International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, [Link]

Volume 11, Issue 11 (November 2015), PP.76-93

Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC

Micro grid

B. SRAVANKUMAR1, A. PURNA CHANDRA RAO2

1
PG Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
P.V.P. Siddhartha Institute of Technology Vijayawada-520007, A.P, India
2
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
P.V.P. Siddhartha Institute of Technology Vijayawada-520007, A.P, India

Abstract: -In this paper hybrid AC/DC micro grid comprises of DC and AC sub grids interconnected by power
electronic interfaces. But existing micro grids are purely AC or DC grids. The major purpose is to manage the
power flow among all sources distributed throughout the different types of sub grids. The hybrid grid reduces
the process of multiple DC-AC-DC or AC-DC-DC conversions in an individual grid where the number of
converter stations for converting AC to DC or DC to AC power are reduced. These power generating stations
interconnected to form a micro grid system needed number of multiple reverse conversations (AC-DC or DC-
AC) for consumer applications this results increase circuit complexity, cost and system have less reliability. The
proposed grid can operate in both standalone and grid connected mode. Fuzzy controller is used for smooth
power transfer.

Keywords: -Hybrid micro grid, Proportional integral controller, Standalone,Grid connected mode.

I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing number of renewable energy sources and distributed generation (DG) requires new
technique for the operation and management of the electricity grid to enhance proper power sharing. In the
present power scenarios, when distributed generations are mentioned for small scale generations to meet the
various customer demand. The coordination of these small scale generations may consist of photovoltaic,
batteries, wind and fuel cells which are formed as Micro-grid [1]. Interest on micro grid is rapidly increasing as
it is based on the renewable energy sources, which connects to utility grid and various types of loads. In the grid
tied mode, it is connected with utility whereas in case of autonomous mode it is totally disconnected. In case of
autonomous mode it becomes totally independent and fulfills the demands of customers from the renewable
energy sources [2],[3]. Grid connected, Islanding mode, Transition mode. Therefore a suitable control strategy is
required to coordinate the operation of DC sources AC sources and IC, which need a fast communication link
reliability concern, which uses a decentralized control among which droop control method can be used for
which proper power sharing between AC and DC micro grid.

During islanding operation the IC act as a role of supplier to one micro grid at the same time act as load
to other micro grid and shares the power demand between existing sources. Another challenge is that since the
generated power in each micro grid is limited the power management system should be able to share the power
demand between the existing ac and dc sources [4]. Therefore a specified droop control method is needed to
coordinate the power flows and to cover acceptable power sharing. A two stage modified droop method is used
for the bidirectional power control of the IC during different operation modes of the hybrid AC/DC micro grid.
By measuring the AC micro grid frequency and the DC micro grid voltage and using proposed droop
characteristic [5, 6]. The power management strategy provides the power reference for the IC control to share
the power demand between the existing power sources in both ac and dc micro grid.

Through this control strategy, the two micro grids can be treated as a unified micro grid in which the
demanded load power can be shared between the existing energy sources in this hybrid micro grid. Therefore,
the installed power reserve can support the two micro grids commonly and it allows reduced amount of reserve
power for each micro grid [7, 8]. Since the majority of renewable energy sources, generate DC power or need a
DC link for grid connection and as a result of increasing modern dc loads, DC micro grids have recently
emerged for their benefits in terms of efficiency, cost and system that can eliminate the DC-AC or AC-DC
power conversion stages and their accompanied energy losses [9,10]. However, since the majority of the power
grids are presently ac type, AC micro-grids are still dominant and purely DC micro-grids are not expected to
emerge exclusively in power grids. Therefore, DC micro-grids are prone to be developed in AC types even

76
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

though in subordinate. Consequently, linking AC micro-grids with DC micro-grids and employing the profits of
the both micro-grids, has become interesting in recent studies [11].This paper is arranged as follows: in Section
II, explain the system structure and operationmodesof hybrid AC/DC micro grid. In Section III, Droop control
strategy for individual AC micro grids and DC micro grids is explained. In section IV, proposed IC control
during islanding are discussed. In section V, fuzzy logic controller is explained. In section VI, Power Control
and Management in a Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid is analyzed, and the corresponding results are also presented
with fuzzy logic controller. Finally, conclusion is given in Section VII.

II. SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND OPERATION MODES

A simple hybrid AC/DC micro grid is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of an ac micro grid with conventional
DG sources, a DC micro grid with two DC type sources and an IC links the two micro grids together. Each of
these micro grids also includes their individual loads. Besides, during normal grid operation the hybrid micro
grid is connected to the main utility grid through the AC micro grid. Basically, the micro grids are thought to
operate in grid-connected or islanding modes in the grid-connected operation mode of the hybrid micro grid, the
AC micro grid dynamics are governed directly by the main utility grid and the IC primarily regulates the DC
micro grid voltage and controls the power balance, as well. In this operating condition the DC sources can
generate a constant power or can operate in maximum power point for the renewable energy sources. In the
islanding mode of operation, and during light loading of the DC part, the demanded power is shared among the
DC sources using the (P− 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) droop characteristics. When over-loading happens in the DC micro grid, the
interlinking converter will also participate in load sharing using the proposed AC-DC droop control. In the
following, the performance of the hybrid AC/DC micro grid is described in either of these two modes.

Fig.1. A typical hybrid AC/DC micro grid.

A. Grid-Connected Mode

While the hybrid AC/DC micro grid is connected to the main utility grid, dg sources in the AC micro
grid are expected to either generate a specified real/reactive power, or act as terminal voltage regulator with a
specified amount of active power and variable reactive power [5]. On the other hand, the utility grid operates as
slack bus to support the difference in the active/reactive power demand and to sustain the micro grid frequency.
Similarly, in DC micro grid, DG sources would be controlled to generate a specified active power. However, the
utility grid is still responsible for voltage support and power balance through the IC. According to Fig. 1 and
neglecting the power losses, this mode can be described,

∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
DC micro grid : 𝑃𝐼𝐶 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑐 − 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 (1)
∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
AC micro grid: 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 + 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑖𝑐∗ − 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,,𝑖 (2)

77
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

In this mode the renewable energy sources in the micro grid can operate in maximum power point,
energy storages can charge and non-renewable sources can be managed, e.g., for peak shaving purposes, loss
reduction or economical goals. In the ac micro grid, DGs could also generate a specified reactive power,
regulate terminal voltage or may be used for power quality aims [21]. These power management studies have
been studied in DC micro grids [7], [8] and it is not intended to be followed in this paper.

B. Islanding Mode

Whenthehybridgridoperatesintheislandingmode, an interlinking converter acts as a converter and

inverter mode to supply the power from AC micro grid to DC micro grid and DC micro grid to AC micro grid
for balanced the power in both grids. In this mode Utility grid is not supplying power, Static switch is open,
Feeder A, B, C is being supplied by Micro sources, Feeder D (not sensitive) is dead. In the islanding mode, the
total load demand should be shared and managed autonomously by the existing DGs in the both micro grids,
which involves rapid and flexible active/reactive power control strategies to minimize the micro grid dynamics.
Different operating states may occur during islanding operation of the hybrid micro grid. For the sake of
appropriate performance of the hybrid AC/DC micro grid under different grid conditions, four main operating
states are considered in the islanding mode, as follows:

Islanding state I: This operation state corresponds to the islanding operation of hybrid AC/DC micro grid
during which power generation in AC micro grid and DC micro grid suffices their individual loads (light load
condition). The generation units in each micro grid will regulate its power to meet the load. In this state, the IC
halts transferring power and can just supply reactive power for the AC micro grid. This state is expressed by,

𝑃𝑖𝑐∗ = 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑
∗
=0 (3)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
DC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑝𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 (4)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
AC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖
≤ 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 (5)
Islanding state II: This state represents the case where the generated power in AC micro grid is deficient for
the AC load demand but there is surplus power in the DC micro grid. Therefore, the required power should be
supplied by the dc sources through the IC. In this state we have,

𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
DC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 < 𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 (6)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
AC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 > 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 (7)
∗
𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 = 0, 𝑃𝑖𝑐∗ = 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 −
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐 (8)

Islanding state III: This state is similar to state II, except that the power deficit occurs in the DC micro grid and
the AC micro grid is in light load condition. Therefore, the AC micro grid supplies the required power for DC
micro grid. In this case,
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
DC micro-grid : 𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 > 𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 (9)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
AC micro-grid : 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 < 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 (10)
∗
𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 =0, 𝑃𝑖𝑐∗ = 𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑑𝑐 (11)

Islanding state IV: This operation state relates to the case during which the load demand in both AC micro grid
and DC micro grid are greater than the maximum available sources capacity (overload condition). In this state,
the IC halts transferring power and a proper load shedding strategy must be run to stabilize the grids. This state
is described by,
𝑃𝑖𝑐∗ = 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖
∗
𝑑 =0 (12)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
DC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑝𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 ≥ 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ,𝑖 (13)
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
AC micro-grid: 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 ≥ 𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑐 ,𝑖 (14)

III. DROOP CONTROL STRATEGY FOR INDIVIDUALMICRO GRIDS

(i)Control of DGS in the AC Micro grid
Power management based on droop control is currently well recognized in ac micro grids. Real power
generation of a DG is specified based on frequency-droop (w-P) characteristic [4]. Since there is no dominant
source to enforce the base frequency in the islanded micro grid, the frequency of the micro grid varies by means
of demanded power variations. The main idea of this control is to increase the active power generation of DGs
78
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

when the system frequency decreases. Similarly, for reactive power management voltage-droop (V-Q) is
exploited. Reactive power generation of a DG is determined based on deviations in the bus voltage. Therefore,
the DG source acts in response to the measured local voltage deviations caused by either the system or the local
load‘s-P and V-Q characteristics could be described mathematically by,
1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = − 𝑤 0 ─ 𝑤 + 𝑃0 (15)
𝐾𝑎𝑐

1
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = − 𝑉 0 ─ 𝑉 + 𝑄0 (16)
𝐾𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥

By this power control method, during the grid-connected mode where the frequency of the system in fixed, real
power generation of the DG is controlled by 𝑃0 .

Fig.2. Configuration of the IC interfacing AC and DC micro grids.

Fig. [Link] AC-DC droop characteristic.

(ii) Control of DGs in DC Micro grid

Alternatively, for the DC micro grid the dc voltage-droop (𝑉𝑑𝑐 −P) control method is used for power
sharing between DG sources in the micro grid. Typical (𝑉𝑑𝑐 −P) droop characteristics can be expressed by
1 0 0
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ─ 𝑉𝑑𝑐 + 𝑃𝑑𝑐 (17)
𝑘 𝑑𝑐

IV. PROPOSED IC CONTROL FOR ISLANDING OPERATION

In addition to the power sharing strategies adopted for the standalone DC or AC micro grids, it is
required to develop a proper control strategy for the IC to share the demanded power between these two micro
grids. However, the power management for the IC control is different from the proposed strategies currently
used for the energy sources in the standalone AC or DC micro grids. In contrast to the AC or DC microgrids, the
IC is expected to manage a bidirectional flow of power between the AC and DC micro grids. In addition the IC
should cooperate in power sharing between the energy sources in both micro grids with dissimilar droop
characteristics. This is due to the fact that at any instant the IC takes the role of supplier to one micro grid and at
the same time acts as a load for the other micro grid. These challenging issues can be handled by exploiting a
proper control strategy for the IC to transfer the required power between the micro grids. In order to eliminate
fast communication links, a modified droop based control strategy is proposed to attain desirable performance.

79
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

As discussed in the previous sections, during the islanding operation of the hybrid AC/DC micro grid different
operating states might arise and the IC should recognize these states and manage the whole hybrid micro grid.
The following decentralized control strategy is adopted for this purpose. The power management should
determine the amount of active power that the IC must transfer from one micro grid to the other. In order to
provide the power reference command, the DC bus voltage of the IC and the frequency of the AC micro grid are

ω Over load
blocking logic
(Fig.6)
AC-DC Vdc - P
Droop Droop
Power transfer from Eq.(10) Eq.(19)
dc to ac

AC-DC ω P
Power Droop Droop
Transer from Eq.(10) Eq.(15)
ac to dc

Fig.4. Proposed real power controller for the IC.

Utilized as input to the power management system. Considering the electrical energy stored in the DC
capacitor is,
2
𝑊𝑑𝑐 = 𝐶𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (18)

Neglecting the switching losses in the converter 𝑃𝑑𝑐 ≈ 𝑃𝑎𝑐 , the dynamics in the DC capacitor energy is the
difference of power transfer between AC and DC micro grids. Therefore,

𝑑 1 𝑑 2
𝑊𝑑𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐 =△ P (19)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑡

On the other side, considering the w-P characteristic in the AC micro grid, The ―AC-DC droop‖
characteristic is shown in Fig.3.δw and 𝛿𝑣 are the dead zone bands for the allowable variation of angular
frequency and DC voltage, respectively. Dead zone is utilized in the proposed ―AC-DC droop‖ in order to
prevent any power transfer during light load operation of individual micro grids. During such operation
condition the generating units in each micro grid will regulate the generated power to supply the corresponding
micro grid load using the relevant Vdc– P or w–P droop characteristics. v2shed and w shed are respectively the
minimum DC voltage and AC micro grid frequency drop in dc and ac micro grids that the system is supposed to
undergo load shedding. Furthermore, since the IC is not the mere frequency or DC voltage controller in the
hybrid AC/DC micro grid, it is necessary to participate in power sharing between AC and DC sources. To
implement this scheme, the output of the AC/DC droop is fed to the Vdc– P or w– P and droops of the IC. It is
necessary to mention that since positive sign for power transfer in the IC is considered to be from DC to AC, the
power for Vdc– P droop should be regarded with negative sign. Finally, according to V ref dc and w ref the amount
of power to be transferred via the IC is determined by the two reference power calculated through these two
loops. A schematic block diagram of the proposed power management strategy for the IC is depicted in Fig.4.
The impact of the proposed droop control for the IC on the power sharing of sources in each micro grid is
illustrated within two load increase scenarios in each microgrid,

1) In the first scenario it is assumed that the DC micro grid is near overloading and there is excess power in the
AC micro grid. Upon increasing the load in the dc micro grid, the DC voltage will accordingly decrease. If the
voltage drop is beyond 𝛿𝑉 , referring to the proposed AC-DC droop (Fig. 3) this voltage deviation produces a
new reference angular frequency wref .This wref will then determines the reference power for the IC power
controller using the conventional w–P droop. This is the amount of power to be transferred from AC to DC
micro grid. Therefore, the IC treats as a source for the dc micro grid and partly restores the voltage of the dc

80
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

micro grid. On the other hand, the IC takes the roll of a load for the AC micro grid and increases the power
generation of the aAC sources.

2) The other scenario happens when the AC micro grid is near overloading. When the ac load increases again,
causes the frequency to decrease below 𝛿𝑊 . Referring to the proposed AC-DC droop a new reference voltage
V dc ref is presented. Finally, by using the Vdc– P droop the required power to be transferred to the dc micro grid
is determined. Therefore, according to these two scenarios whenever the load increases in one of the micro
grids, the ―AC-DC droop‖ characteristic relates the AC and DC micro grids using the dc link performance and
the equivalent frequency droop characteristic of the AC micro grid which is determined by,

1 1 1
△ 𝑃 = 𝑘𝑤 ∆ 𝑤 , 𝑘𝑤 = + +⋯+ +𝐷 (20)
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛

Where R,……,Rn are droop coefficient of ac sources and D is the load-damping constant of the ac micro
grid. Using this droop characteristic it is possible to relate the different droops of AC and DC micro grid and
consequently share the power in the whole micro grid. By this power management strategy the response of IC in
different islanding states is as follows:
2
Islanding state I: Throughout this state, ∆𝑤 < 𝛿𝑤 and ∆𝑉𝑑𝑐 < 𝛿𝑉 2 therefore the output of ―AC-DC droop‖ is

XOR

Fig.5. Overload blocking logic for real power controller of the IC.

V-Q
DROOP
+_
Eq (16)
0

Fig. 6. Reactive power controller for the IC.

Idc,DG IC I ac,DG
Dc source il i0 Vdc
Ldc Rdc Vdc idc = lf Rf L ac RacAc source
=
C
Vdc, DG Cf Vac DG
Dc load
RL
PL
Ac load
LL

81
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig. 7. Simplified equivalent model of the hybrid micro-grid.

𝑟𝑒𝑓 0
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 for DC micro grid and 𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑤0 for AC microgrid. Consequently, 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0 and IC transfers no
power.

2 𝑟𝑒𝑓
Islanding state II: In this state ∆𝑉𝑑𝑐 < 𝛿𝑉 2 but ∆𝑤 > 𝛿𝑤 therefore,𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = - 𝑃𝑑𝑐 and IC supplies power to the
AC micro grid.

2 𝑟𝑒𝑓
Islanding state III: In this state ∆𝑤 < 𝛿𝑤 but ∆𝑉𝑑𝑐 > 𝛿𝑉 2 therefore,𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐 and IC supplies power to the
Dc micro grid.
2 2
Islanding state IV: During this state, 𝑤 < 𝑤𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑑 and 𝑉𝑑𝑐 < 𝑉𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑑 In order to block the IC for any power
transfer, an overload blocking logic is added at the output the proposed droop control in which by using an
―EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR)‖ logic, whenever both micro grids enter overloading the IC is blocked and no power
will transfer. The reactive power control of the IC is more straightforward since there is no reactive power in
DC microgrid and the IC is designated to play as a voltage support in droop-control mode to share the reactive
power with other DGs in ac microgrid. The reactive power sharing is based on the conventional droop the local
RMS voltage is measured and using the V– Q droop, the reactive power reference is determined. Since the
active power transfer is the prime task of the IC, a dynamic reactive power limit is added to the control block to
consider the capacity limit of the IC. The hybrid micro-grid shown in Fig. 1 is simplified from the perspective of
IC, as shown in Fig. 7. Finally, a current control scheme is utilized in IC control for tracking the reference
active/reactive power calculated by the power management system.

V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

L. A. Zadeh presented the first paper on fuzzy set theory in 1965. Since then, a new language was
developed to describe the fuzzy properties of reality, which are very difficult and sometime even impossible to
be described using conventional methods. Fuzzy set theory has been widely used in the control area with some
application to power system. A simple fuzzy logic control is built up by a group of rules based on the human
knowledge of system behavior. Furthermore, design of fuzzy logic controller can provide desirable both small
signal and large signal dynamic performance at same time, which is not possible with linear control technique.
Thus, fuzzy logic controller has been potential ability to improve the robustness of compensator. The basic
scheme of a fuzzy logic controller is shown in Fig .7. and consists of four principal components such as: a fuzzy
fiction interface, which converts input data into suitable linguistic values; a knowledge base, which consists of a
data base with the necessary linguistic definitions and the control rule set; a decision-making logic which,
simulating a human decision process, infer the fuzzy control action from the knowledge of the control rules and
linguistic variable definitions; a de-fuzzy fiction interface which yields non fuzzy control action from an
inferred fuzzy control action.

Rule Base: the elements of this rule base table are determined based on the theory that in the transient
state, large errors need coarse control, which requires coarse in-put/output variables; in the steady state, small
errors need fine control, which requires fine input/output variables. Based on this the elements of the rule table
are obtained as shown in Table, with ‗𝑉𝑑𝑐 ‘ and ‗𝑉𝑑𝑐 _ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ‘ as inputs.

82
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

FLC
KNOWLEDGE

Rule Base Data Base

Fuzzy µ(k)

FUZZYFICATION Fuzzy µ(e) DECISION MAKING DEFUUZZYFICATION

Real Di(k)
Real
D(k)=d(k-i)+di(k)

De(k)=e(k)-e(k-i)
Crisp Value
Input e(k)

Vdc_actual

Vdc_ref
Error Amplifier
Fig.8. Block diagram of the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for Proposed Converter.

NL NM NP EZ PP PM PL
µe,∆e 1

0.8

0.4

0.2

-.08 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

e,∆e
Fig.9. Membership functions for Input, Change in input, Output.

TABLE 1FUZZY RULES

VI. RESULTS

In order to demonstrate the proposed methods, simulation test have been carried out in this paper based
on a typical hybrid AC/DC micro grid shown in Fig1. Using MATLAB/simulation. The system consists of an ac
micro grid with conventional DG sources, a DC micro grid with two DC type sources and an IC links the two
83
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

micro grids together and connected to the main utility grid. In this paper, grid connected mode was simulated by
MATLAB and shows the DC bus voltage (V), AC RMS Voltage (V), frequency (HZ), total harmonic distortion
(THD), when AC/DC loads are connected to the main utility grid, islanding mode when AC and DC load is
varying, when both loads are in light load and over load condition and FLC in hybrid AC/DC micro grid.

Case1: When AC/DC micro grid is connected to the main utility grid

Fig.10. Simulink diagram of hybrid AC/DC micro grid when connected to main utility grid.
Fig.10. Shows the simulink diagram of hybrid AC/DC micro grid when connected to main utility grid. In this
DC load demand is high (400 KW), but two DC sources are not meeting the required load demand at time t = 1
sec DC load is suddenly drop to 200 KW as shown in fig.11.(a). and DC voltage has some disturbance is shown
in fig.11.(b). To over come these problems Interlinking converter (IC) moves to inverting mode and tranfer
sufficient power from AC side to DC side. At time t = 2 sec load is increased and approximately matches the
generated DC power is shown in fig.11.(a).

Fig.11. Simulation waveform of (a) Active power atDCside and interlinking converter
(b) DC Voltage (V).

Case2: Islanding mode when AC load is varying

84
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.12. Simulink diagram of islanding mode with AC variable load.

Fig.12. shows the simulinkdiagram of islanding mode with AC variable load. In this hybrid AC/DC
micro grid is operated in transition from grid connecting mode to islanding mode. At time t = 1 sec micro grid is
disconnected from the main utility grid and having AC load demand of active power of 900 KW and reactive
power of 300 KVAR, is high, but two AC sources are not meeting the required load demand. In this condition
AC load is drop to 800 KW and 250 KVAR as shown in fig.13.(a). and (c) which causes frequency drop as
shown in fig.13.(e). In order to balance the power, The Interlinking converter (IC) shares the surplus power from
DC side to AC side as shown in fig.13.(b). At time t = 3 sec ac load is increased further and this causes the IC to
transfer more power from DC side to AC micro grid.

85
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.13. Simulation waveform of (a) Active power at AC side (b) IC, Active power at DC side
(c) Reactive power at AC side, IC (d)DC Voltage (V) (e) AC RMSVoltage (V) (f) Frequency (Hz).

Case 3: Islanding mode when DC load is varying

Fig.14. Simulink diagram ofislanding mode with DC variable load.

86
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.14. Shows the simulink block diagram of islanding mode with DC variable load. Similar to case 2,
in this case before islanding occurs, DC load is operating at 420 KW. At time t = 1 sec grid is disconnected from
main utility grid, so islanding mode is occurred and DC load power is greater than the rated power of the DC
sources shown in fig.15.(b). which causes voltage drop in dc voltage as shown in fig.15. (d). In order to balance
the power, the IC controller shares the power in the AC micro grid with the DC sources to the DC micro grid
side. At time t = 3.5 sec DC load is increased to 600 KW as shown in fig.15. (b). and this causes the IC to
transfer more power from AC micro grid to DC micro grid.

87
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.15. Simulation wave form of (a) Grid, Active poweron AC side (b) Active power on DC side, IC
(c) Grid, Reactive power on AC side, IC (d) DC Voltage (V) (e) AC RMS Voltage (V)
(f) Frequency(Hz).

Case 4: When both loads are in light load condition

Fig.16. Simulink diagram when both AC load and DC loads are in light load condition.

Fig.16. Shows the Simulink diagram when both AC load and DC loads are in light load condition. In
this case two micro grids are initially operated in load condition that means that the load power in both AC and
DC micro grids are less than total rating of individual sources. So, the IC transfers no power. At time t = 1 sec
load is increased in DC micro grid in which the power demand is greater than the DC generation shown in
fig.17. (b). which causes voltage drop in DC link voltage as shown in fig.17. (d). at time t = 2 sec DC load is
decreases and DC micro grid is enters the initial condition is shown in shown fig.17. (b). at time t = 3 sec ac
load is increased and IC detects the frequency drop as shown in fig.17. (a) and (e).

88
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.17. Simulation waveform of (a) Active power at AC side (b) Active power at DC side and IC (c)
Reactive power at AC side, IC (d) DC Voltage (V) (e) AC RMS Voltage (V) (f) Frequency (HZ).

Case 5: When bothside loads are in over load condition

89
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

[Link] diagram of both AC load and DC loads are in over load condition.

Fig.18. Shows the simulink diagram of both AC load and DC loads are in over load condition. In this
both micro grids are primarily operating in light load condition. At t = 1 sec DC load is increased to 500 KW
that is over loading power in increased in DC micro grid is shown in fig.19.(b). Which cause voltage
disturbances as shown in fig.19.(d). In which the IC transfer the required power to AC side. At time t = 2 sec the
AC load is also increased to 800 KW at active power and 280 KVAR at reactive power, that means the AC
micro grid is in over load condition is shown in figs.19.(a) and (c). Which causes frequency drop is shown in
fig.19.(e). So, IC transfers surplus power to DCside and detects the frequency drop.

90
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.19. Simulation waveforms of (a) Active power at AC side (b) Active power at DC load, IC
(c) Reactive power at AC side, IC (d)DC Voltage (V) (e) AC RMS Voltage (V) (f) Frequency (HZ).

Case 6: FLC in hybrid AC/DC micro grid

Fig.20. Simulink diagram of FLC in hybrid AC/DC micro grid.

91
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

Fig.20. Shows the simulink diagram of FLC in hybrid AC/DC micro grid. The above cases have
controlled by using PI controller and power electronic conversion has occurred through the interlinking
converter (IC) from AC micro grid to DC micro grid. Due to this conversion,in this case, total harmonic
distortion (THD) occurred in grid current up to 4.10% is shown in fig. (21). so, these harmonics are reduced to
0.04%, by using the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is shown in fig. (22). and table 2 shows thecomparison of THD
in micro grid current with PI controller and FL controller.

[Link] in grid current with PI controller.

Fig.22. THD in grid current with fuzzy logic controller.

TABLE 2THD in grid current

PI FUZZY LOGIC
CONTROLLER CONTROLLER
THD 4.10% 0.04%

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper hybrid AC/DC micro grid comprises of AC micro grid and DC micro grid interconnected
by power electronic interfaces. The major purpose is to manage and control the power flow between the AC
micro grid and DC micro grid through the AC source and DC source using the interlinking converter (IC). This
conversion has been occurring between AC to DC or DC to AC using interlinking converter (IC) due to this

92
 Implementation of FLC in Power Control for Hybrid AC/DC Micro grid

conversion total harmonic distortion (THD) has occurred in grid current up to 4.10%. In the presence of fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) these harmonics are reduced to 0.04%.

REFERENCES
[1]. N. Eghtedarpour and E. Farjah, Distributed charge/discharge control of energy storages in a renewable
energy-based DC micro grid, IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 45–57, Jan. 2014.
[2]. A. Karabiber, C. Keles, A. Kaygusuz, and B. B. Alagoz, ―An approach for the integration of
renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC micro grids,‖ J. Renewable Energy, vol. 52, pp.
251–259, Apr. 2013.
[3]. P.C. Loh,D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Hybrid AC-DC micro grids with energy storages and
progressive energy flow tuning,‖ IEEETran. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1533–1543, Apr.
2013.
[4]. P. C. Loh, D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Autonomous control of interlinking converter with
energy storage in hybrid AC-DC micro grid,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1374–
1382,May/Jun. 2013.
[5]. [Link],D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and [Link], ―Autonomous operation of hybrid micro grid with AC
and DC subgrids,‖ IEEE Trans. PowerElectron, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2214–2223, May 2013.
[6]. [Link] and E. Farjah, ―Control strategy for distributed integration of photovoltaic and energy
storage systems in dc micro grids‖, J. Renewable Energy, vol. 45, pp. 96–110, Sep. 2012.
[7]. L. Xu and D. Chen, ―Control and operation of a DC micro grid with variable generation and energy
storage, IEEE Trans‖. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2513–2522, Oct. 2011.
[8]. X. Liu, [Link], and P. C. Loh, ―A hybrid AC/DC micro grid and its coordination control,‖ IEEE
Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 278–286 , 2011.
[9]. M. N. Ambia, A. Al-Durra, and S. M. Muyeen, ―Centralized power control strategy for AC-DC hybrid
micro grid system using multi-converter scheme,‖ in Proc. IECON 2011—37th Annu. Conf. IEEE
[Link]. Soc., Nov. 2011, pp. 843–848.
[10]. J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. Vicuna, and M. Castilla, ―Hierarchical control of droop
controlled AC and DC micro grids a general approach toward standardization,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158–166, Jan. 2011.
[11]. D. Bo,Y. Li, Z. Zheng, and L. Xu, ―Control strategies of micro grid with hybrid DC and AC buses,‖
in Proc. 14th Eur. Conf. Power [Link]. (EPE 2011), pp. 1–8.
[12]. I.-Y. Chung, W. Liu, D. A. Cartes, E. G. Collins, Jr, and S. Moon, ―Control methods of inverter
interfaced distributed generators in a micro grid system‖, IEEE Trans. Ind. App., vol. 46, no. 3, pp.
1078–1088, May/Jun. 2010.
[13]. K. Kurohane, T. Senjyu, A. Yona, N. Urasaki, and T. Funabashi, ―A hybrid smart AC/DC power
system,‖ IEEE Trans. Smart Grid‖, vol. 1,no. 2, pp. 199–204, Sep. 2010.
[14]. C. Jin, P. C. Lohl, P. Wangl, Y. Mill, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Autonomous operation of hybrid AC-DC
micro grids,‖ in Proc. IEEE ICSET, Kandy, Sri Lanka, Dec. 6–9, 2010.
[15]. H. Nikkhajoei and R. H. Lasseter, Distributed generation interface to the certs micro grid, IEEE Trans.
Power Del., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1598–1608, Jul. 2009.
[16]. F. Katiraei, M. R. Iravani, A. L. Dimes, and N. D. Hatziargyriou, ―Micro grids management: control
and operation aspects of micro grids‖, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 54–65, May/Jun.
2008.
[17]. C. K. Sao and P. W. Lehn, ―Control and power management of converter fed micro grids, IEEE
Trans. Power System‖, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1088–1098, Aug. 2008.
[18]. F. Katiraei and M. R. Iravani, ―Power management strategies for a micro grid with multiple distributed
generation units‖, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1821–1831, Nov. 2006.
[19]. R.H. Lasseter and P. Paigi, ―Micro grid: A conceptual solution‖, in Proc. IEEE-PESC‘04, 2004, pp.
4285–4290.
[20]. M. E. Baran and N. R. Mahajan, ―DC distribution for industrial systems opportunities and
challenges‖, IEEE Trans. Ind. App., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1596–1601, Nov./Dec. 2003.

93