SKMM 3443 – HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter 6(8)
Internal Forced Convection

Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. NAZRI KAMSAH

Department of Thermo-fluid
School of Mechanical Engineering

Semester II, 2016-2017

INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Re for Flow in Pipes

The Reynolds number is defined as

where ν is kinematic viscosity of the fluid.

Flow is laminar for Re < 2300, fully turbulent for Re > 10,000, and
transitional in between. Flow becomes fully turbulent for Re > 4000.

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Hydraulic Diameter

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Thermal Entrance Region

When fluid flows through a tube with constant surface temperature,
thermal boundary layer develops. Its length is called thermal entry
length, Lt.

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Thermal Entry Lengths

In laminar flow, the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are
approximately,

In turbulent flow,

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General Thermal Analysis

Rate of heat transfer to a fluid flowing in a tube is equal to the rate of
increase in internal energy of the fluid,

Conditions on tube surface: (a) constant temperature (e.g. boiling and

condensation) or (b) constant heat flux (tube is subjected to uniform
radiation or electric heating).

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Surface heat flux can be found using,

where Tm is the mean fluid temperature, which must change during

heating or cooling.

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Constant Heat Flux

Rate of heat transfer,

Mean fluid temperature at exit

The surface temperature,

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Constant Surface Temperature

Rate of heat transfer to or from the flowing fluid,

where ΔTavg is average temperature difference between fluid and the

surface.
Recommended to use log mean temperature difference as the ΔTavg
which is defined as,

where ΔTi = Ts - Ti and ΔTe = Ts - Te are the temperature differences

between the surface and fluid, at inlet and exit of tube.
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Example 8-1
Water enters a 2.5-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tube of a heat
exchanger at 15°C at a rate of 0.3 kg/s, and is heated by steam
condensing outside at 120°C. If the average heat transfer coefficient is
800 W/m2K, determine the length of the tube required in order to heat
the water to 115°C.

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Q #1

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Discussion The average temperature of air is (50 + 15.5)/2 = 32.8oC. This is

close to the assumed temperature of 30oC. Therefore, there is no need to
repeat calculations.

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Q #2

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Q #3

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Properties Properties of liquid water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of

Tb = (Ti + Te)/2 = 225C

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Laminar Flow in Tubes

Flow is laminar for Re ≤ 2300 and fully developed if the tube is long
enough so that entrance effects are negligible.
The average velocity,

The volume flow rate,

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Constant Surface Heat Flux

The fluid mean temperature,

Or
i.e. for fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube, the Nu is a
constant.
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Constant Surface Temperature

The solution is complex but it can be shown that the Nu relation is
given by,

Note: Thermal conductivity k is

evaluated at the bulk mean
temperature, Tb.

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Laminar Flow in Non-Circular Tubes

Nu relations are given in Table 8–1 for fully developed laminar flow
in tubes of various cross sections.
Re and Nu are based on the hydraulic diameter,
4 Ac
Dh =
p
where Ac is the cross-sectional area and p is perimeter of the tube.
The h coefficient is determined from
Nu
h=k
Dh
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Laminar Flow in Entrance Region

The average Nu for the thermal entrance region can be determined
from

When temperature difference between surface and fluid is large,

Note: Fluid properties are found at the bulk mean fluid temperature,
Tb = (Ti + Te)/2, except for μs, which is at the surface temperature, Ts.

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Isothermal Parallel Plates

Average Nu for thermal entrance region of flow between isothermal
parallel plates of length L is

where Dh is the hydraulic diameter, which is twice the spacing of the

plates.

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Example 8-2
Oil at 20°C flows in a 30-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of
2 m/s. A 200-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy waters
of a lake at 0°C. The surface temperature of the pipe is nearly 0°C.
Neglecting thermal resistance of pipe material, determine (a)
temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (b) rate of heat
transfer from the oil.

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Te is not known, so we evaluate the properties of the oil at the inlet temperature.
We will repeat the calculations, if necessary. At 20oC we have (Table A–13)

which is much greater than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we assume
thermally developing flow and determine the Nu from

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Then,

which is identical to the inlet temperature of 20oC. Therefore, we do not need to

reevaluate the fluid properties.
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Properties Properties of water at Tb = (Ti + Te)/2 = 50°C: cp = 4181 J/kg∙K, k = 0.644

W/m∙K, μ = 0.547 x 10−3 kg/m∙s, and Pr = 3.55 (Table A-15).

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Hence, the flow is laminar fully developed. From Table 8-1 with a/b = 2 for
constant surface temperature,

The tube surface temperature can be determined using

So,

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which is less than 2300. The flow is laminar; the thermal entry length is

which is much longer than the length of pipe. Thus, we assume thermally
developing flow, and determine the Nu from

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ASSIGNMENT: SUBMIT

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