Grammar

xx にする=I'll go with xx (ordering items). Generally means to decide on something

(私は、ハンバーガーとサラダにします-I’ll have the hamburger and salad)
(海外に行くことになった-It’s been decided that I will go abroad)

ってば & ったら=shows exasperation, similar to "if I told you once, I told yoh a million times"
(あなたったら、いつも忘れるんだから-You're always forgetting)

Verb stem+やがる=shows contempt

(あんな奴に負けやがって。じゃ、どうすんだよ-Losing to a guy like that. Well, what are
you going to so?)

さ is a very casual form of よ. ぞ (biker+tatted ppl say, not as cool) and ぜ (badass, yankee
deliquents) are the "cool" version of よ。

な is a more rough, masculine version of

ね。わ is the feminine version.

かな indicates the speaker is considering something (いい大学に行けるかな). かしら is the

feminine version of かな。

かい&だい indicate questions(masculine form). かい is for yes/no, だい for open ended

questions
(おい、どこに行くんだい？)
( 俺は土曜日、映画を見に行くけど、一緒に行くかい？)

こと+ある is used to talk about whether an event exists or not

(徹夜して、宿題することはある-there are times when I do homework while staying up all
night. )
Using the past tense of a verb with こと talks about whether an event has ever taken place; its a
way to talk about "have done" sth.
(ヨーロッパに行ったことがあったらいいな。-it would be nice if I ever go to Europe. )
(そういうのを見たことがなかった。-I had never seen anything like that).
Feminine explainatory particle 「の」can be turned into 「もの」(same meaning). Sometimes it
becomes 「もん」which is more fem + cutesy. (授業があった+の/もの/もん.)

かも is the more casual version of かも知れない. かもしれん is the masculine version.

だろう is more masc than でしょう。でしょう can also mean more like "see, I told you so" in
casual conversation. (だから、 時間がないって言ったでしょう！-That's why I told you
there was no time!).

でしょう is more certain than かもしれん。でしょう is closer to meaning to 多分.

のみ is the formal version of だけ. (この乗車券は発売当日のみ有効です。-This boarding

ticket is only valid on the date on which it was purchased.)

しか has an embedded negative meaning, while だけ doesnt. It shows the lack of everything else
and must always be used with the negative. (Eg. 全部買うの？ううん、これだけ vs ううん、
これしか買わない. Nah, just this vs Nah, I won't buy anything else but this.) (今日は忙しく
て、朝ご飯しか食べられなかった。Today was busy and couldn't eat anything but breakfast)

っきゃ means the same as しか & is used the same way. Only, this version is stronger & less
common.

ばかり expresses the condition where there's so much of something to the point where there's
nothing else (vs しか which expresses a lack of everything else but the item in question).

Neg. form of adj/verb+過ぎる=食べなさすぎる。面白くなさすぎる。Sometimes い adj. are

not in neg., just have a ない at the end, so just change to ~なすぎる(eg. 少なすぎる;汚すぎる;
危なすぎる;つまらなすぎる)

も is used to express excessive amount (今年、十キロも太っちゃったよ！)

さ is added to adjectives to make them into nouns (犬の聴覚の敏感さを人間と比べると、は

るかに上だ。- If you compare the level of sensitivity of hearing dogs to humans, it is far
above.)
みたい conjugates like a な-adj (このピザはお好み焼きみたいじゃない？). みたい is for
conversation, よう is for written.

っぽい is a casual version to reflect resemblance. (恭子は全然女っぽくないね-Kyouko is not

womanly at all, huh?) (みんなで、もう全部食べてしまったっぽいよ-It appears that
everybody ate everything already)

~がたい is a more written version of ~にくい (とても信じがたい話だが、本当に起こった

らしい)

~づらい is a more course version of ~にくい (日本語は読みづらいな). It’s like it mentally

pains you to do while ~にくい is like its just meh.

~ず is a more formal/written way of ~ないで and often paired with the particle に. Irregulars:す
る→ せず ;来る→こず (何も食べずにそんなにお酒を飲むと当然酔っ払いますよ)(彼は
何も言わず、帰ってしまった)

Classical ending for negative is change ~ない to ~ぬ. Irregulars:する→せぬ; 来る→こぬ. (韓

国人と結婚してはならぬ-you must not marry a Korean)

Masc., older man ending for negative is change ~ない to ~ん. Irregulars:する→せん; 来る→こ
ん. (韓国人と結婚しなくてはならん-you must marry a Korean)

わけにはいかない is a more formal, stronger version of ~てはいけない

(今度は負けるわけにはいかない)

ばかり added after past tense verb indicates that the verb just ended.
(今、家に帰ったばかりです)
ばっか is slang form of ばかり

Adding とたん(に) after a past tense verb indicates something took place as soon as something
occurred (but the second action cant be done by you/in your control)(窓を開けたとたんに、猫
が跳んでいった)
ながら can be attached to an adj to indicate "while" (state of being), if も is attached, it means
"even while" (貧乏ながらも、高級なバッグを買っちゃったよ-Even while I am poor, I
ended up buying a high quality bag)

~まくっている is attached to a verb stem to indicate reckless abandon to the activity. This is an
enduring state. This is a casual expression (ゲームにはまっちゃって、最近パソコンを使い
まくっているよ-Having gotten hooked to games, I do nothing but use the computer lately)

まま is used to show lack of change (今日だけは悲しいままでいさせてほしい-For only

today, I want you to let me stay in this sad condition)

The suffix っぱなし (can be written っ放し) is added to a verb stem to describe the act of doing
sth and leaving it that way without changing it; this carries the nuance that the thing left alone is
due to oversight or neglect
(テレビをつけっ放しにしなければ眠れない人は、結構いる-There exists a fair number of
people who cannot sleep unless they turn on the TV and leave it that way)
(窓があけっぱなしだったので、蚊がいっぱい入ってしまった-The window was left wide
open so a lot of mosquitoes got in)

Negative of である is ではない

(それは不公平ではないでしょうか)

In formal writing, the て form is conveyed just by verb stems. ~ている is conveyed by ~ており
(from honorific form ておる)

はず is added to reflect an expectation or how something is "suppose" to be. The negative is は

ずがない or はずはない. You can also say はずじゃない if you want to confirm something.
It's like a noun (so 日曜日のはず; 可能なはず; etc)
(この料理はおいしいはずだったが、焦げちゃって、まずくなった-This dish was expected
to be tasty but it burned and became distasteful)
(そう簡単に直せるはずがないよ-It's not supposed to be that easy to fix)

方がいい is used to make suggestions

べき is used to represent "should". It has a stronger tone than 方がいい and you come off like a
know it all (so it is rarely used to tell someone directly what to do). When combined with する
(to do, not 擦る), it can be するべき or すべき
(何かを買う前に本当に必要かどうかをよく考えるべきだ-Before buying something, one
should think well on whether it's really necessary or not)
(例え国のためであっても、国民を騙すべきではないと思う-Even if it is, for example, for
the country, I don't think the country's citizens should he deceived)

べく is used to describe what one did in order to carry out something, similar to “in order to” or
“in an effort to”. する can be changed to すべく
(早く帰るべく、準備し始めた-In trying to go home early, started the preparations)
(試験に合格すべく、皆一生懸命に勉強している-Everybody is studying very hard in an
effort to pass the exam)

べからず is used to mean the opposite lf べき aka one should not do sth. する can be changed
to すべからず
(ゴミ捨てるべからず-You must not throw away trash)
(安全措置を忘れるべからず-You must not forget the safety measures)

さえ is added after nouns or verb stems (or て in the て形) to show miserably failing to reach
what one would consider the bare minimum or express (in a positive sense) all one needs. Verb
stems+さえ are usually followed by する to show that the minimim action is done (or not). After
nouns you can use でさえ for a bit more emphasis.
(宿題が多すぎて、トイレに行く時間さえなかった-There was so much homework, I didn’t
even have time to go to the bathroom)
(お金さえあれば、何でも出来るよう-The least you need is money and you can do anything)
(自分の過ちを認めさえしなければ、問題は解決しないよ。-The problem won’t be solved
if you don’t even recognize your own mistake, you know)

(で)すら is an older version of (で)さえ. Interchangeable, but ですら is generally used only
with nouns
(この天才の私ですら分からなかった-Even a genius such as myself couldn’t solve it)

おろか is used to indicate that something is so rediculous that it is not even worth considering
(its treated like an adj).
(結婚はおろか、ニッヶ月付き合って、結局別れてしまった-We eventually broke up after
going out for two months much less get married)
(大学はおろか、高校すら卒業しなかった-I didn’t even graduate from high school much less
college)

どころか is a more common expression of おろか. It is directly attached to nouns, adj or verbs
(漢字どころか、ひらがなさえ読めないよ-Forget about Kanji, I can’t even read Hiragana)

~がる is attached to adj (not verbs or nouns!) to make an observation about how someone is
feeling (cant be used for your own emotions). Drop the い when adding it to い adj. past neg. is
~がらなかった.
(早く来てよ！何を恥ずかしがっているんの？-Hurry up and come here. What are you acting
all embarassed for?)
(うちの子供はプールに入るのを理由もなく怖がる-Our child acts afraid about entering the
pool without any reason)

~がる is added to 欲しい or verbs in たい form to observe what someone wants. It’s more for
narrative. Conversational is just でしょう
(家に帰ったら、すぐパソコンを使いたがる-He soon acts like wanting to use computer as
soon as he gets home)
(妻は Louis Vuitton のバッグを欲しがっているんだけど、そんなもん、買えるわけない
でしょう！-My wife shows signs of wanting a Louis Vuitton bag but there’s no way I can buy
something like that!)

ばかり is added after verbs to express the fact that someone else looks like they are about to do
something but actually does not. It is not used conversationally. Verbs must be conjugated to
negative ending ん before adding it (言う→言わない→言わんばかり) for present tense, past
does not need changing. Usually used with に after it.
(「あんたとは関係ない」と言わんばかりに彼女は彼を無視していた-she ignored him as if
to say, “You have nothing to do with this.”)
(昨日の喧嘩で何も言わなかったばかりに、平気な顔をしている-Has a calm face as if (he)
didn’t say anything during the fight yesterday)

めく is attached to nouns (and な adj) to indicate that sth is showing the signs of a certain state
(it then becomes like a く verb)
(紅葉が始まり、すっかり秋めいた空気になってきた-With the leaves starting to change
color, the air came to become quite autumn like)
(そんな謎めいた顔をされて、うまく説明できないよ-Even having that kind of puzzled look
done to me, I can’t explain it very well, you know)

～ざるを得ない is added after a verb to indicate that you can’t not do something even if you
wanted to. It has a slight suggestion that you really don’t want to do it. It is formal/written. Turn
verb to ない then drop ない and add ざる(行かない→行かざる). する becomes せざる and
来る becomes こざる
(このテレビがこれ以上壊れたら、新しいのを買わざるを得ないな-If this TV breaks even
more, there’s no choice but to buy a new one)
(上司の話を聞くと、どうしても海外に出張をせざるを得ないようです-Hearing the story
from the boss, it seems like I can’t not go on a business trip overseas no matter what)

やむを得ない is an expression used to express something that one is forced to do due to some
circumstances. It is similar to 「仕方がない」 or 「しょうがない」.
(やむを得ない事由により手続が遅れた場合、必ずご連絡下さい-If the paperwork should
be late due to uncontrollable circumstances, please make sure to contact us)
(この仕事は厳しいかもしれませんが、最近の不景気では新しい仕事が見つからないの
でやむを得ない状態です-This job may be bad but because I can’t find a new job due to the
recent economic downturn, it’s a situation where nothing can be done)

かねる is a verb suffix used to express a person’s inability, reluctance or refusal to do

something. It is added to a verb stem.
(この場ではちょっと決めかねますので、また別途会議を設けましょう-Since making a
decision here is impossible, let’s set up a separate meeting again)

かねる is often used in the negative to indicate there is a possibily for that verb to happen ,
similar to “there’s a risk that..” or “there’s a fear that...”
(このままでは、個人情報が漏洩しかねないので、速やかに対応をお願い致します-At
this rate, there is a possibility that personal information might leak so I request that this be dealt
with prompty)

がち is added after a verb stem to indicate that it is likely to occur (がち acts like a な adj). がち
can also be added after nouns to indicate “proneness” (usually used with bad/undesirable) things
(確定申告は忘れがちな手続のひとつだ-Filing income taxes is one of those processes that
one is prone to forget)
(留守がちなご家庭には、犬よりも、猫の方がおすすめです-For families that tens to be
away from home, cats are recommended over dogs)
(父親は病気がちで、みんなが心配している-Father is prone to illness and everybody is
worried)

つつ is added to verb stem to mean the same as ながら. However, つつ is more formal and it is
rarely used for everyday occurrences. It is appropriate for more literary or abstract actions such
as those involving emotions or thoughts. ながら also decribes an auxiliary action while with つ
つ both actions have equal weight.

つつ can also be paired with ある to express the existence of a continuing process. This is often
used in magazine or newspaper articles to describe a certain trend or tide.
(電気製品の発展につれて、ハードディスクの容量はますます大きくなりつつある-Lead
by the advancement of electronic products, hard disk drive capacities are becoming even larger)
(今の日本では、終身雇用や連行序列という雇用慣行が崩れつつある-In today’s Japan,
hiring practices like life-time employment and age-based ranking are tending to break down.)

きらいがある is a fixed expression to describe a bad tendency of habit

(多くの大学生は、締切日ぎりぎりまで、宿題をやらないきらいがある-A lot of college
students have a bad tendency of not doing their homework until just barely it’s due date)

まい is attahed after a verb in infinitive or stem form (or after the ます in 連用形 form) to mean
that there is a will for something not to happen or that someone is set out not to do something.
It’s probably not going to happen because someone sets out not to do it.
(そんな無茶な手段は認めますまい-I won’t approve of such an unreasonable method)
(あの人は、二度と嘘をつくまいと誓ったの
です-That person had sworn to never lie again)
(その時までは決して彼に会うまいと心に決めていた-Until that time, I had decided in my
heart to not meet him by any means)

In order to express an effort to not do something, you can use 「ようにする」with the negative
verb
(最近、食べすぎないようにしてる-I’m trying not to eat too much lately)
(肉を食べないようにしている-Trying not to eat meat)

やめる with a regular volitional is used to express “let’s not”

(明日に行くのをやめよう-Let’s not go tomorrow)

A verb in volitional + が + negative volitional ＋ が means that it doesn’t matter whether

something is going to happen or not.
(あいつが大学入ろうが入るまいが、俺と関係ないよ-Whether that guy is going to college
or not, it has nothing to do with me)
(最近のウィルスは強力で、プログラムを実行しようがしまいが、ページを見るだけで
感染するらしい-The viruses lately have been strong and whether you run a program or not, I
hear it will spread just by looking at the page)

The volitional of である(であろう) is attached after verbs or nouns to express a much more
formal form or the volitional.
(今後 50 年、人間が直面するであろう-[problems] that humans have likely encountered the
next 50 years)
(もちろん、生徒数減少の現在、学科の新設は困難であろう-Of course, setting up new
courses of study will likely be difficult with this period of decreasing student population)

To form the negative of であろう, change the い ending of ない (or い adj) to かろう
(どんな商品でもネットで販売するだけで売り上げが伸びると言うものではなかろう-It’s
not necessarily the case that sales go up just by selling any type or product on the net)
(運動を始めるのが早かろうが遅かろうが、健康にいいと言うのは変わりません-
Whether you start excercising early or late, the fact that it’s good for your health doesn’t change)

Add だらけ to a noun to indicate that it is riddled everywhere. It carries a negative connotation
(間違いだらけ-Riddled with mistakes)
(埃だらけ-Riddled with dust)
だらけ is treated like a noun (so use の)
(この埃だらけのテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない-Can you properly dust this TV
completely covered in dust?)

まみれ is attached to nouns and meaning’s similar to だらけ. However, it is only attached to
physical objects and can only be used for things literally covering the object. Thus, it is not used
with things like scratches or dust, but is used with liquids and dust
(彼は油まみれになりながら、車の修理に頑張りました-While becoming covered in oil, he
worked hard at fixing the car)
(たった 1 キロを走っただけで、汗まみれになるのは情けない-It’s pitiful that one gets
covered in sweat from running just 1 kilometer)
ずくめ is attached to a noun to describe something that applies to the whole (kind of like “is x
from head to toe”. It’s usually used with colors to describe people completely dresssed in that
color
(白ずくめ団体は去年ニュースになっていた-The organization dressed all in white was on
the news last year)
(このシェークは、おいしいし、栄養たっぶりで体にいいですから、いいことずくめで
すよ-This Shake is tasty and filled with nutrients, it’s good for (your) body so it’s entirely good
things)

が早いか is attached to a verb in either dictionary form or plain past form to describe something
that happened the instant something else occurred (immediately after). Formal/written
(彼女は、教授の姿を見るが早いか、教室から逃げ出した-The instant she saw the
professor’s figure, she ran away from the classroom)
(「食べてみよう」と言ったが早いか、口の中に放り込んだ-The instant he said “let’s try
eating it”, he threw it into his mouth)

や or や否や(やいなや) is attached to a dictionary form of a verb to mean the same as が早い

か. Formal/written
(私の顔を見るや、何か言おうとした-He tried to say something as soon as he saw my face)
(搭乗のアナウンスが聞こえるや否や、みんながゲートの方へ走り出した-As soon as the
announcement to board was audible, everybody started running towards the gate)

思いきや is used like the quotation と思う, only it has no tense. It is used when you think one
thing, but much to your astonishment, things actually turn out to be very different.
(昼間だから絶対込んでいると思いきや、一人もいなかった-Despite having thought that it
must be crowded since it was afternoon, (surprisingly) not a single person was there)
(このレストランは安いと思いきや、会計は 5 千円以上だった！-Thought this restaurant
would be cheap but (surprisingly) the bill was over 5,000 yen!)

がてら is attached to a noun or verb stem to indicate that two actions were done at the same
time. The difference from ながら is that がてら indicates that some or all of the time was spent
on the main action while the second was just an aside. がてら can be attached just to a noun and
する will be inferred. Formal.
(散歩がてら、タバコを買いに行きました-While taking a stroll, I also used that time to buy
cigarettes)
(博物館を見がてらに、お土産を買うつもりです-While seeing the museum, I plan to also
use that time to buy souvenirs)

あげく is added after a past tense verb or noun to describe a result, usually negative, that came
about after a great deal of effort. After you put あげく after an action, then you have to describe
the final result that came about from the verb or noun. (Noun+の+あげく)
(事情 2 時間かけて説明したあげく、納得してもらえなかった-(after a great deal of)
explaining the circumstances for 2 hours, (in the end), couldn’t receive understanding)
(先生と相談のあげく、退学をしないことにした-(After much) consulting with teacher, (in
the end), decided on not dropping out of school)

有り得る(ありえる) is used to mean あることができる (sth has he possibility of existing)

(彼が寝坊したこともあり得るね-It’s also possible that he overslept)
(それは、有り得ない話だよ-That’s an impossible story/scenario)

と shows a natural consequence.

(先生だと、きっと年上なんじゃないですか-If he’s a teacher, he must be older for sure,
right?)
なら(ば) is used for contextual conditional. You can use this particle to express what will
happen given a certain context.
(みんなが行くなら私も行く-If given that everybody is going, then I’ll go too)
ば is just “if” conditional without any assumptions or embedded meanings
待つ 待てば
おかしい おかしければ
暇 暇であれば

たら(ば) is a general conditional, but focus is on what happened after.

もし is added to add a sense of uncertainty

~ておく is used when you did an action in preparation for something else
(電池を買っておきます-I’ll buy batteries [in advance for the future])

~てある indicates a resultant state

(準備は、もうしてあるよ)
You can make suggestions using たら or ば followed by どう
(銀行に行ったらどうですか-How about going to the bank?)
(たまにご両親と話せばどう-How about talking with your parents once in awhile?)

な is attached to a verb (infinitive form) to command against doing something

(それを食べるな-Don’t eat that)
This is not to be confused with なさい command where the さい is dropped
(まだいっぱいあるから、たくさん食べな-There’s still a lot, so eat a lot)

Honorific conjugation=
1)お+stem+なる
(先生はお見えになりますか？-Have you seen the teacher?)
2)お+stem+です
(店内でお召し上がりですか-Will you be dining in?)

Humble conjugation=
1)お+stem+する
(先生、お聞きしたいことがありますが-Teacher, there’s something I want to ask you)

でできる means to be made of; be made out of, while からできる means to be made from
(チーズやヨーグルトは牛乳からできます)
(この皿はプラスチックで、そして、このコップは紙でできている)

で知られている means essentially the same as で有名だ

(熊は冬眠することで知られています)
(ここお寺は古い桜の木があることで知られている)

によって違う or による indicates something is different depending on the situation, location,

time, etc. Be sure to combine question word or particle (か or かどうか) for the topic
(どの大学に留学するかは、もらえる奨学金による)
(私にとって、読み物が難しいかどうかは、漢字の多さによります)
(何歳で運転免許が取れるかは、国によって違うようです)
と言われている means it is said to be or it is said that
(風邪を引いた時はビタミン c をたくさん取るといいと言われている)
(「電気の街」秋葉原は、最近「オタク町」だとも言われている)

と言えば is used to present, as the topic, something or someone that has just been mentioned by
the hearer or the speaker. “Speaking of”
(香港と言えば、山の上から見える夜の景色がすばらしいそうですね)

~というのは~(ことです/ということだ／という意味だ) is used to provide the meaning or

definition of a word or phrase.
(留学するというのは、外国で勉強するということだ)
(「話せる」というのは、「話すことができる」という意味だ)

~の一つです is used to indicate that the subject is not the only example, object, person, etc. “X
is one of the ~”
(アラビア語は最も難しい言葉の一つだと言われています)
(読書は私が一番好きなことの一つだ)

A か B か is used to present alternatives. When B か is followed by a case particle (eg. が、を、

へ、で、と), the second か is usually dropped
(その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか)
(東京から九州まで新幹線で行くか飛行機で行くか、まだ決めていないんです)
(私は毎朝ジュースか水を飲む)

また can mean “also” or “additionally”, in addition to the meaning “again”

(また朝寝坊してしまって、また授業に遅れた)
(この辞書は大学の本屋で買えます。また、図書館で借りることも出来ます)
(トマトはおいしいし、色々な料理に使える。また、体にもいい食べ物だ)

~だけ{でなく(て)/じゃなく(て)},~も means “not only ~, but also ~”. Particles に、へ、で、

と、or から may appear before も
(日本語はひらがなだけでなく、カタカナや漢字も覚えなくてはいけません)
(このアパートは駅から近くて便利なだけじゃなくて、家賃も安いから、借りることに
した)
A{では/じゃ}なく(て)B means “not A, but B”. This structure is used to indicate that a certain
piece of information is wrong and to present the correct information. ではなく(て) is written
and じゃなく(て) is used in spoken.
(私が取っているのは、中国語ではなくて日本語です)
(これはアメリカについての本だが、英語じゃなくて、スペイン語で書かれている)

場合 means “case, occasion, situation” but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause
meaning “when; if; in case”. 時 can be used in place of 場合. However, 場合 cannot replace 時
when 時 refers to a specific time and does not mean “case; occassion; situation”
(雨の場合はテニスの試合はない。その場合、チケットは次の試合に使うことが出来る)
(火事や地震の場合には、エレベーターを使わないで下さい)

何 or いく+counter word+か becomes a quantifier meaning “some”. Except for いくつ and い
く人、いく is not commonly used in modern japanese.
(今日は、雪で授業を休んだ人が何人かいたそうです)
(おみやげに T シャツを何枚か買った)
(おいしい日本のみかんをいくつかもらいました)

N の他に(も) / 他(に)は means “in addition to; besides”. When paired with a negative verb, it
means “except for; other than”
(日本語には、くだけた話し方の他に敬語もあって、大変だ)
(日本では、日本語を勉強する他に、色々な所に旅行にも行きたいと思っている)
(週末は宿題がたくさんあったので、勉強の他(に)は何も出来なかった)

それに is used to add an item or to make an additional statement. “In addition; moreover;
furthermore; what’s more; on top of that; and”
(日本語を勉強し始めた時、ひらがなとカタカナ、それに漢字を覚えなくてはいけなか
ったので、とても大変だった。でも、やめなくてよかった)
(ステーキにサラダ、それにライスもお願いします)
(そのアルバイトはあまり大変じゃないし、それに給料もいい)
なら is used when the speaker supposes that something is the case or is true and makes a
statement, suggestion, etc. based on that supposition. の occurs before なら when the
supposition is based on what the speaker has heard from someone or learned from the situation.
Note that the use of たら is used when the subject before it is completed while with なら the
action/event does not have to take place before that in the following subject.
(あの人が来る(の)なら、私は帰ります-If (it is true that) that person is coming (as you say),
I’m leaving (now before he comes).)
(友達が迎え来たら、私は帰ります-If/when my friend comes to pick me up, I will leave)
(車を運転するのなら、お酒を飲んではいけません)
(彼女が好きなら、付き合ってくれるように頼んでみたらどうですか)

として is used to indicate the role, capacity or occupation of someone or the function or
characteristics of something. “As; in the capacity of”
(この携帯電話は、電話をするだけでなく、カメラとしても使える)
(私は今週、学校の代表として、スピーチコンテストに出ます)
(私の友達は、フランスでファッションモデルとして働いています)

Non-past verb+ことになっている means that something has been decided and the result of that
decision is still in effect. It is often used to introduce rules and customs, as well as one’s
schedule.
(私のアパートでは、ペットを飼ってはいけないことになっています)
(私の家では食事の後、自分が使ったお皿を洗うことになっている。)

Non-past verb + ことになった means that a situation has changed due to some external force
(eg. A decision made by someone other than the speaker). It indicates that the speaker (or the
subject of the sentence) did not actively make the decision or that he/she is viewing the decision
from the standpoint of an outsider. Note that it indicates the the speaker or the subject made a
decision to do something. “It was/has been decided that~; it turns out that ~”
(日本にあるオフィスで働くことになったので、日本に引っ越すことになりました)
(奨学金がもらえることになったので、大学院に行くつもりです)

をしている is used to describe a feature of someone or something, focusing on a certain part or

attribute of the person or thing. When the phrase modifies a noun, した is commonly used
instead of している
(像は花が長い→像は長い鼻をしている=Elephants have long trunks)
(このオペラ歌手は、本当にきれいな声をしていますね)
(フレンチブルドッグは短い足をした犬だ。それに、面白い顔をしている)

~てくる is used when an action appears to be directed toward the speaker, while ~ていく is
used when it appears to be directed away from the speaker.
~てくる also indicates that an action or process began in the past and is continuing in the
present, or that something has begun to take place. While ~ていく often expresses an action or
state that will continue from the present into the future.
(4 年間に日本語を勉強して来ました-I’ve studied Japanese for four years)
(日本語の文法面白くなって来ました-I’m beginning to find Japanese grammar interesting)
(今学期は 1 週間に 10 ずつ新しい漢字を勉強していきます-This term we are going to study
ten new kanji a week)
(これから涼しくなって行くでしょう-It will grow cooler from now on)

~ように(頼む／言う) is used to quote a request or commans indirectly. Negative requests are ~

ないように頼む.
(Direct Quote:先生は学生に「漢字を覚えなさい」と言いました 。
Indirect Quote:先生は学生に漢字を覚えるように言いました 。)
(Direct Quote:私は友達に「ノートを見せてください」と頼みました。
Indirect Quote:私は友達にノートを見せてくれるように頼みました。)
(Direct Quote:私はよく両親に「弟をいじめてはいけません」と言われます。
Indirect Quote:私はよく両親に弟をいじめないように言われます。)

Verb-vol.+ようとした is used in situations where someone had made an attempt to do

something but failed, where someone was going to do something but didn’t, or where something
happened when someone was going to do something.
とした(が/けれど)=Tried to~ but; was going to ~ but”
としたら=“when ~ was going to ~”
(ケーキ作ろうとしたけれど、卵がなかったから、作れなかった)
(電車に乗ろうとしたら、目の前でドアが閉まってしまった)
(家を出ようとしたら、雨が降って来た)

Sth +をお詫びいたします is used to apologize for something. “I/we apologize for ___”
(間違いをお詫びいたします-I/we apologize for the mistake)
(到着が遅れることをお詫びいたします-I/we apologize that we will arrive late)

Subject はお控えください means “please refrain from doing [noun]”. It is similar to Subject は
ご遠慮ください
(喫煙はお控えください-please refrain from smoking)
(食べ物、飲み物の持ち込みはお控えください-Please refrain from bringing in food or
drinks)
(食べ物、飲み物の持ち込みはご遠慮ください)

~を見合わせる sounds more formal than 中止する or 辞める (because it is more indirect)
when used to talk about refraining from doing something due to the circumstances. This and ~を
取りやめる are used in announcements to cancel what has been planned.
(台風のため、全てのフライトを見合わせます-All flights will be cancelled due to a typoon)
(雨の際は、花火大会を見合わせます-In case of rain, the firework festival will be cancelled)
(地震のため、電車の運転を取りやめています-We have halted train service due to an
earthquake)

Stem form+次第 or Noun+次第 is used to indicate “as soon as” something happens. The
following clause is never in the past.
(荷物が着き次第、連絡をください-please contact us as soon as the luggage has arrived)
(大学を卒業次第、アメリカに行く予定です-upon graduating from university, I plan on
going to America)

毎✖️のように means “almost every x”

(子供の頃は、毎年のように夏休みに海に行っていた)
(このサイトにアナウンスすると、毎回のようにフリーズしてしまう)

S と考えられている and S と思われている are used to introduce a generally-accepted opinion

regarding some matter. 考えている usually indicates an opinion arrived at through logic, and 思
われている usually indicates an opinion derived from intuition. Note that they both indicate the
speaker’s or writer’s opinion. “it is considered that”; “it is believed that”
(日本人は一般的に丁寧だと思われている)
(将来は、宇宙にも人間が住めるようになるだろうと考えられている)
合う put at the end of a verb stem means “to/ for each other”
(大きな災害の時は、みんなで助け合うことが大切だ)
(高校生の時、よく友達と写真を取り合ったり見せ合ったりして遊んだ)

Verb-non-past ように
1)This construction is used to state either a purpose or the way in which something is to be done.
In X ように Y, X represents a state or event which is beyond the control of the subject of Y. The
verb form before ように is often a potential form or negative form.
2)in the similar contruction X ために Y, X represents an action which can be controlled by the
subject of Y, while X ように Y implies that a certain consequence (X) will arise as the result of
an action (Y). Thus, in the following example, ように cannot be used.
(新しい車を買う{ために/✖️ように}、お金をためています)
In the next example, both ために and ように can be used because the subject of the main claise
(ie. the teacher) is different from that of the subordinate clause (ie. the students), and therefore,
he/she cannot necessarily control the action in the subordinate clause.
(学生が勉強する{ために/ように}、先生は毎日宿題を出します)
(朝寝坊をしないように、目覚まし時計をセットしておきます)
(日本で働きたいのなら、日本の会社に就職できるように、日本語をもっと練習してお
いた方がいいですよ)

When an action precedes ところ, it described the action. In conversation, ところ can be
shortened to とこ.
Dictionary form +ところ=“to be just about to”, “~is about to V”
(お昼ご飯を作るところです-I’m just about to make lunch)
(これから公園へサッカーをしに行くところです。)
~ている+ところ=“to be in the middle of”, “(when) ~ is V-ing”, “(while) ~is V-ing”, “(when) ~
is in the midst if V-ing”
(お昼ご飯を作っているところです-I’m just (now) making lunch)
(子犬が寝ているところを写真に撮った。とても可愛い写真が撮れた)
~た+ところ=“have just done”, “(after) ~ have just V’ed”
(お昼ご飯を作ったところです-I’ve just made lunch)
(ちょうど勉強が終わったところに友達から電話がかかってきた)
Sentence{の/ん}{ではないだろうか/ではないでしょうか/じゃないかな} indictaes the
speaker’s conjecture and is used to express an opinion in an indecisive fashion. Although the
negative form ではない is used, there is no negative meaning. のではない{だろう/でしょう}
か are used only in written language, and のではないだろうか is the more formal form. ん{で
はないでしょうか/じゃないかな} are used only in spoken language. んじゃないかな is
more casual.
(地球温暖化問題はもっと大きくなっていくのではないでしょうか)
(あのクラスは、毎日宿題や小テストがあるので、大変なのではないだろうか)
(このアパートは広いから、二人で住めるんじゃないかな)

[Verb dictionary form/Noun の]たびに Y means “Whenever X happens, Y also happens”. “x 時

はいつも y”. Tabi can be written 度
(旅行に行くたび[に]お土産を買う)
(雪のたび[に]仕事を休む)

[動詞-て形/名詞]いらい means since; “から”

(旅行から帰って以来体調が悪い)
(去年の 2 月以来彼女に会っていない)
(高校に入学して以来、ずっとあなたのことが好きでした)

動詞-た+とたん(に) means “as soon as”; “the moment”; “just as”;“動詞-て形 すぐに”. とたん
can be written 途端.
(九月になったとたんに寒くなった)
(結婚したとたんに太った)

Sentence と言える{だろう/でしょう} is used when the speaker is quite certain that his/her
statement is correct but wants to soften the statement so as not to appear too assertive. This is a
formal expression. “It probably can be said that ~”;”It is probably all right to say that ~”
(日本語を勉強している外国人は多くなってきていると言えるだろう)
(現代は、コンピュータがなければ暮らしにくい時代になったと言えるだろう)

(ない)うちに is used when someone does something before a situation or state changes. 間に is
used in similar situations, but it cannot be used with the negative form of verbs. Another
difference between the two phrases is that うちに always implies that it is not possible, easy or a
good idea to do something after the time specified by the うちに clause. However, this is not the
case with 間に.
~うちに=“while ~ still”
~ないうちに=before (something happens)
(日本にいるうちに、色々な所に旅行に行きたい)
(熱いうちに、どうぞ召し上がって下さい)
(暑くならないうちに、犬の散歩をしてきた方がいいよ)
(両親は、元気なうちに外国に旅行することにした)

できれば or できたら literally means “if possible”, but it is also used when the speaker asks a
favor of someone in a less direct way. できれば is slightly more formal than できたら
(スミスさんは、できれば、この英語、直してくれると助かるんだけど)
(先月貸した本、できたら明日までに返してもらいたいんだけど)

そういう、こういう、ああいう are used to refer to something/someone the speaker or the

hearer had just mentioned. Specifically, そういう is used when the speaker has just mentioned
something/someone. こういう is used when the speaker has just stated something factual about
something/someone. And, ああいう is used when the information the speaker or the hearer has
mentioned is known to both.
(日本人は丁寧で親切だ。そういう話をよく聞く)
(動物園でパンダの赤ちゃんが 3 匹生まれたそうだ。こういうニュースは嬉しい)

着る is used for clothing on the upper body

履く is for clothing on the lower body
する is used for accessories(eg. ネクタイ、ネックレス, etc)
被る is used for things on one’s head

Number+Counter 当たり is used with 一(or 1) and a counter to mean “per”. Sometimes numbers
other than one are used. “~per”; “a~”; “for a ~”
(一時間当たり 10 ドル)
(一人当たりのコスト)
(夏休み 1 ヶ月アルバイトをして 15 万円もらった。1 日当たり 5 千円もらったことにな
る)
(マラソンの選手は 100 メートル当たり 16 秒ぐらいで走るそうです。この速さで 42.195
キロ走り続けるんだから、すごいですね)

Sentence のは✖️の方だ. This structure is used to emphasize that it is X that makes the
proposition in S true. “it is X that S.”
(背が高いのは弟の方だ。でも、足が速いのは僕の方だ)
(ひらがなとカタカナでは、難しいのはカタカナの方だ)
(あのレストランは静かだ。でも、食べ物が美味しいのはこのレストランの方だと思う)

Number(+Counter)({ぐらい}/{くらい})は; Noun(だけ)は。When the particle は follows a

quantifier (ie., a word of quantity such has 3 本 and 少し), it adds the meaning “at least”. だけは
and ぐらいは (or くらいは) after a noun have the same meaning.
(くだけた話し方はまだあまり慣れていないけれど、少しは話せるようになった)
(仕事が忙しくても、昼ご飯だけは食べて下さいね)
(この町は車がないと生活が出来ないから、どの家でも 1 台か 2 台は車がある)

Noun をはじめ is used to present a primary example when mentioning a group of things or
people. “Beginning with ~”; “Starting with”; “Including”
(日本には、本州をはじめ四つの大きな島がある)
(日本に留学生中は、ホームステイの家族をはじめ色々な人にお世話になった)

ついに indicates that something happens or something expected doesn’t happen, after waiting
for it, longing for it, expecting it to happen, making an effort to make it happen, or after
struggling/suffering in a hard situation, for a long time. “at last; finally; in the end; after all”
(4 年間頑張って勉強して、ついに卒業の日が来た。うれしいけれど、ちょっと厳しい)
(20 年も乗っていた車がついに動かなくなってしまった)

Noun+化する means “to change to”; “to become”; “to make”; “-ize”
(日本の有名な小説がバリウッドで映画化されることになった)
(「デスノート」という漫画はアニメ化もゲーム化もされました)

ところが is a sentence-initial conjunction used when something takes place which is unexpected
from the preceding context. The sentence after ところが represents an event or action the
speaker cannot control. “however; but; nevertheless”
(天気予報は、今日は雨だと言っていた。ところが、とてもいい天気になった)
(試験のために徹夜をするつもりでコーヒーをたくさん飲んだ。ところが、すぐ寝てし
まった)

~に違いない indicates that the speaker is certain that something is true or is the case. It is used
primarily in written language. “Must”; “I’m sure/certain that ~”; “It is certain that ~”; “I’m
certain that ~”; “be sure to V”
(昨日、弟の友達がたくさん来ていたから、このゲームを壊したのは、弟達に違いない)
(スミスさんは日本に 10 年も住んでいたから、日本語が上手話せるに違いない)

~をもとに(して) is a compound particle meaning “based on.” The noun-modification form is

をもとにした.
(加藤先生は大学院の時に書いた論文をもとに本を書きました)
(日本の漫画をもとにしてたくさんのアニメやゲームが作られている)
(これは、私の子供の時の経験をもとにした小説です)

Noun らしい. In addition to the meaning “seem”, N らしい means that something/someone is
representative of N. X は N らしい often conveys the idea that X has the positive characteristics
of N. らしい is an い adj.
(今年の夏は寒い日が続いて、全然夏らしくありません。)
(「男らしい」とか「女らしい」という言葉は、あまり好きではありません。誰でも、その
人らしく生きればいいのではないでしょうか。)
(何か言いにくいことがある時、最後まで言わないのは日本人らしい話し方だ)

Sentence たらいいのに(なあ) is used to express the speaker’s wish, which, in this structure, is
usually conterfactual. なあ makes the wish more emotive. Verbs are commonly in the potential
form and refer to the speaker’s action.
(寂しいなあ。恋人ができたらいいのになあ)
(寮の部屋がもっと静かだったらいいのに。うるさくて勉強が出来ない。)

ほとんど means “almost all; most of”. Thus, it is used only when the amount of something is
the issue.
(昨日は疲れていたから、1 日中ほとんど寝ていました)
(寝られなくなるので、私はほとんどコーヒーは飲まない)
(今日の試験のほとんどの問題が、問題と同じだった)

~(ような)気がする indicates that the speaker is not certain about something, but has a feeling
that it’s true. ような can be dropped without a change in meaning. “I feel that ~”; “have a
feeling that ~”; “have the impression that ~”; “it seems to me that ~”
(先生の説明を聞いて、分かったような気がしたけど、家に帰ってもう一度勉強し直し
たら、また分からなくなってしまった)
(この辺は、あまり安全じゃない気がする)

自動詞 or 未然形 +ように

(日本語が話せるように、毎日勉強しています)
(スーパーでいらないものを買わないように、気をつける)

ように is also used with volitional verbs when the subjects between verb 1 and verb 2 are
different. This is because the person doing the action in verb 2 cannot control the action
expressed in verb 1.
(友達が嫌いなピーマンを食べるように、美味しく料理した)

他動詞+ ために
This is only acceptable when verb 1 is volitional, meaning it is done intentionally or according to
the will of the person doing the action
(ギャンブルをするために、ラスベガスに行きました)

N に気がつく or S ことに気がつく means “notice N” or “realize/notice that S”. “notice

(that)~”; “realize that~”.
(試験が終わってから、答えを間違えたことに気がつきました)
(家に帰って始めてかばんの中の財布がなくなっていることに気がついた)
(引っ越す前は、アパートの前の道がこんなにうるさいことに気がつかなかった)

Verb-nonpast + ように(と) ｛願う／祈る) is used with verbs such as 願う and 祈る, and
expresses the speaker’s hope or desire tha that is stated in the sentence will become reality. よう
に(と)願う=“Hope that”; ようにと祈る= “pray that ~”
(多くの人々が早く世界が平和になるように願っている)
(毎年お正月に神社に行って、今年も大きな病気をしないように神様に祈ることにして
いる)
Noun も Verb ば, Noun も Verb is used to present some members in a group, things in a
category, actions someone takes, characteristics of something/someone, etc., among other things.
Although the form of the verb here is conditional, the meaning is not conditional in this usage.
The structure “N も V-plain し, N も V” is similar in meaning.
(寿司が好きな人もいるし、嫌いな人もいる)=
(寿司が好きな人もいれば、嫌いな人もいます)
(この教科書は、会話も練習できるし、文化も学べます)=
(こも教科書は、会話も練習できれば、文化も学べます)

~のだろうか is a self-addressed question, reminiscent of sentence のでしょうか. “I wonder ~”

(漢字を練習する時いつも、どうしてこんなにたくさん漢字があるのだろうかと思う)
(なぜ彼は私のことを愛してくれないのだろうか。私は彼がこんなに好きなのに)

{そんな/こんな/あんな}Noun are slightly more colloquial than そういう、こういう、ああ

いう. そんな/あんな= “that kind of ~”; “~ like that”, こんな=“this kind of ~”; “~ like this”
(絶対に怒らない人がいるのだろうか。私は絶対にそんな人はいないと思う)
(田中さんが昨日着ていたような、あんなシャツが欲しいなあ)

らしい is used to express the speaker’s conjecture based on what s/he has learned through an
information source or his/her own observation. “Seem”; “apparently”; “I heard that ~”; “it looks
like”
(昨日、日本で大きい地震があったらしいですね。田中さんのご家族は大丈夫でしょう
か)
(道子さんはちょっと冷たそうに見えるけど、本当はとても優しい人らしい)

Care of the ambiguity in ~ばかり to mean someone does one thing all the tome and does nothing
else, as well as someone chooses just to do one thing among others when doing something.
政夫はマンガばかり読んでいる=Masao does nothing but read comics OR Masao reads only
comics.
アンは日本語の勉強ばかりしている= Ann does nothing but study Japanese OR Ann studies
only Japanese.

~わけだ is used when

1. the speaker provides the reason for a previous statement.
 2. The speaker reaches a logical conclusion from what s/he has learned from the hearer or
has discovered.
3. When the speaker understands the reason for what s/he has learned from the hearer or
what s/he has discovered
“The reason is that ~”; “It means that ~”; “That’s why ~”; “No wonder ~”; “Naturally”
(東京は電車や地下鉄やバスが便利な街なので、車がなくても生活できるというわけで
す)
(A:1 月から 6 月までの半年間、日本に留学することになりました
B:じゃあ、夏休みはアメリカに戻って来るわけですね)
(あっ、ヒーターが止まっている。寒いわけだ)

過去形 can indicate that the speaker remembers knowledge, an event, or a fact about something.
It’s mainly used as self-directed speech. っけ is used with something that cannot be recalled but
had previously known.
(今日はテストだった！)
(どこ出身だったっけ？)

過去形 is used when you express the confirmation about an event or state. You would use the
sentence ending particle よね. In this case, you can not only use the non-past form but also the
past form even if the event did not happen in the past. The difference between the two forms is
that the past form sounds more polite and less certain than the non-past because the past form
indicates indirectness.
(今日は、スーパー休みでしたよね)
(旦那さんは、アメリカ人でしたよね)

動詞[informal negative form]+で+すむ

動詞[informal negative form without ない)+ず+に+すむ
Means "to be completed without having to do something." すむ is a verb meaning "to be done"
or "to finish." --ないで is a negative form of the te-form of a verb, and it means "without doing
something." --ないで can be replaced with --ずに. So, --ないで or --ずに sumu means "to be
done without having to do something," "there is no need to do something," or to "be saved from
doing something."
(他の人と交代しないですむ。
You don't have to take turns with others.)
(他の人のへたくそな曲を聴かずにすむし。
You don't have to listen to other people's horrible singing, either.)
-てもかまわない literally means “I don’t mind if (someone) does something”. It is a phrase
expressing permission. -てもいい can be used as a substitute, but im most cases it is more
casual.
(帰ってもかまわないけど、絶対、後悔するよ-I don’t mind if you go home, but I’m sure
you’re going to regret it)
(オレ、そろそろ帰ってもかまわないかな？-Do you mind if I go home?)

だけ is often added after verbs to mean “as much (as one) x”

(ケーキを好きなだけ食べるのが私の夢だ-My dream is to eat as much cake as I want)
(食べ放題では、食べられるだけ持ってくるのがマナーだ-It is good manners to take as
much as you can eat at all you can eat places)
(今日は、飲みたいだけ飲んでいいよ-Today, you can drink as much as you want)

--する気を起こさせる means "to rouse someone to do something." 起こさせる is the

causative of "起こす" --する気 means "motivation to do something." So, it literally means "to
make someone to get motivation to do something”
(勉強する気が起きない-I don’t have any motivation to study)
(生徒がおしゃべりをやめないので、先生は授業をする気をなくした-Since the students
didn’t stop chatting, the teacher was discouraged from teaching)
(毎日遅刻ばかりして、学校に来る気があるのか-You are late every day. Do you have any
intention of coming to school?)
(お父さんは、いつも僕のやる気をそぐようなことを言う-my father always says the kind
of things that discourage me)

N+[particle +]こそ/て形+こそ/clause+こそこそ is place after a word, phrase or clause for

emphasis.
(お前の方こそ、どうだったんだよ)
(マラソンは、完走してこそ意義がある)
(君が家にいてくれるからこそ、安心して働けるんだ)
 Phrases
質問を聞く=to ask a question
やる気がない=to not be motivated
やる気がなさすぎる=to not feel like doing anything at all
彼女は僕にはもったいなさすぎる。=She's too good for me
あの人を見たような気がした。-Had a feeling like I saw that person before.
このままで宜しいですか。=Is it okay just like this?(Used to ask if you want it just like that or
with a small bag)
やる気がないなら、やるなよ-If you won't do something well, don't do it
窓側の席-Seat by the window
奥の席-A seat in the back
私が言いたいのは-I mean; what I mean;我的意思是
ていうか is used to rephrase something
食べ放題-all you can eat
飲み放題-all you can drink
辞書を引く-to look up in a dictionary
送料無料-Free shipping
もしよかったら-If it’s okay
来てくれると思った-I knew you’d come
ずっと前から-for a long time
先生、お願いあるですけど-I have something to ask, teacher
そういう意味じゃなくて-That’s not what I meant
あんた「変わる」ってそういう事-So that’s what “change” means to you?
全然現実かなよね-This doesn’t feel real at all, does it
みうちゃんから電話-Miu is calling you/there’s a call from Miu
俺もちさきもこれでやっと前進める-Now both Chisaki and I can move forward
行く資格ないよ-I don’t have the right to go
でないと、先に進めない-Otherwise I can’t move forward
好きにすればいい-Do what (you) like
手を貸す-to lend a hand
海神様は彼女を愛すれば愛するほどどんどん苦しくなっていた-The more the Sea God
loved her, the more pain he felt.
過去に生きている-to be living in the past
早く来て。映画は今ちょうどいいところだよ。-Come quckly. We're at the good part of the
movie.
メ-ルを確認いたしました-i have checked/seen your email
エラーが発生致しました- An error has occurred
ご安心ください-Please don’t panic
マグニチュード３の地震が発生いたしました-There was a magnitude 3 earthquake.
決めつけるなよ-Don’t jump to conclusions; don’t assume (betch)
こういう気持ちをなんって言ったかな-What do you call this kind of feeling again?
一理ある-you do have a point
旅に出る-to go on a journey
あの日から僕は母さんの影中にいる-Ever since that day, I’ve been in my mom’s shadow
今日はゆっくり休むといい。明日は大変な一日になる-You should take it easy today.
Tomorrow’s going to be a big day for you.
顔を出す-To show (one’s) face
愛より友情ですか？陳腐です-Friendship over love, then? How cliché.
私と心中しない？-Want to commit double suicide with me?
何を言えばいいかどうか分からないだけど-I don’t know what to say
あと四日-Four more days
雨の匂いがする-I can smell rain
レモンエイドの味がする-It tastes like lemonade
携帯電話はお切りください-Please turn off your phones
よく出来たね-good job
中間ぐらいです-it’s about half and half
いい子にする-to be a good boy/girl
ぎりぎりセーフ-just made it
途中の停車駅は、新横浜、名古屋、京都です。
停車駅と到着時刻をご案内いたします。
13 分の遅れが、予想されます。
遠慮しないでいいのよ-You don’t need to be polite
お邪魔しています-said when entering someone’s room or house
お邪魔しました-said when leaving someone’s house or room
私の気のすむようにさせてくれ-let me do as I wish
もてる男はつらいなあ
いつでもどこでもゲームができる時代だよ。だからこそ俺はこの遊び方を選ぶ。もし
今日、命尽きようと一片悔いもなき、ゲームをしようぜ。-We live in an age where we
can game anytime, anywhere. That’s precisely why I choose to play this way. If today were your
last, I’d say set aside any regret and let’s play.
それがいつだったのか、どこだったのか分からない-I don’t know when or where I saw it.
とても寂しく、とても辛かったんです。そこで、友達を作ることにしたんです-It was
very sad and very lonely for her, so she decided to make a friend.