Amplitude Modulation

ECNG 2001
 Outline
• Conventional/Standard AM
• Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier AM
• Single Sideband AM
• Demodulation
Conventional AM
 Amplitude modulated signal
• Information signal

vm t 
• Carrier signal
vc t   Vc cos2f c t   c 

• Amplitude modulated signal

vt   Vc  vm t  cos2f ct   c 

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 Modulation index
VMAX  VMIN
m
VMAX  VMIN

0  m 1
• Overmodulation

m 1
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 AM example (1)
• Information signal (in this case, periodic)

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 AM example (2)
• Carrier signal (sinusoid)

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 AM example (3)
• AM signal

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 AM example (4)
• Modulation index = 100%

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 AM example (5)
• Overmodulation

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 AM example (5)
• Overmodulation cont’d

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 AM modulation by a sinusoid
• Information signal
vm t   Vm cos2f mt   m 
• Amplitude modulated signal
vt   Vc  vm t  cos2f c t   c 
 Vc  Vm cos2f mt   m  cos2f c t   c 
 Vc 1  m cos2f mt   m  cos2f ct   c 

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 AM modulation by a nonsinusoid(1)
• Information signal (periodic)
a0 n
vm t     Ck cos2kf0t   k 
2 k 1

• Amplitude modulated signal

 a0 
vt   Vc   cos2f c t   c 
 2
Vc n
  mk cos2  f c  kf0 t   c   k 
2 k 1
n
cos2  f c  kf0 t   c   k 
V
 c
2
m
k 1
k

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AM modulation by a nonsinusoid(2)

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 AM modulation by an aperiodic signal
• Baseband signal

• AM signal

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DSB-SC AM
 Standard AM
• Information signal

vm t 
• Carrier signal
vc t   Vc cos2f c t   c 

• Amplitude modulated signal

vt   Vc  vm t  cos2f ct   c 

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 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-
SC) (1)
• Information signal

vm t 
• Carrier signal
vc t   cos2f c t 

• Amplitude modulated signal

vt   kvm t  cos2f c t 

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 DSB-SC (2)
• Information signal
vm t   Vm cos2f mt   m 
• DSB-SC signal
vt   kVm cos2f mt  cos2f ct 

cos2  f c  f m t   m cos2  f c  f m t 
kVm kV

2 2

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DSB-SC (3)

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SSB AM
 Single Side Band (SSB) (1)
• Method 1 – sideband filters

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 SSB (2)
• Method 2 – phasing method

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 SSB (3)
• Method 3 – Weaver method

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 SSB (4)
• Method 3 – Weaver method cont’d

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 SSB (5)
• Method 3 – Weaver method cont’d
– Arbitrary (aperiodic) bandlimited baseband signal

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Demodulation
 Standard AM demodulation (1)
• Diode envelope detector

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 Standard AM demodulation (2)
• When vin t   vc t 

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 Standard AM demodulation (3)
• When vin t   vc t 

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•
Standard AM demodulation
AM signal  input to envelope detector
(4)

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•
Standard AM demodulation (5)
Demodulated signal  output to envelope detector

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•
Standard AM
Voltage across diode
demodulation (6)

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 MATLAB code (1)
Vf = 0.7; % Diode's forward voltage
rD = 1.0; % Diode's forward resistance
C = 0.00000001; % Capacitor in envelope detector (Farads)
R = 10000; % Resistance in load (ohms)

h = 0.000000001; % Euler step-size for numerical computation

% of differential equations
t = 0:h:0.003; % Time (seconds)

% Some initializations of vectors;

v_m = zeros(size(t)); %information signal vector
v = zeros(size(t)); %AM signal vector
v_hw = zeros(size(t)); %half-wave rectified AM signal vector
vC = zeros(size(t)); %capacitor voltage vector
vD = zeros(size(t)); %diode voltage vector
iC = zeros(size(t)); %capacitor current vector
iD = zeros(size(t)); %diode current vector
iR = zeros(size(t)); %resistor current
amp=zeros(size(t)); %miscellaneous - will be made clearer later on

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 MATLAB code (2)
% Generation of the non-sinusoidal but periodic information signal
f1 = 1000; %fundamental frequency
f2 = 2000; %second harmonic
f3 = 3000; %third harmonic
f4 = 4000; %fourth harmonic

dc = 5; %dc component
C1 = 25; %amplitude of fundamental frequency
C2 = 15; %amplitude of second harmonic
C3 = 5; %amplitude of third harmonic
C4 = 1; %amplitude of fourth harmonic

o1 = 50; %phase of fundamental frequency

o2 = 10; %phase of second harmonic
o3 = -90; %phase of third harmonic
o4 = -90; %phase of fourth harmonic

Vc = 50; %amplitude of unmodulated carrier

v_m = dc + C1*cos(2*pi*f1*t + ((o1/180)*pi)) ...

+ C2*cos(2*pi*f2*t + ((o2/180)*pi)) ...
+ C3*cos(2*pi*f3*t + ((o3/180)*pi)) ...
+ C4*cos(2*pi*f4*t + ((o4/180)*pi));

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 MATLAB code (3)

for i = 1:length(t)
amp(i) = Vc + v_m(i);
if (amp(i) < 0)
amp(i) = 0; % In the event of overmodulation, the AM signal amplitude
% should be zero at that point
end
v(i) = amp(i)*cos(2*pi*f1*25*t(i)); % The AM signal
% NOTE: The carrier wave has
% frequency
% 25 times f1 - the fundamental of
% the information signal.
end

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 MATLAB code (4)

%The AM signal reaches the envelope detector; half-wave rectification takes

%place first.
for i = 1:length(t)
if (v(i) >= Vf)
v_hw(i) = v(i) - Vf; %We must account for the diode's forward voltage
%during the rectification process
else
v_hw(i) = 0;
end
end

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 MATLAB code (5)
%Here we determine the voltage across the capacitor, which is the output
%voltage (or demodulated signal). Additionally we find the currents
%through the elements as well as the voltage across the diodes

for i=2:length(t)
if (vC(i-1) <= v_hw(i)) % When the diode is forward biased and
% conducting - capacitor charges
vC(i) = vC(i-1) + (h/(rD*C))*(v_hw(i) - ((rD/R)+1)*vC(i-1));
iC(i) = (1/rD)*(v_hw(i) - ((rD/R)+1)*vC(i-1));
iR(i) = vC(i)/R;
iD(i) = iC(i) + iR(i);
else % When the diode is reversed biased and
% non-conducting,
% i.e. (iD = 0) - capacitor discharges
% through R
vC(i) = vC(i-1) - (h/(R*C))*vC(i-1);
iC(i) = -(1/(R))*vC(i-1);
iR(i) = vC(i)/R;
iD(i) = 0;
end
vD(i) = v(i) - vC(i);
end

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 MATLAB code (6)
figure
plot(t,v, 'b')
xlabel('time (s)')
ylabel('AM signal (input)')
grid on

hold on
plot(t,vC, 'r')
xlabel('time (s)')
ylabel('Demodulated signal (output)')
grid on

figure
plot(t,vD)
xlabel('time (s)')
ylabel('voltage across diode')
grid on

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Synchronous detection (1)

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 Synchronous detection (2)
• Phase difference

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 Synchronous detection (3)
• Frequency difference

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