Techniques of Integration

Chapter 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr.

Department of Mathematics and Physics

Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

February 27, 2018

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 1 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 2 / 127
Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 3 / 127
Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 4 / 127
Natural Logarithic Function

As we know, the power formula

xn+1
Z
xn dx = +C
n+1
has a gap in it due to the restriction n 6= −1. Furthermore, no familiar
function is available as a solution of the antidifferentiation problem
Z Z
−1 dx
x dx = .
x
The Part 1 of the FTC supplies a theoretical answer, namely the function
Z x
dt
F(x) = , (x > 0).
1 t

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 5 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function

Then Z x
d dt 1
F 0 (x) = = ,
dx 1 t x
that is, F(x) is an antiderivative of f (x) = 1/x in the interval (0, ∞).
Moreover, it can be shown that

F(ab) = F(a) + F(b)

and
F(a/b) = F(a) − F(b).
These statements strongly suggest the laws of logarithms.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 6 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function
Definition
For each x > 0, we define the natural logarithm of x to be the number
Z x
dt
ln x = .
1 t

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 7 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function
Definition
For each x > 0, we define the natural logarithm of x to be the number
Z x
dt
ln x = .
1 t

Theorem
1 If a and b are positive real numbers, then
(i) ln ab = ln a + ln b
(ii) ln(a/b) = ln a − ln b.
2 If r is a rational number, ln xr = r ln x, where x > 0.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 7 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function
Definition
For each x > 0, we define the natural logarithm of x to be the number
Z x
dt
ln x = .
1 t

Theorem
1 If a and b are positive real numbers, then
(i) ln ab = ln a + ln b
(ii) ln(a/b) = ln a − ln b.
2 If r is a rational number, ln xr = r ln x, where x > 0.

Definition
The letter e denotes the positive real number such that
Z e
1
ln e = dt = 1.
1 t
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 7 / 127
Natural Logarithic Function

Differentiation Rule
1
Dx ln x =
x
More generally,
d 1 du
(ln u) = .
dx u dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 8 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function

Differentiation Rule
1
Dx ln x =
x
More generally,
d 1 du
(ln u) = .
dx u dx

Integration Formula
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C
x
More generally, Z
1
du = ln |u| + C
u

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 8 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function

Example
Calculate the derivatives of the following functions.
1 y = ln(2x2 + 1)
2 y = (ln x)4
√ !
4 + x2
3 y = ln
x
4 y = ln(ln x)
5 y = ln | csc x|
p
6 y = 2 + cos2 x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 9 / 127

Natural Logarithic Function

Evaluate the following integrals.

Z Z
5 sec2 (2x)
Z
1 dx 6 dx 11 tan xdx
Z x+3 tan(2x)
7 Z
x2 + x + 1 Z
2 dx 7 dx sec xdx
Z 3 − 2x
12
x2 + 1
cos x
Z
2x
3 dx 8 dx Z
3 sin x − 4 (x + 1)2 13 csc xdx
5x2 e2
Z Z
4 dx 1
7 − 2x3
9
3/2
dx
e x[ln x] 14
π/4 p
3x2 + 1
Z Z Z
5 dx 10 cot xdx 1 + tan2 xdx
x3 + x 0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 10 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 11 / 127
Natural Exponential Function

Definition
The inverse of ln is called exp. It is defined by the statement that

y = exp x ⇔ x = ln y.

Remark
Since ln and exp are inverses,

exp(ln x) = x for all x > 0 and ln(exp x) = x for all x.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 12 / 127

Natural Exponential Function

Theorem
1 For all u and v,
exp(u + v) = exp u + exp v
and
exp u
exp(u − v) = .
exp v
2 If r is rational, then (exp x)r = exp rx for all x.

Definition
e = exp 1

Note
1 n
 
e = lim 1 + ≈ 2.7182818284...
n→∞ n
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 13 / 127
Natural Exponential Function

From now on, we write

exp x = ex .
Hence,
y = ex ⇔ x = ln y.

Properties
If x > 0 and a, b ∈ R, then
(i) eln x = x
(ii) ln ex = x
(iii) ea+b = ea + eb
ea
(iv) ea−b = b
e

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 14 / 127

Natural Exponential Function

Differentiation and Integration Formulas

Dx ex = ex
or, more generally,
d u du
(e ) = eu ,
dx dx
where u is a differentiable function of x. Equivalently,
Z
ex dx = ex + C

or, more generally, Z

eu du = eu + C.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 15 / 127

Natural Exponential Function

Example
Find the derivative.

1 f (x) = e2x ex + 1
7 f (x) =
2
2
g(x) = ex +1 ex − 1
x
3 h(x) = esin x
8 y = e (sin x + cos x)
Z lnx
4 f (x) = e−x ln x 9 F(x) = cos(et )dt
5 g(t) = (e−t + et )3 π
2
6 f (x) = x
e + e−x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 16 / 127

Natural Exponential Function

Example
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z Z ln 3
1 e5x dx 6 [ex ]3 dx
ln 2
Z √
e x
Z
2 e2x+7 dx 7 √ dx
Z x
√
2
Z
3 xex −3 8 ex 1 − ex dx
Z
5 − ex
3
Z
4 ecos x sin x cos2 xdx 9 dx
e2x
e + e−x
Z x Z
5 dx 10 e−x tan(e−x )dx
ex − e−x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 17 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 18 / 127
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

What does it mean to calculate

4π or π e ?

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 19 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

What does it mean to calculate

4π or π e ?

Definition
If a > 0 and b is any real number, we define

ab = e(b ln a) .

Definition
Let a be any positive number except 1. The exponential function of base a is
defined by
ax = ex ln a (defined for all x).
When a = e this reduces to ex and is called the natural exponential function.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 19 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Properties
If a, d > 0 and b, c ∈ R, then
(i) ln(ab ) = b ln a
(ii) ab+c = ab ac
ab
(iii) ab−c = c
a
(iv) (ab )c = abc
(v) ab = d if and only if d1/b = a, (b 6= 0)
(vi) a0 = 1
(vii) a1 = a
(viii) (ad)c = ac dc

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 20 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Definition
Let a be any positive number except 1. The logarithmic function of base a is
defined by
ln x
loga x = ( x > 0).
ln a
It is the inverse of the exponential function of base a, that is,

y = loga x ⇔ x = ay .

Moreover, when a = e it is the same as the natural logarithm:

loge x = ln x.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 21 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Properties
1 If a, b > 0, then
aloga b = b.
2 If a > 0 and b ∈ R, then
loga ab = b.
3 If a, b, c > 0, then
(i) loga (bc) = loga b + loga c
(ii) loga (b/c) = loga b − loga c
logc b
(iii) loga b =
logc a
1
(iv) loga b =
logb a
(v) loga 1 = 0
(vi) loga a = 1
(vii) For any exponent r, loga (br ) = r loga b

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 22 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Differentiation and Integration

If a > 0, then
ax
Z
d x
(i) a = a ln a equivalently ax dx =
x
+ C.
dx ln a
d 1
(ii) loga x =
dx x ln a
More generally,
au
Z
d u du
(i) a = au ln a equivalently au du = + C.
dx dx ln a
d 1 du
(ii) loga u =
dx u ln a dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 23 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Example
Calculate.
d x
1 5
dx
d cos x
2 3
dx
d
3 log8 x
dx
d
4 log4 (x cos x)
dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 24 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Example
Evaluate.
Z
1 3cot x csc2 xdx

log6 (x3 )
Z
2 dx
x
Z
2
3 x · 3x dx

32x
Z
4 dx
1 + 32x
Z 1
5 (5x − 3x )dx
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 25 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Theorem
For any real number a, we have
d a
x = axa−1 .
dx
More generally, if u is a differentiable function of x and a is any real number,
then
d a du
u = aua−1 .
dx dx

Example
Calculate the derivative of
√ 2
x−π , x 3
, xe , and (cos x2 )e .

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 26 / 127

Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases

Logarithmic Differentiation
We next show how to use logarithm as an aid to differentiation. The key idea
is that if F is a function taking positive values then we can exploit the formula

F0
[ln F]0 = .
F

Example
Find the derivative of the following functions:
1 f (x) = xx , x > 0
√
x3 x2 + 1
2 y=
(x + 2)4
3 y = x2 · sin x · 5x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 27 / 127

Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals. Give the exact value for definite integrals.
Z Z
x(x + 2)
1 dx 8 tan x ln(cos x)dx
x3 + 3x2 − 4
Z 3
x − 3x2 + 4x − 9 Z
2
2+3
dx 9
y y
ey 2e 3e dy
Z x
dx
3 √3 2 √ Z
x
x (1 + 3 x) 10 2ln x (ln x + 1)dx
Z x
2e − 2e −x
4
x −x 2
Z (e + e ) 3e2x
Z
11 dx
5 ln(e2x−1 )dx 1 + e2x
Z p
Z 1
ex 12
3
e3x + e4x dx
6 dx
5 − ex
Z0
csc(e−2x ) cot(e−2x )
Z sec x+ln(tan x)
e
7
2x −2x
dx 13 dx
e [1 + csc(e )] cos x
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 28 / 127
Exercise

Evaluate the following integrals. Give the exact value for definite integrals.
Z 3 Z p
x − 3x2 + 4x − 9 5
3
e3x + e4x dx
1
2
dx
x +3
Z 1
ex
Z
dx
2 √ √ 6
x
dx
0 5−e
3 2
x (1 + 3 x)
Z Z 1
3 tan x ln(cos x)dx 7 log2 (42x−1 )dx
−1
Z Z ln 2
x y y
4 2ln x (ln x + 1)dx 8 ey 2e 3e dy
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 29 / 127

Quiz

Evaluate the following integrals. Give the exact value for definite integrals.

x3 − 3x2 + 4x − 9 csc(e−2x ) cot(e−2x )

Z Z
1 dx 5 dx
x2 + 3 e2x [1 + csc(e−2x )]
Z
dx 6
2 √3 2 √
Z
x
x (1 + 3 x) 5ln x (ln x + 1)dx, where x > 0
Z
log3 (272x−1 )dx 1p
3
Z
4
7 e5x + e6x dx
0
esec x+ln(tan x)
Z
1
dx ex
4
Z
cos x 8 dx
0 5 − ex

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 30 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 31 / 127
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

None of the six trigonometric functions has an inverse function. In this

section, we will examine these six functions to see whether their domains can
be redefined in such a way that they will have inverse functions on the
restricted domain.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 32 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 33 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Theorem (Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

Let u be a differentiable function of x.
d 1 du d 1 du
[arcsin u] = √ · [arccos u] = − √ ·
dx 1 − u2 dx dx 1 − u2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
[arctan u] = · [cot−1 u] = − ·
dx 1 + u2 dx dx 1 + u2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
[sec−1 u] = √ · [csc−1 u] = − √ ·
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx dx |u| u2 − 1 dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 34 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example
Calculate.
d
1 [sin−1 (2x)]
dx
d
2 [arctan(3x)]
dx
d √
3 [arcsin x]
dx
d
4 [sec−1 e2x ]
dx
d p
5 [sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 ]
dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 35 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example
Calculate.
d 2
1 [sin−1 (2x)] = √
dx 1 − 4x2
d 3
2 [arctan(3x)] =
dx 1 + 9x2
d √ 1
3 [arcsin x] = √
dx 2 x − x2
d 2
4 [sec−1 e2x ] = √
dx 4x
e −1
d p
5 [sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 ]
dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 36 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of the six inverse trigonometric functions fall into three pairs.
In each pair, the derivative of one function is the negative of the other. When
listing the integral that corresponds to each of the inverse trigonometric
functions, you need to use only one member from each pair.

Theorem (Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

Let u be a differentiable function of x and let a > 0.
Z
du u
1 √ = arcsin + C
2
a −u 2 a
Z
du 1 u
2
2 2
= arctan + C
a +u a a
|u|
Z
du 1
3 √ = sec−1 +C
u u2 − a2 a a

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 37 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Example
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z Z
dx x+2
1 √ 5 √
Z 4 − x2 4 − x2
dx
2 Z
2 dx
Z 2 + 9x 6
dx x2 − 4x + 7
3 √
Z x 4x2 − 9 Z 9/4
dx 1
4 √ 7 √
e2x − 1 3/2 3x − x2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 38 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Answer
Z
dx x
1 √ = sin−1
+C
4− x2 2
Z
dx 1 3x
2
2
= √ arctan √ + C
2 + 9x 3 2 2
|2x|
Z
dx 1
3 √ = sec−1 +C
2
x 4x − 9 3 3
Z
dx
4 √ = sec−1 ex + C
2x
e −1
Z
x+2 p x
5 √ = − 4 − x2 + 2 arcsin + C
4 − x2 2
x−2
Z
dx 1
6 = √ arctan √ + C
x2 − 4x + 7 3 3
9/4
9/4
−1 x − 3/2 
Z
1  π
7 √ = sin =
3/2 3x − x 2 3/2  6
3/2
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 39 / 127
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Exercise
Z
dx
1 √
(1 + x) x
Z e
dx
2
x[1 + (ln x)2 ]
Z1
dx
3 √
15 + 2x − x2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 40 / 127

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Answer
√
Z
dx
1 √ = 2 tan−1 x + C
(1 + x) x
Z e
dx π
2
2
=
x[1 + (ln x) ] 4
Z1
dx x−1
3 √ = sin−1 +C
15 + 2x − x2 4

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 41 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 42 / 127
Hyperbolic Functions

In this section, we will look briefly at a special class of exponential functions

called hyperbolic functions.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 43 / 127

Hyperbolic Functions

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 44 / 127

Hyperbolic Functions
Differentiation and Integration of Hyperbolic Functions
Since hyperbolic functions are written in terms of ex and e−x , we cn easily
derive rules for their derivatives. The following theorem lists these derivatives
with the corresponding integration rules.

Theorem (Derivatives and Integrals of hyperbolic Functions)

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 45 / 127

Hyperbolic Functions

Example
Calculate the following derivatives.
d
1 sinh(x2 − 3)
dx
d
2 ln[cosh x]
dx
d
3 [x sinh x − cosh x]
dx
d
4 arctan(sinh t2 )
dt
d h sinh x2 i
5 e sech2 3x
dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 46 / 127

Hyperbolic Functions

Example
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
1 cosh 2x sinh2 2xdx
Z
2 coth xdx
Z
3 xcsch2 (x2 )dx
Z
4 sinh(1 − 3x)dx
Z
csch(1/x) coth(1/x)
5 dx
x2
Z ln 2
6 tanh xdx
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 47 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 48 / 127
Integration by Parts

In this section, we will study an important integration technique called

integration by parts. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of
functions and is particularly useful for integrands involving product of
algebraic and transcendental functions.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 49 / 127

Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is based on the formula for the derivative of a product

d dv du
[uv] = u + v = uv0 + vu0
dx dx dx
where both u and v are differentiable functions of x. When u0 and v0 are
continuous, you can integrate both sides of this equation to obtain
Z Z Z Z
0 0
uv = uv dx + vu dx = udv + vdu.

By rewriting this equation, we obtain

Z Z
udv = uv − vdu.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 50 / 127

Integration by Parts

Example
Evaluate the following.
Z
1 xex dx
Z
2 x2 ln xdx
Z 1
3 arcsin xdx
0
Z
4 x2 sin xdx
Z
5 (ln x)2 dx
Z
6 ex sin xdx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 51 / 127

Integration by Parts

Example
Evaluate the following.
Z
1 xex dx = xex − ex + C

x3 x3
Z
2 x2 ln xdx = ln x − +C
3 9
Z 1
π
3 arcsin xdx = − 1
2
Z0
4 x2 sin xdx = −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C
Z
5 (ln x)2 dx = x ln2 x − 2x ln x + 2x + C
Z
1
6 ex sin xdx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C
2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 52 / 127

Integration by Parts

More Examples
Z
1 xe6x dx
Z t
2 (3t + 5) cos dt
4
Z
3 w2 sin(10w)dw
√
Z
4 Evaluate x x + 1dx:
(a) using integration by parts.
(b) using u-substitution.
Z p
5 x5 x3 + 1dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 53 / 127

Integration by Parts

More Examples
Z
x 1
1 xe6x dx = e6x − e6x + C
6 36
Z t t t
2 (3t + 5) cos dt = 4(3t + 5) sin + 48 cos +C
4 4 4
3

w2
Z
w 1
w2 sin(10w)dw = − cos(10w) + sin(10w) + cos(10w) + C
10 50 500
√
Z
4 Evaluate x x + 1dx: Answer:
2 4
(a) x(x + 1)3/2 − (x + 1)5/2 + C
3 15
2 2
(b) (x + 1)5/2 − (x + 1)3/2 + C
Z 5 3
p 2 4
5 x5 x3 + 1dx = x3 (x3 + 1)3/2 − (x3 + 1)5/2 + C
9 15
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 54 / 127
Intgeration by Parts

Some problems could require us to do integration by parts numerous times

and there is a short hand method that will allow us to do multiple applications
of integration by parts quickly and easily.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 55 / 127

Intgeration by Parts

Some problems could require us to do integration by parts numerous times

and there is a short hand method that will allow us to do multiple applications
of integration by parts quickly and easily.

Repeated Integration by Parts

Z
fg = fG1 − f 0 G2 + f 00 G3 − f 000 G3 + . . . + (−1)n f (n) Gn+1 + C

where f is a polynomial of degree n and G1 , G2 , ..Gn+1 are successive

antiderivatives of g.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 55 / 127

Intgeration by Parts

Example
Evaluate the following:
Z
1 x4 ex/2 dx
Z π/4
2 x4 sin(2x)dx.
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 56 / 127

Integration by Parts

Exercises: (1 whole)
Evaluate the following using integration by parts.
Z
1 4x cos(2 − 3x)dx
Z
2 (ln x)2 dx
Z p
3 x5 x3 + 1dx
Z π/4
4 x4 sin(2x)dx.
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 57 / 127

Integration by Parts

Exercises: (1 whole)
Evaluate the following using integration by parts.
Z
4 4
1 4x cos(2 − 3x)dx = − x sin(2 − 3x) + cos(2 − 3x) + C
3 9
Z
2 (ln x)2 dx = x ln2 x − 2x ln x + 2x + C
Z p
2 4
3 x5 x3 + 1dx = x3 (x3 + 1)3/2 − (x3 + 1)5/2 + C
9 15
Z π/4
1
4 x4 sin(2x)dx = (48 − 24π + π 3 ).
0 64

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 58 / 127

End of Coverage for Long Exam 2

Long Exam 2: March 11, 2018

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 59 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 60 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals

Objectives
In this section, we
solve trigonometric integrals involving power of sine and cosine
solve trigonometric integrals involving power of secant and tangent
solve trigonometric integrals involving power of cosecant and cotangent
solve trigonometric integrals involving sine-cosine product with different
angles.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 61 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

In this subsection, we will study techniques for evaluating integrals of the

form: Z
sinm x cosn xdx.

To find the integrals of this form, try to break them into combinations of
trigonometric integrals to which we can apply the power rule.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 62 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Z Z
n
Case 1: sin xdx or cosn xdx, where n is a positive odd integer

Factor
n−1 n−1
sinn xdx = sinn−1 x sin xdx = (sin2 x) 2 sin xdx = (1 − cos2 x) 2 sinx dx

Factor
n−1 n−1
cosn xdx = cosn−1 x cos xdx = (sin2 x) 2 cos xdx = (1−sin2 x) 2 cosx dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 63 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z Z
sin3 xdx = sin2 x sin xdx = (1 − cos2 x) sin xdx
Z Z
= sin xdx − cos2 x sin xdx
| {z }
u=cos x;du=− sin xdx
Z
= − cos x + u2 du

u3
= − cos x + +C
3
cos3 x
= − cos x + +C
3

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 64 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z Z
cos5 xdx = cos4 x cos xdx =
(cos2 x)2 cos xdx
Z Z
= (1 − sin x) cos xdx = (1 − 2 sin2 x + sin4 x) cos xdx
2 2

Z Z Z
= cos xdx − 2 sin x cos xdx + sin4 x cos xdx
2

| {z }
let u=sin x;du=cos xdx
Z Z
= sin x − 2 u2 du + u4 du

2 sin3 x sin5 x
= sin x − + +C
3 5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 65 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals
Z
Case 2: sinm x cosn xdx, where at least one of the exponents is a
positive odd integer
The solution of this case is similar to the method used for Case 1.
If m is odd, factor
m−1
sinm x cosn xdx = sinm−1 x cosn x sin xdx = (sin2 x) 2 cosn x sin xdx
m−1
= (1 − cos2 x) 2 cosn sinx dx

If n is odd, factor
n−1
sinm x cosn xdx = sinm x cosm−1 x cos xdx = sinm x cos 2 x cos xdx
n−1
m 2 x
= sin x(1 − sin x) 2 sin dx

If both m and n are odd, choose either sinm x or cosn x to be factored.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 66 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
3 4
sin x cos xdx = sin2 x cos4 x sin xdx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x) cos4 x sin xdx
Z Z
= cos x sin xdx − cos6 x sin xdx
4

let u = cos x; du = − sin xdx

Z Z
= − u du + u6 du
4

u5 u7
= − + +C
5 7
cos5 x cos7 x
= − + +C
5 7
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 67 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals
Example

cos3 x
Z Z
√ dx = cos2 x(sin x)−1/2 cos xdx
sin x Z
= (1 − sin2 x)(sin x)−1/2 cos xdx
Z Z
−1/2
= (sin x) cos xdx − (sin x)3/2 cos xdx
let u = sin x; du = cos xdx
Z Z
−1/2
= u du − u3/2 du

u1/2 u5/2
= − +C
1/2 5/2
√ 2(sin x)5/2
= 2 sin x − +C
5
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 68 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals

Z Z Z
m
Case 3: sin xdx, n
cos xdx or sinm x cosn xdx, where both m and
n are positive even integers.
In this case, we make repeated use of the half-angle identities
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = and cos2 x =
2 2
to convert the integrals to odd powers of cosine and use Case 1 or 2.
Express

sinm xdx = (sin2 x)m/2 dx

1 − cos 2x m/2
 
= dx
2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 69 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Express

cosn xdx = (cos2 x)n/2 dx

1 + cos 2x n/2
 
= dx
2

Express

sinm x cosn xdx = (sin2 x)m/2 (cos2 x)n/2 dx

1 − cos 2x m/2 1 + cos 2x n/2
   
= dx
2 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 70 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
4
cos xdx = (cos2 x)2 dx

1 + cos 2x 2
Z  
= dx
2
1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x
Z  
= dx
4
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= dx + cos 2xdx + cos2 2xdx
4 2 4
| {z }
let u=2x,du=2dx
Z Z
1 1 1 1 + cos 4x
= x+ cos udu + dx
4 4 4 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 71 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example (Continuation)
Z Z Z
4 1 1 1 1
cos xdx = x + sin u + dx + cos 4xdx
4 4 8 8
| {z }
let v=4x;dv=4dx
Z
1 1 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + x+ cos vdv
4 4 8 32
3 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + sin v + C
8 4 32
3 1 1
= x+ sin 2x + sin 4x + C
8 4 32

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 72 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Wallis’s Formula
Z π/2
sinm x cosn xdx =
0

[(m − 1)(m − 3) · · · (1 or 2)][(n − 1)(n − 3) · · · (1 or 2)]

· α,
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) · · · (1 or 2)

where(m and n are both nonnegative integers and

π
, if m and n are both even integers
α= 2
1, if otherwise

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 73 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate sin8 xdx.
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 74 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate sin8 xdx.
0

Solution

π/2
7·5·3·1 π
Z
sin8 xdx = ·
0 8·6·4·2 2
35π
=
256

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 74 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate cos9 xdx.
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 75 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate cos9 xdx.
0

Solution

π/2
8·6·4·2
Z
cos9 xdx = ·1
0 9·7·5·3·1
128
=
315

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 75 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate sin9 x cos8 xdx.
0

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 76 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z π/2
Evaluate sin9 x cos8 xdx.
0

Solution

π/2
[8 · 6 · 4 · 2][5 · 3 · 1]
Z
sin9 x cos6 xdx = ·1
0 15 · 13 · 11 · 9 · 7 · 5 · 3 · 1
128
=
45045

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 76 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Z Z
n
Case 4: tan xdx and cotn xdx, where n is a positive integer

Factor

tann xdx = tann−2 x tan2 xdx = tann−2 (sec2 x − 1)dx

Factor

cotn xdx = cotn−2 x cot2 xdx = cotn−2 (csc2 x − 1)dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 77 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
tan5 xdx = tan3 x tan2 xdx
Z
= tan3 x(sec2 x − 1)dx
Z Z
= tan3 x sec2 xdx − tan3 xdx
Z Z
= tan3 x sec2 xdx − tan x tan2 xdx
Z Z
= tan3 x sec2 xdx − tan x(sec2 x − 1)dx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 78 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z Z Z
5 3 2 2
tan xdx = tan x sec xdx − tan x sec xdx + tan xdx

let u = tan x; du = sec2 xdx

Z Z Z
3
= u du − udu + tan xdx

u4 u2
= − + ln | sec x| + C
4 2
tan4 x tan2 x
= − + ln | sec x| + C
4 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 79 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals
Case 5
Z Z Z Z
n m n n
sec xdx or tan x sec xdx ; csc xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where n is
a positive even integer.
Factor

secn xdx = secn−2 x sec2 xdx

n−2
= (sec2 x) 2 sec2 xdx
n−2
= (tan2 x + 1) 2 sec2 xdx

Factor

cscn xdx = cscn−2 x csc2 xdx

n−2
= (csc2 x) 2 csc2 xdx
n−2
= (cot2 x + 1) 2 csc2 xdx
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 80 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals
Example
Z Z Z
csc6 xdx = csc4 x csc2 xdx =
(csc2 x)2 csc2 xdx
Z Z
= (cot2 x + 1)2 csc2 xdx = (cot4 x + 2 cot2 x + 1) csc2 xdx
Z Z Z
= cot x csc dx + 2 cot x csc xdx + csc2 xdx
4 2 2 2

| {z }
let u=cot x;du=− csc2 xdx
Z Z Z
4 2
= − u du − 2 u du + csc2 xdx

u5 2u3
= − − − cot x + C
5 3
cot5 x 2 cot3 x
= − − − cot x + C
5 3
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 81 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
5 4
tan x sec xdx = tan5 x sec2 x sec2 xdx
Z
= tan5 x(tan2 x + 1) sec2 xdx
Z Z
= tan x sec xdx + tan5 x sec2 xdx
7 2

let u = tan x; du = sec2 xdx

Z Z
= u du + u5 du
7

u8 u6
= + +C
8 6
tan8 x tan6 x
= + +C
8 6
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 82 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals

Case 6
Z Z
tanm x secn xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where m is a positive odd integer.

Factor

tanm x secn xdx = tanm−1 secn−1 x sec x tan xdx

m−1
= (tan2 x) 2 secn−1 x sec x tan xdx
m−1
= (sec2 x − 1) 2 secn−1 x sec x tan xdx

Factor

cotm x cscn xdx = cotm−1 cscn−1 x csc x cot xdx

m−1
= (cot2 x) 2 cscn−1 x csc x cot xdx
m−1
= (csc2 x − 1) 2 cscn−1 x csc x cot xdx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 83 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
5 7
tan x sec xdx = tan4 x sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (tan2 x)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (sec2 x − 1)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx
Z
= (sec4 x − 2 sec2 x + 1)2 sec6 x sec x tan xdx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 84 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z Z
5 7 10
tan x sec xdx = sec x sec x tan xdx − 2 sec8 x sec x tan xdx
Z
+ sec6 x sec x tan xdx
let u = sec x; du = sec x tan xdx
Z Z Z
= u10 du − 2 u8 du + u6 du

u11 2u9 u7
= − + +C
11 9 7
sec11 x 2 sec9 x sec7 x
= − + +C
11 9 7

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 85 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Case 7
Z Z
n
sec xdx or cscn xdx, where n is a positive odd integer.
Apply integration by parts.
Z
For secn xdx, let u = secn−2 xdx and dv = sec2 xdx.
Z
For cscn xdx. let u = cscn−2 xdx and dv = csc2 xdx.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 86 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals
Example
Z
Evaluate csc3 xdx.
Let u = csc x and dv = csc2 xdx. Then, du = − csc x cot xdx and v = − cot x.
Now, applying the integration by parts formula,
Z Z
csc xdx = − csc x cot x − csc x cot2 xdx
3

Z
= − csc x cot x − csc x(csc2 x − 1)dx
Z Z
3
= − csc x cot x − csc xdx + csc xdx
Z
2 csc3 xdx = − csc x cot x + ln | csc x − cot x|
Z
1
∴ csc3 xdx = [ln | csc x − cot x| − csc x cot x] + C
2
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 87 / 127
Trigonometric Integrals
Example
Z
sec5 xdx

Solution
Let u = sec3 x and dv = sec2 xdx. Then du = 3 sec3 x tan xdx and v = tan x.
Hence,
Z Z
sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x − 3 sec3 x tan2 xdx
Z
= sec3 x tan x − 3 sec3 x(sec2 x − 1)dx
Z Z
= sec3 x tan x − 3 sec5 xdx + 3 sec3 xdx
Z Z
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + 3 sec3 xdx (1)

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 88 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Solution
Let u = sec x and dv = sec2 xdx. Then du = sec x tan xdx and v = tan x. Thus,
Z Z
sec xdx = sec x tan x − sec x tan2 xdx
3

Z
= sec x tan x − sec x(sec2 x − 1)dx
Z Z
3
= sec x tan x − sec xdx + sec xdx
Z Z
3
2 sec xdx = sec x tan x + sec xdx
Z
2 sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
Z
1 1
∴ sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C0
2 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 89 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Solution
From (1),
Z Z
4 sec5 xdx 3
= sec x tan x + 3 sec3 xdx
Z  
1 1
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + 3 sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
2 2
Z
3 3
4 sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
2 2
Z
1 3 3
∴ sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
4 4 4

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 90 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Case 8
Z Z
tanm x secn xdx or cotm x cscn xdx, where m is a positive even integer and
n is a positive odd integer.
Express the integrand in terms of odd powers of secant or cosecant and follow
the suggestions in Case 7. That is,
Factor

tanm x secn xdx = (tan2 x)m/2 secn xdx

= (sec2 x − 1)m/2 secn xdx

Factor

cotm x cscn xdx = (cot2 x)m/2 cscn xdx

= (csc2 x − 1)m/2 cscn xdx

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 91 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z
Evaluate tan2 x sec3 xdx.

Solution
Z Z
2 3
tan x sec xdx = (sec2 x − 1) sec3 xdx
Z Z
= sec xdx − sec3 xdx
5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 92 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Solution
From the preceding example, we get
Z
1 1
sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C0
2 2
and
Z
1 3 3
sec5 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C00 .
4 4 4
Therefore,
Z
1 1 1
tan2 x sec3 xdx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
4 4 4

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 93 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Integrals involving products of sines and cosines with different angles occur
in many applications. In such instances, we can use the following
product-to-sum identities.
1
sin mx sin nx = [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x]
2
1
sin mx cos nx = [sin(m − n)x + sin(m + n)x]
2
1
cos mx cos nx = [cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x]
2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 94 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z Z
1
sin 5x cos 4xdx = [cos x − cos 9x] dx
2
Z Z
1 1
= cos xdx − cos 9xdx
2 2
1 1 1
= sin x − · sin 9x + C
2 2 9
1 1
= sin x − sin 9x + C
2 18

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 95 / 127

Trigonometric Integrals

Example
Z     Z
5x 3x 1
cos cos dx = [cos x + cos 4x] dx
2 2 2
Z Z
1 1
= cos xdx + cos 4xdx
2 2
1 1
= sin x + sin 4x + C
2 8

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 96 / 127

Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 97 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Now that we can evaluate integrals involving powers of trigonometric

functions, we can use trigonometric substitution to evaluate integrals
involving the radicals,
p p p
a2 − u2 , a2 + u2 , and u2 − a2 .

The objective with trigonometric substitution is to eliminate the radical in the

integrand. We do this using the Pythagorean identities

cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ, sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ, and tan2 θ = sec2 θ − 1.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 98 / 127

Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

The restrictions on θ ensure that the function that defines the substitution is
one-to-one.
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 99 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z √
25x2 − 4
dx
x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 100 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z √
25x2 − 4
dx
x

Answer
Z √
25x2 − 4
 
p 2
dx = 25x4 − 2 − 2 arccos +C
x 5x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 100 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
4/5
√
25x2 − 4
Z
dx
2/5 x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 101 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
4/5
√
25x2 − 4
Z
dx
2/5 x

Answer
√
Z 4/5
25x2 − 4
Z π/3 √ 2π
dx = 2 (sec2 θ − 1)dθ = 2 3 −
2/5 x 0 3

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 101 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
−2/5
√
25x2 − 4
Z
dx
−4/5 x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 102 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
−2/5
√
25x2 − 4
Z
dx
−4/5 x

Answer
√
Z −2/5
25x2 − 4
Z π
2π √
dx = −2 (sec2 θ − 1)dθ = −2 3
−4/5 x 2π/3 3

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 102 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z
1
√ dx
x4 9 − x2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 103 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z
1
√ dx
x4 9 − x2

Answer
√
(9 − x2 )3/2 9 − x2
Z
1
√ dx = − − +C
x4 9 − x2 243x3 81x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 103 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.

x5
Z
dx
(9x2 + 1)3/2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 104 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.

x5
Z
dx
(9x2 + 1)3/2

Answer
x5 81x4 − 36x2 − 8
Z
dx = √ +C
(9x2 + 1)3/2 2187 9x2 + 1

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 104 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z
x
√ dx
2x2 − 4x − 7

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 105 / 127
Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric
Substitutions

Example
Evaluate the following integral.
Z
x
√ dx
2x2 − 4x − 7

Answer
 2(x − 1) √2x2 − 4x − 7  √2x2 − 4x − 7
√ 
1
√ ln  + + +C
 
2  3 3  2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 105 / 127
Exercise

Evaluate the following integrals by trigonometric substitution.

Z
dx
1 √
2
9x + 36x + 37
Z
2
2 p dy
y4 y2 − 25
Z
dx
3
(5 − 4x − x2 )5/2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 106 / 127
Exercise

Evaluate the following integrals by trigonometric substitution.

Z
1 1 p 2 
√ dx = ln  9x + 36x + 37 + 3(x − 2) + C
1

2
9x + 36x + 37 Z 3
Z
2
2 p dy = cos3 θdθ
y y2 − 25
4

(x + 2)3
Z  
dx 1 3(x + 2)
3 = +√ +C
(5 − 4x − x2 )5/2 243 (5 − 4x − x2 )3/2 5 − 4x − x2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 107 / 127
Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 108 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Partial Fraction
In this section we show how to integrate any rational function (a ratio of
polynomials) by expressing it as a sum of simpler fractions, called partial
fractions, that we already know how to integrate.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 109 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Partial Fraction
In this section we show how to integrate any rational function (a ratio of
polynomials) by expressing it as a sum of simpler fractions, called partial
fractions, that we already know how to integrate.

Objective
To make a difficult/impossible integration problem easier.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 109 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Consider adding two algebraic fractions:

3 2 3(x + 5) − 2(x − 4) x + 23
− = = 2
x−4 x+5 (x − 4)(x + 5) x + x − 20

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 110 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Consider adding two algebraic fractions:

3 2 3(x + 5) − 2(x − 4) x + 23
− = = 2
x−4 x+5 (x − 4)(x + 5) x + x − 20

Partial fraction decomposition reverses the process

x + 23 3 2
= −
x2 + x − 20 x−4 x+5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 110 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Consider adding two algebraic fractions:

3 2 3(x + 5) − 2(x − 4) x + 23
− = = 2
x−4 x+5 (x − 4)(x + 5) x + x − 20

Partial fraction decomposition reverses the process

x + 23 3 2
= −
x2 + x − 20 x−4 x+5

Observe that the separate terms are easier to integrate. Moreover,

Z Z Z
x + 23 3 2
2
dx = dx − dx
x + x − 20 x−4 x+5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 110 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Consider adding two algebraic fractions:

3 2 3(x + 5) − 2(x − 4) x + 23
− = = 2
x−4 x+5 (x − 4)(x + 5) x + x − 20

Partial fraction decomposition reverses the process

x + 23 3 2
= −
x2 + x − 20 x−4 x+5
Observe that the separate terms are easier to integrate. Moreover,
Z Z Z
x + 23 3 2
2
dx = dx − dx
x + x − 20 x−4 x+5
= 3 ln |x − 4| − 2 ln |x + 5| + C

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 111 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Recall from algebra that every polynomial with real coefficients can be
factored into linear or irreducible quadratic factors. For instance, factor

x5 + x4 − x − 1.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 112 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Illustration
Recall from algebra that every polynomial with real coefficients can be
factored into linear or irreducible quadratic factors. For instance, factor

x5 + x4 − x − 1.

It is straightforward that

x5 + x4 − x − 1 = (x − 1)(x + 1)2 (x2 + 1),

where (x − 1) is a linear factor, (x + 1)2 is a repeated linear factor and

(x2 + 1) is an irreducible quadratic factor.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 112 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Using the above factorization, we can write the partial fraction decomposition
of
P(x)
x + x4 − x − 1
5

where P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than 5, as follows:

P(x) A B C Dx + E
= + + + 2 ,
x5 4
+x −x−1 x − 1 x + 1 (x + 1)2 x +1

where A, B, C, D, E are constants.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 113 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Decomposition of P(x)/Q(x) into Partial Fractions

1 Divide if improper: If P(x)/Q(x) is an improper fraction (i.e., the
degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the
denominator), divide the numerator by the denominator to obtain

P(x) R(x)
= S(x) + ,
Q(x) Q(x)

where the degree of R(x) is less than the degree of Q(x). Then apply
Steps 2, 3 and 4 to the proper rational expression R(x)/Q(x).
2 Factor the denominator: Completely factor the denominator into
factors of the form

(px + q)m and (ax2 + bx + c)n

where ax2 + bx + c is irreducible.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 114 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Decomposition of P(x)/Q(x) into Partial Fractions

3 Linear Factors: For each linear factor of the form (px + q)m , the partial
fraction decomposition must include the following sum of m fractions:
A1 A2 Am
+ 2
+ ... + .
px + q (px + q) (px + q)m

4 Quadratic Factors: For each linear factor of the form (ax2 + bx + c)n ,
the partial fraction decomposition must include the following sum of n
fractions:
A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 An x + Bn
2
+ 2 2
+ ... + .
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c) (ax2 + bx + c)n

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 115 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Evaluate
x2 + 2x − 1
Z
dx.
2x3 + 3x2 − 2x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 116 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Evaluate
x2 + 2x − 1
Z
dx.
2x3 + 3x2 − 2x

Answer

x2 + 2x − 1
Z
1 1 1
3 2
dx = ln |x| + ln |2x − 1| − ln |x + 2| + C
2x + 3x − 2x 2 10 10

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 116 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Note
The method of partial fractions is practical only for integrals of rational
functions whose denominator factor “nicely”.

Example
Z
dx
x2 − 5x + 5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 117 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Note
The method of partial fractions is practical only for integrals of rational
functions whose denominator factor “nicely”.

Example
Z
dx
x2 − 5x + 5

Answer
√ √
ln |2x − 5 − 5| − ln |2x + 5 − 5|
Z
dx
2
= √ +C
x − 5x + 5 5

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 117 / 127
Integration by Partial Fraction

Example
Find
x4 − 2x2 + 4x + 1
Z
dx.
x3 − x2 − x + 1

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 118 / 127
Integration by Partial Fraction

Example
Find
x4 − 2x2 + 4x + 1
Z
dx.
x3 − x2 − x + 1

Answer
x4 − 2x2 + 4x + 1 x2
 
x − 1
Z
2
dx = +x− + ln  +C
x3 − x2 − x + 1 2 x−1 x + 1

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 118 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Exercise
5x2 + 20x + 6
Z
Evaluate dx.
x3 + 2x2 + 6

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 119 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Exercise
5x2 + 20x + 6
Z
Evaluate dx.
x3 + 2x2 + 6

Answer
5x2 + 20x + 6
Z  6 
 − 9 + C.
 x 
3 2
dx = ln 
x + 2x + 6 x + 1 x + 1

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 119 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Find
2x3 − 4x − 8
Z
.
x4 − x3 + 4x2 − 4x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 120 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Find
2x3 − 4x − 8
Z
.
x4 − x3 + 4x2 − 4x

Answer

2x3 − 4x − 8
Z
x
4 3 2
= 2 ln |x| − 2 ln |x − 1| + ln(x2 + 4) + 2 arctan + C
x − x + 4x − 4x 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 120 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Evaluate
1 − x + 2x2 − x3
Z
.
x(x2 + 1)2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 121 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Example
Evaluate
1 − x + 2x2 − x3
Z
.
x(x2 + 1)2

Answer
1 1
ln |x| − ln(x2 + 1) − tan−1 x − 2
+C
2 2(x + 1)

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 121 / 127
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Rationalizing Substitution
Some nonrational functions can be changed into rational functions by
means of appropriate substitutions.
In particular, when an integrand contains
p p an expression of the form
n n
g(x) then the substitution u = g(x) may be effective.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 122 / 127
Integration by Partial Fraction

Example
Evaluate Z √
x+4
dx.
x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 123 / 127
Integration by Partial Fraction

Example
Evaluate Z √
x+4
dx.
x

Answer
Z √ √
√

x+4  x + 4 − 2
dx = 2 x + 4 + 2 ln 
 √ +C
x x + 4 + 2

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 123 / 127
Outline
1 Integrals Involving Transcendental Functions
Natural Logarithic Function
Natural Exponential Function
Logarithms and Exponentials with Arbitrary Bases
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
2 Integration by Parts
3 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine
Trigonometric Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent and Cosecant and
Cotangent
Integrals Involving Products of Sine and Cosine with Different Angles
4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by Trigonometric Substitutions
5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
6 Exercise
Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 124 / 127
Integration by Partial Fraction

Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
2x + 4
1 dx
x3 − 2x2
Z 2 2
4y − 7y − 12
2
3 2
dy
1 y − y − 6y
Z 3
x + x2 + 2x + 1
3 dx
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 2)
x2 − 2x − 1
Z
4 dx
x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 1
ex
Z
5 dx
e2x + 3ex + 2
√
x2 + 1
Z
6 dx
x

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 125 / 127
For Further Reading I

[1] Larson, Ron and Edwards, Bruce H., Calculus, 9th ed., CENGAGE
Learning, USA, 2010.

[2] Liethold, Louis, The Calculus 7, Harper Collins, 1996.

[3] Stewart, James, Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 8th ed., CENGAGE

Learning, USA, 2016.

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 126 / 127
End of Chapter 2

THANK YOU!
Long Exam 3: October 26, 2017

Eusebio R. Lina, Jr. Techniques of Integration February 27, 2018 127 / 127