Ramp Generator

RC – Ramp Generator
PW
Vi
VCC V

VBE
RB R1 0.5V
Base V
DVB
C2 voltage
Vi Q1 C1 RL
VP
output
VCE,sat

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example 1
0.5ms
VP = 5V
PW

Vi
 Vcc = 15V 3V

 RL = 100k
 Vi = 0-3V, PW = 1ms, 0.1ms interval
 hfe,min = 50

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example 1
VCC  15V VP 5V
IL    50 A
RL 100k

ROT : I1  100 * I L  5mA

RB I1 R1
IL
C2 15  5
R1   2k
Vi Q1 C1 RL
5mA

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example 1
5V
VCC  15V Vo
0.2V
R1  2k
RB I1 PW t

 
Vo t   V fin  Vini  V fin e R1C1

C2 
t

Vo t   VCC  VCE , sat  VCC e R C 1 1

Vi Q1 C1 
PW

Vo PW   5V  VCC  VCE , sat  VCC e R C 1 1

PW
C1   1.275F
 VCC  VCE , sat 
R1 ln 
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR  VCC  5V 
 Example 1 5V
Vo
VCC  15V 0.2V

1ms 0.1ms
I1  5mA R1  2k
RB  12k
I dis  10 * I ch
I C  55mA
VCC  VBE , sat
I dis  50mA RB 
IB
Q1 C1
I B  1.1mA

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 PW

Example 1 Input 3V

VCC  15V VBE

0.5V
Base 3V
VB
R1  2k
12k voltage
I VB  0.5   3  0.7   1.8V
C2 1F VB  VC 2  Vi VB  VC 2
Vi Q1 1.2 F VCC  Vi 15  3V
I   1.5mA
VC 2  RB 12k

t 1ms
C2  I C 2  1.5mA  0.833uF
VC 2 1.8V
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Constant Current Linear Ramp

Vo (t) = ò I dt + K
1
C
I I
Vo (t) = t + K
C
VO
I
C Vo (t) = t
C

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Constant Current Ramp
Generator
VCC
V3  VB  V
 PW
 R3
R1 I3 V3
V1 Input
 

Q2
R2 IC  I3
output
VCE,sat

Vi Q1 C1
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
 Example 2
 Modify the ramp generator in Example
1 using a constant – current circuit
5V
output

0.2V
PW

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 5V

output

Example 2 0.2V
1ms

VCC ROT : VEC 2  3V

I1  
R3 V3  VEC 2  VCC  5V  10V
R1 V1 V3
 V3  7V

V 4 .8
IB I ch  C  1 .2  5.76mA
Q2 t 1ms
7V
R3   1.21k
R2 5.76mA

V1  V3  V  7.7
I CH

Vi Q1 C1  1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
 5V

output

Example 2 0.2V
PW

VCC 5.76mA
I B2   115.2 A
50
I1  
R1 V3 R3 ROT : I1  10 I B
V1
  R1 
7.7V
 6 .7 k  5 . 6 k
IB 1.15mA
Q2
I2 7.7
I1   1.375mA
R2 5 .6 k

VCC  V1 15  7.7
R2    4.9k  4.7 k
I1  I B 2 1.49mA

Vi Q1 C1  1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
 Adjustable output
VCC

 Redesign s.t

5 .6 k
V1 V3 1 .2 k 3V < VP < 5V
 
R4
Q2

4 .7 k

Vi Q1 C1  1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
BOOTSTRAP RAMP
GENERATOR
 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
VCC VK  VCC  V
 DC Condition  
VC 3 0   VCC  V  Vo

VCC VC 3 0   V

CC  VCE , sat
D1
K
Normally on  VCC 
VR1 R1 C3
RB  VC 3
Q2 

VBE ,on 
Vi Q1 V CE1 C1 VO
VO  VBE ,on  VCE , sat
C2 
RE

 
VCE , sat
VC1 0   VCE , sat -VEE on, active region
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 Triggered condition
VC3 = VCC -VCE,sat
VR1  VC 3  VBE ,on K

I CH R1 VR1 VCC 
C3
VC 3
I B2
VCC  V  VCE , sat Q2 
I CH  VBE ,on 
R1
Vi I C1 C1 VO
I CH  I B 2 RE VO = I CH t +VCE,sat -VBE,on
ICH C1
VC1 (t) = t +VCE,sat -VEE
C1
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Waveforms
VK

V
VC 3 VC1
VR1
VCC Vo
Non-linearity due
to ΔC3 or ΔIB2
VCE , sat

VBE ,on

Input

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example 3
 RE = 1k
 VCC = 15V, VEE = -15V
 Vo = 8V, Ts = 1ms
 Vi = - 3V, PW = 1ms; 1ms interval
 Ramp linear to within 2%
 hfe,min = 100

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 DC Condition
VO  0.7  0.2  0.5V
VCC
 0.5   15V 
IE   14.5mA
VCC 1k
D1 15V
@Vo=0 I E   15mA
1k
R1
VCC 
C3
I B 2  0.15mA
RB
8   15V 
I CH I B2 VC 3
Q2 
@Vo=8 E I   23mA
Vi 
VBE ,on  1k
Q1 V C1 VO
I B 2  0.23mA
CE1

C2  IE
RE
-VEE I B 2  0.23  0.15  80 A
I B 2  1% I CH  I CH  8mA
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 DC I CH 8mA1ms 
C1  t C1   1F
VC1 8V
VCC

VCC VCC  V  VCE , sat

D1 I CH 
R1
VCC 
R1 C3
RB I CH I B2 VC 3
14.1
Q2  R1   1.76k
Vi 
VBE ,on 
8mA
Q1 VCE1 C1 VO
C2  IE
RE
-VEE

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 
VC 3  1%VC 3 0 
VCC
 
VC 3 0   VCC  V   VBE ,on  VCE1, sat   14.8V
VCC VC 3  0.148V
D1

VCC  8mA1ms 
RB I CH
1 .8 k
I B2 C3 C3   54.05F
VC 3 0.148V
Q2 
Vi 
VBE ,on 
Q1 VCE1
1F VO
C2  IE
RE
-VEE

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 Input
14.1
VCC I  7.83mA
1.8k
VCC
D1 I C1  I  I B 2  7.83  0.15  7.68mA
I
I C1
RB
1 .8 k I B1   76.8A
I C1 I B2 
Vi 
15  0.7
Q1 V RB   186k  168k
CE1
1F
C2 I B1

76.8

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 Input
15  0.7  3
VCC IC2   0.103mA
168k
VCC It
D1 VB1  VC 2 
C2
0.103mA1ms 
IC2 168k
I C1
1 .8 k C2   0.057 F  0.068F
I B2 1.8V
Vi 
Q1 V CE1 C1
3V C2 

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Bootstrap Ramp Generator
 Recharge time
 C3 can be recharged through D1 and RE
 To recover ΔVC3=0.15V -> 0.6msec
 Time interval between pulses <0.6msec

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Op – amp Bootstrap
VCC

VCC Errors due to:

IR
D1 • IR
• IB
VCC • ΔVC3
I CH R1 C3
RB
IB
VO
I C1
Vi Q1 C1
C2 RL

-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Example 4
 RE = 1k
 VCC = 15V, VEE = -15V
 Vo = 8V, Ts = 1ms
 Vi = - 3V, PW = 1ms; 1ms interval
 Ramp linear to within 2%
 hfe,min = 100
 Maximum IR=3µA
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
  1% due to IR
VCC 3A
I CH   300 A  500nA
0.01
VCC IR 300 A1ms 
D1 C1   37.5nF  39nF
8V
VCC
I CH R1 C3 15  0.7  0.2
RB
IB R1   47 k
VO 300 A
I C1
Vi Q1 C1
C2 RL

-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
  1% due to VC3
VCC VC 3  1%VC 3 (0)  0.141V

VCC IR 300 A1ms 

D1 C3   2.12 F  2.2 F
0.141V
VCC
RB
I CH 47 k C3 15  0.7  0.2
IB R1   47 k
VO 300 A
I C1
Vi Q1 39nF
C2 RL

-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
  1% due to VC3
VCC
I C1  10 xI CH  3mA

VCC I B1  30 A
IR
D1
15  0.7
VCC RB   470k
I CH 47 k 2.2F 30 A
RB
IB
VO
15  (3V )
I C1 IC2   38A
Vi Q1 39nF 470k
C2 RL
38A1ms 
IC2 C2   20nF
-VEE 1.8V
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
MILLER RAMP GENERATOR
 Miller effect
 VC 
VC  Vi  MVi
C
 Vi 1  M 

I1 Q  CVC
Vi VO  C 1  M Vi
Ci 
Vo   MVi
Ci  C 1  M 

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Miller Integrator Ramp
Generators
Vi
 VC 
C

VO
R1 I1
Vi VO

Vi
Vi I1 
R1


EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Miller Integrator Ramp
Generators
Vi
 VC 
C

R1 I1 VO
Vi VO

Vi I1
 R2
20 V VO
4V
2 Vx 20,000  4V

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Miller Integrator Ramp
Generators
Rf 1 Rf
Z f  R f || 
sC 1  sR f C
1
C c 
Rf C
Rf
R1 Z  j  
VO 
Vi 1 j
c

1
@   c   Rf
R2 C

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Vo / Vi
XC

R f / R1
resistive capacitive

1
1 
c  1 
1
Rf C R1C
Rf C

R1
R1 VO
VO Vi
Vi

R2
R2

Vo 1
Vo Rf 
 Vi jR1C
Vi R1

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 C
Rf
Z  j   R1

1 j Vi VO
c
R2

 Rf  1   
     tan     90 o   20 c
 1  j R f C   1  20 c
   c 

 1
 20
1
0.1 c c 10 c 20 c
R1C Rf C

 5 .7 o

R f  20R1
 45 o

 84 o
 87 o

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example
 Design a miller ramp generator with
4Vpp, f=250Hz, using LM741, Vi=+/-
10V VCC/VEE=+/- 15V
Rf
I  I B  500nA
C
I  1mA
R1
VO 10
Vi
R1   10k
I
R2
1mA
R f  20 R1  200k
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
R2  10k || 200k  9.2k
 1
@   1 
R1C
Example
C

R1
Vi VO

R2

V
I C  1mA
2V t
t
C  1mA
1m 1m 1m 1m V
1ms
C  1mA  0.5F
2
 0.47 F
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
TRIANGULAR WAVE
GENERATOR
 Non-inverting Schmitt Circuit
Vi  V X V X  Vo

R1 VX R2 R1 R2
Vi
VR1  V X  0  Vo  Vsat
I2 Vsat
VO Vi  Vsat
R1
 UTP
R2

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example
 +/-2V trigger points
 741
 +/-15V supply
R1 R2
Vi
I2
VO

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example

I 2  100 I B  50 A

14V
R2   280k  270k
50A
R1 R2
I2 
14V
270k
 51.9A Vi
2V I2
R1   38.5k  39k
51.9 A VO

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Triangular generator Increase
200k to 280k

Set to 14k 0.5F

for a
10k VO
current of
1mA 2V UTP
9.1k 0V
Integrator 2V
LTP
Vsat  14V

Vsat Non-inverting
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR 270k 39k Schmitt
Output Adjustment
Output Frequency Control
Output Amplitude Control
R3

C1
R1

R5
R4 R6
R2
 Example 6
 Design a free – running triangular
waveform generator to have a pk – pk
output of ±2.5V at a frequency of
500Hz. Use LM741; VCC = 12V

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

OP-AMP ASTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR
 Op-amp astable
R1 Vo  Vsat
Vsat  14V

 Vo
VC Vsat
C R2
  R3 
UTP  LTP  Vsat  

 R3  R2 
R3 UTP
schmitt
LTP
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Example
 Using LM741, design an astable
multivibrator with freq = 300Hz, +/-11V
R1
VCC  Vo  1V   12V

 Vo NB: UTP/LTP << Vo

VC C R2 VR 3  0.5V
 I R 2  100 I B  50 A
R3 0.5V
R3   10k
50 A
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
 Example
VR 2  Vo  VR 3  10.5V

10.5V
R2   210k  220k
R1 50 A

I R1  100 I B  50 A
 Vo
11  0.5V
VC C R2 R1   210k  220k
50 A

R3

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR

 Example
11V

1.67 ms 1.67 ms
11V
UTP 0.5V
I R1t 50 A1.67 ms 
0V C 
V 1V
LTP 0.5V  0.084 F  0.082 F

EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR