ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 18
DIFFERENTIATION
CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION
0
Content page
Concept Map 2
9.1 Rates of Change 3
Test Yourself 1 4–5
9.2 Small Changes and Approximations 6–7
Test Yourself 2 8–9
SPM Question 10 – 11
Assessment 12 – 14
Answer 15
1
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Rate of change Small changes
dv dv dx dy
y x
dt dx dt dx
Maximum and Approximation
minimum values
9.1 Rates of Change
dy dy dx dy
If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule , where is the
dt dx dt dt
dx
rate of change of y and is the rate of change of x.
dt
2
Sharpen Your Skills
h cm
h cm 9 cm
h cm
9 cm
9 cm
The above figure shows a cube of volume Rate of change of the volume of water,
729 cm³. If the water level in the cube, h
cm, is increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s 1 , dV dV dh
dt dh dt Chain rule
find the rate of increase of the volume of
water.
81 0.8 dh
=rate of increace
Solution : dt
of the water
V=9x9xh= level
Let each side of the cube be x cm. 81h
1
dV 64.8 cm s
3
Volume of the cube = 729 cm³ =81
dh the rate of increase of the volume of
Hence,
x³ = 729 water is 64.8 cm³ s 1 .
x = 9
TEST YOURSELF 1
1. A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a pond. When the bubble moves to the
surface of the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is expanding at the rate of
0.05 cm s 1 , find the rate at which the volume of the bubble is increasing when its
radius is 2 cm.
3
Answer :
2. When the radius of a circle decreases at the rate of 0.2 cm s 1 the area of the circle
decreases at 1.2 cm2 s-1 when the radius is r cm. find the value of r.
Answer :
4 cm
3.
20 cm
4
h cm
The above figure shows an inverted cone with a height of 20 cm and a base-radius of
4 cm. Water is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm³ s 1 but at the same time,
water is dripping out from the cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm³ s 1 .
(a) If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm³
1
respectively, show that V h 3 .
75
(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in the cone at the moment the water
level is 12 cm.
Answer :
9.2 Small Changes and Approximations
Small Approximate Value
y dyChanges dy
y x
x dx dx y new y original y
where y small change in y dy
y original x
x small change in x dx
5
Sharpen Your Skills
The height of a cylinder is three times its Approximate change in the total surface area
radius. Calculate the approximate increase is A
in the total surface area of the cylinder if its
radius increases from 7 cm to 7.05 cm. A dA
r dr
Solution : dA A 8 r 2
A r
dr
dA
16r
dr
16r 7.05 7
New r (7.05)
16 7 0.05 Minus old
r(7)
5.6 cm 2
Substitute r with
the old value of r,
Hence, the approximate i.e.
increase
7 in the total
Let the total surface
4 area of the cylinder be A surface area of the cylinder is 5.6π cm² .
Given
cm². that y 5 , calculate the value of 4 4 5
x 5
5 2.03 2
Ady= ifSum of Hence
areas estimate
of the top 2.03 2 16
x = 2. the and bottom
values of
dx circular surface + Area of the curved
4
surface. 4 4 3
(a ) (b)
5 5 32 320
A 22
.r03
2
2rh 1.98
2r 2 2r 3r 0.116525
8r :2
Solution It is given
that
(b) y new y original y
4
y 5
4 x 5 dy
x y new y original x
dx
dy 20
20 x 6 6
dx x 4 4 5
5 1.98 2
dy 20 5 1.98 5 2 16
Sharpen
When x 2Your
, Skills
6
dx x 16
4 1
32 160
(a) y new y original y
dy 0.13125
y original x
dx
6
x new 2.03
x original 2
x new 1.98
x original 2
TEST YOURSELF 2
20
1. It is given that y . Find the approximate change in x when y increases from
2x
40 to 40.5.
7
5 dy
2. Given that y 3
, find the value of when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
x dx
5 5
(a) (b)
4.02 3
3.99 3
3. A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area of the cube.
8
4. The volume of a sphere increases from 288 cm 3 to 290 cm 3 . Calculate the
approximate increase in its radius.
SPM QUESTION
SPM 2003 (Paper 1 – Question 16)
Given that y x 2 5 x, use differentiation to find the small change in y when x increases
from 3 to 3.01.
[3 marks]
9
Solution:
SPM 2004 (Paper 1 – Question 21)
2
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation y 3 x .
x
Given that y increase at a constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x =2.
[3 marks]
Solution :
SPM 2005 (Paper 1 – Question 20)
1 3
The volume of water , V cm³, in a container is given by V h 8h, where h cm is the
3
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of
3 -1
10 cm 3 s -1 . Find the rate of change of the height of water, in cm s , at the instant when
its height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]
Solution :
10
ASSESSMENT
4
1. Given v r 3. Use the differentiation method to find the small change in v
3
when r increases from 3 to 3.01.
Answer :
11
27 dy
2. Given y 3
. Find the value of when x = 3.
x dx
27
Hence, estimate the value of .
3.033
Answer :
3. Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm.
Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 1 000 cm 3 s -1 .
60 cm
40 cm
Water
12
Diagram 1
Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water level at the instant when the
1 2
radius of the water is 6 cm. (Use π = 3.142; volume of cone r h )
3
Answer :
4.
V
4x cm
E H
F G
D C
6x cm
A 6x cm
13
B
The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a cuboid with a square base of
side 6x cm, surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The volume of the cuboid is
5832 cm³.
(a) Show that the total surface area of the solid, A cm², is given by
3888
A 96 x 2 .
x
(b) If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08 cm s -1 , find the rate of increase of
the total surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.
Answer :
ANSWER
Test Yourself 1 Test Yourself 2
1. 0.005
dy 15
2. dx
256
14
1. 0.8 cm 3 s 1 (a) 0.07695
(b) 0.07871
dA
2. 1.2
dt
3. -7.2 cm²
dh 25
3. cms 1 1
dt 36 4. 72
cm
SPM Question Assessment
1. 0.11 1. 0.36π
dx 8 dy
2. units 1 2. 1, 0.97
dt 5 dx
dh 3. 6.631 cm s 1
3. 0.8333cms 1
dt
4. (b) 42 cm 2 s 1
15
