifier and
Fig. 3.2.1 Block diagram. [6]
The voltage source provides the input DC voltage to the switch control, and also to the magnetic
field storage element. The block which contains switch control directs the action of the switching
element, whereas the output rectifier and filter deliver an acceptable DC voltage to the output.

COMPONENT CALCULATIONS

LOADRESISTANCE

Load Resistance =

Assuming Io to be 0.4A

LoadResistance= = 37.5Ω

DUTYCYCLE
Duty Cycle = 0.67

7
CAPACITOR
∆V
=ESR=2.622×1
0-3V

C = 2.034×10-3F

New Ripple Voltage== 2.424×10-3V

8
INDUCTOR

Ripple current ∆Io = 10% of Io

Lead Style – Axial Type –
L = 870µH
Lower Choke Product
Length –19mm Diameter
–0.8mm
Technology- WireWound
Inductance –1mH

DIODE
DiodeSpecifications –
No. - IN5820
Maximum voltage – 30V
Maximum Current – 5A
Schottky Diode
Forward voltage drop at peak current = 0.4V

MOSFET
MOSFETSpecifications –
Output Voltage – 30V
Load Current – 5A
RDS = 0.002Ω
F = 50 KHz
N Channel MOSFET. [5]

DIODELOSS
Diode loss = Vd×Io(1-D)

= 0.07 W

9
SWITCHINGLOSS
VGS = VThreshold
E1=t1
E2 =t2
GATE CIRCUITLOSS
Psw = (t1+t2)fs

Rdriver pull up = 5Ω
Rdriver pull down = 2Ω
Rgate = 1.5Ω

VDD = 10V

CONDUCTIONLOSS

t1 == 168.8ns

t2 == 22.8ns

Psw = (t1+t2) fs

= 0.3 W

Io2×D×R =0.21mW

10
EFFICIENCY

Efficiency= 94.16%

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Given below is a circuit diagram used for MATLAB simulation of boost converter. The purpose of

this circuit is to measure output voltage and current waveform

11
PSPICE SIMULATIONRESULTS:

Given below is a circuit diagram used for PSPICE simulation of boost converter. The purpose of

this circuit is to measure output voltage across the resistorR1

Circuit Diagram of Boost Converter used in PSPICE.

12
 CONCLUSION
All of the specifications stated previously have been met by this boost converter design. MATLAB
and PSPICE simulations using calculated parameters were performed and corresponding waveforms
were obtained. The output voltage across the output capacitor is 15V with a maximum output ripple of
1.6%. The power efficiency of the circuit exceeds 94 %. However an additional constraint needs to be
put on the load. The load must not exceed 0.75kΩ. This will cause the efficiency to fall below the
specified value of 94.16%. Hardware design of BOOST CONVERTER was done. It is observed, by
varying duty cycle output voltage also changes.

REFERENCES

[1] Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices, and Applications”, Third
Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,2004.

[2] Carl Nelson & Jim Williams, “Linear Technology, LT1070 Design Manual”,1986.

[3] Marty Brown, “Practical Switching Power Supply Design”, New York: Academic Press,
Inc.,1990.

[4] Irving M. Gottlieb, “Power Supplies, Switching Regulators, Inverters, & Converters”, New

York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

[5] D. M. Mitchell, “DC-DC Switching Regulator Analysis”, New York: McGraw-Hill,1988.

[6] Anita Soni, “DC-DC Switching Boost Converter”, ILLINOIS College of Engineering,1999.

[7] G. Seguier, “Power Electronic Converters: DC-DC Conversion”, New York,Springer-

Verlag, Inc.,1993.

22