LINKING WORDS

 AND/ OR/ THAN

 Auxiliary verbs and “to” are omitted after “and”:

He was eating and drinking.

was drinking
He went to talk to Paul and ask him about the trip.
to ask
He prefers to go out rather than stay in.
to stay.
He used to exercise or go jogging when he was younger.
used to go

 Expressing purpose

long infinitive/ in order to/ so as to/ so that/ with a view to/ in case

He went to university to study Law.

in order to study Law.
so that he would study Law
with a view to studying Law

 SO THAT is followed by WILL/ CAN to express present and by WOULD/

COULD to express past:

He is talking slowly so that we can/ will understand better.

He was talking slowly so that we could/ would understand better.

 Infinitive is NOT used to express purpose in negative sentences; “in

order not to”, “so as not to” and “so that” are used to express negative
purpose:

He didn’t deliver the speech in order not to make a fool of himself.

so as not to make a fool of himself.
so that he wouldn’t make a fool of himself.
not to make
  “with a view to” is followed by Gerund

He met his lawyer with a view to changing some parts of the contract.

 “in case” is followed by present or past tense:

Take some warm clothes with you in case it gets cold.

He took some warm clothes with him in case it got cold.

 Expressing result

 “SO”/ “SUCH” …… THAT

SO + ADJECTIVE: so interesting
so thrilling

SUCH (A) + ADJECTIVE + NOUN such an interesting story

such a thrilling adventure

!!! “Such” is not followed by indefinite article if the noun following it

is uncountable or if it is in the plural:

such nice weather

a nice weather

such good advice

a good advice

!!! such an interesting story = so interesting a story

such a thrilling adventure = so thrilling an adventure
such an amazing character = so amazing a character

so many/ few + countable nouns

so much/ little + uncountable nouns

so many mistakes so few people

so much luggage so little evidence

 Expressing reason

 BECAUSE/ AS/ SINCE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (deoarece, pentru

ca)

They called it a day because they were tired.

 They called it a day as they were tired.
They called it a day since they were tired.

He went to bed early because/ as/ since/ he had to get up at 6 the

following morning.

We didn’t go in the mountains because/ as/ since it was snowing heavily.

 “since” also means “de cand”

We haven’t spoken since he went on holiday.

I haven’t seen Helen since last week.

 BECAUSE OF/ DUE TO/ ON ACCOUNT OF/ OWING TO are followed by

NOUN OR GERUND (= datorita, multumita, din cauza)

They called it a day because of the fact that they were tired.
due to the fact that they were tired.
owing to the fact that they were tired.

He went to bed early because of/ due to/ owing to/ on account of the
fact that he had to wake up at 6 the following morning.

We didn’t go in the mountains because of/ due to/ owing to/ on account
of the snow.

 THEREFORE/ CONSEQUENTLY/ AS A CONSEQUENCE are adverbs;

they are placed at the beginning of a sentence and separated by a
comma from the rest of the sentence (= de aceea, prin urmare, in
consecinta)

They were tired; therefore, they called it a day.

consequently, they called it a day.
as a consequence, they called it a day.

He had to wake up at 6 the following morning; therefore, he went to bed

early.
consequently, he went
to bed early.
as a consequence, he
went to bed early.

It was snowing heavily; therefore, we didn’t go in the mountains.

consequently, we didn’t go in the mountains.
as a consequence, we didn’t go in the
mountains.
  THE REASON FOR + NOUN/ GERUND
 THE REASON WHY + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

I had meetings all day long; this is the reason for not being able to answer
when you called me.
I had meetings all day long; this is the reason why I didn’t answer you
when you called me.

 FOR + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE = BECAUSE (it usually replaces

because in formal/ polite conversations)

The Minister of Foreign Affairs could not attend the press conference for he
was on a delegation.

 Expressing contrast:

 ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH + SUBORDINATE CLASE

(=desi, cu toate ca)

He stayed at the office although it was getting late.

though it was getting late.
even though it was getting late.

They went to a picnic although it was a bit cloudy.

though it was a bit cloudy.
even though it was a bit cloudy.

She went out to see her friends although she was tired.
though she was tired.
even though she was tired.

 DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF/ REGARDLEDD OF/ IRRESPECTIVE OF +

NOUN/ GERUND (in ciuda/ in pofida)

He stayed at the office despite the fact that it was getting late.
in spite of the fact that it was getting late.
regardless of the fact that it was getting late.
irrespective of the fact that it was getting late.

They went to a picnic despite the cloudy weather.

in spite of the cloudy weather.
regardless of the cloudy weather
irrespective of the cloudy weather.
She went out to see her friends despite being tired.
in spite of being tired.
regardless of the fact that she was tired.
irrespective of the fact that she was tired.

 HOWEVER/ YET/ NONETHELESS/ NEVERTHELESS are adverbs; they

are placed at the beginning of a sentence and separated by a comma
from the rest of the sentence (= totusi, cu toate acestea)

It was getting late; however, he stayed at the office.

yet, he stayed at the office.
nonetheless, he stayed at the office.
nevertheless, he stayed at the office.

It was a bit cloudy; however, the went to a picnic.

yet, they went to a picnic.
nonetheless, they went to a picnic.
nevertheless, they went to a picnic.

She was tired; however, she went to see her friends.

yet, she went to see her friends.
nonetheless, she went to see her friends.
nevertheless, she went to see her friends

 “however” also means “oricat de”:

However smart he may be, he may fail this exam if he doesn’t study
thoroughly.

 “yet” also means “inca”:

He hasn’t arrived yet.

 TO HAVE + YET + LONG INFINITIVE (yet = not)

He has yet to arrive. (= He hasn’t arrived yet.)

They have yet to discover the truth. (= They haven’t discovered the
truth.)

 WHILE/ WHEREAS

He wanted to go fishing whereas his wife would rather they went to the
seaside.
He wanted to go fishing while his wife would rather they went to the seaside.
  “while” also means “in timp ce” and is followed by the verb in
the continuous aspect:

While she was sleeping, I managed to finish the article.

 BUT

He wanted to go fishing but his wife would rather they went to the seaside.

 “But” also means “decat”:

NEGATIVE VERB + BUT + INFINITIVE/ NOUN:

He does nothing but work.

She does nothing but worry about unimportant matters.
He eats nothing but vegetables and fruit.

 Exclamations:

What a nice day!

This day is so nice!
This is such a nice day!
How nice this day is!
Isn’t it a nice day!

What great news!

This news is so great!
This is such great news!
How great the news is!
Isn’t this great news!

What a lovely couple!

This couple is so lovely!
This is such a lovely couple!
How lovely this couple is!
Isn’t this a lovely couple!

 Examples:

For example, / As an example, / For instance,

 Balancing:

On the one hand …on the other hand

On the one side…on the other side
 Adding information:

Moreover, / Furthermore, / What is more, / In addition to/ Additionally

 Summarizing:

All in all/ On the whole/ In a nutshell/ In conclusion