DEBREMARKOS UNIVERSTY
DESIGN PROJECT -1
nomenclature:
declaration:
I declare that my design is not copied from others student reports or done last time .
And I DIDNT writeen any false idia on my design project .
i
acknowledgement
first I wouid like to thank my adviser Abebe …….for giving procedures for the design of pressure vessels.
and I would like to thank book authors on the design of pressure vessel Finally, my doormates to support me when I design my project.
ii
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
TABLE CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE NO
Declaration............................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgment................................................................................................... ii
Executive summary............................................................................................... iii
List of Figures........................................................................................................
List of Tables........................................................................................................
Acronyms............................................................................................................
Chapter -1.............................................................................................................. 1
Introduction........................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Back ground.................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives........................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1 General objective.......................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Specific objectives........................................................................................ 4
1.4. Significant of studies....................................................................................... 3
Chapter -2.............................................................................................................. 5
Literature review.................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Design
2.2. pressure vessel
2.2.1. types of pressure vessels
2.2.2. vessel orientation
2.2.3. types of head ends
2.2.4. support for pressure vessel
2.2.5. design parameter of pressure vessel
[Link] concidered in designing pressure vessels
Chapter -3............................................................................................................ 12
Materials and Methodology......................................................................................... 12
3.1. Materials....................................................................................................... 12
3.2. Assumptions............................................................................................... 12
3.3 . METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 12
3.3.1. Design Specification.................................................12
3.4. design procedure steps
3.4.1. column thickiness wall
3.4.2. selection and sizing
3.4.3
3.4.4 . wind loadings
3.4.5. stress analysis
3.4.6. reinforcement of openinig and required area of reinforcement
3.4.7. standared flange s
3.4.8. mechanical design for skirt support
3.4.9. base rings/flange and anchor bolt design
Chapter -4............................................................................................................ 25
Result and discussion.......................................................................................... 25
4.1. result
4.2. Discussion..................................................................................................... 49
Chapter -5............................................................................................................ 50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................50
5.1 CONCLUSION................................................................................................. 50
5.2. Recommendation.......................................................................................... 50
References........................................................................................................... 51
INTRODUCTION
A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure
differential between inside and outside.
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are
called pressure vessels.
Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical,
petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this class of
equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of raw
materials occur.
Pressure vessels; commonly have the cylindrical, spherical, ellipsoidal, conical or a
combination of these shapes. However, some pressure vessels are named after the type of function
they required to perform.
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical vessels are
generally preferred because of they represent simple manufacturing problem and make better use of
the available space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are generally cylindrical.
The pressure vessels are designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an
explosion which may cause loss of life and property. The
material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild
steel.
The pressure vessels are designed
with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means
an explosion which may cause loss of life and property.
The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast
iron, or ductile such as mild steel.
BACKGROUND:
The earliest design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by Leonardo da
Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy
weights underwater.
PROBLEM STATEMENT :
Failures can also
be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the
failure occurs. Each failure has a why and how to its history.
● Material- Improper selection of material; defects in mate
rial.
● Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-
sign methods; inadequate shop testing.
● Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient
fabrication procedures including welding.
OBJECTIVES :
General objective
am going to design pressure vessel according to given data and analyse the safety
parameters of each component for its allowable pressure.
SPECIFIC objectives :
Specifically, I would like to design column thickness wall , wind loading , stresses ,standared
flanges….and others
significance of the study
is the importance of desgning of pressure vessel to others it is correspondance with problem
statemnt…
designing of components for safty of machion
following of correct procedures for desi
chapter two
litrature review
design:
Pressure vessel
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
types of pressure vessel…
There are three main types of pressure
vessels
TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSELS
OPEN VESSELS
Open vessels are commonly used as surge tanks between operations, as vats for batch operations where materials
be mixed and blended as setting tanks, decarters, chemical reactors, reservoirs and so on. Obviously, this type of vessels
is cheaper than covered or closed vessel of the same capacity and construction. The decision as to whether or not open
vessels may be used depends up on the fluid to be handled and the operation.
CLOSED VESSELS
Combustible fluids, fluids emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must be stored in closed vessels. Dangerous
chemicals, such as acid or caustic, are less hazardous if stored in closed vessels. The combustible nature of petroleum
and its products associates the use of closed vessels and tanks throughout the petroleum and petrochemical industries.
Tanks used for the storage of crude oils and petroleum products and generally designed and constructed as per API
specification for welded oil storage tanks
Horizontal Pressure Vessels
Vertical Pressure Vessels
Spherical Pressure vessels
However there are some special types of Vessels like
Regeneration Tower, Reactors but these names are given
according to their use only.
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL
SPHERICAL PRESSURIZED
STORAGE VESSEL
vessel orientation
Pressure vessels can be oriented either vertically or horizontally. Vertical vessels are more common because
they use less land space and the smaller cross-sectional area of the vessel allows for easier mixing. Horizontal
vessels are used when more phase separation is required because larger cross-sectional areas allow for less
vertical velocities and therefore less entrainment. Settling tanks and flash vessels are typically horizontal for this
reason. Horizontal vessels also allow easier cleaning, so heat exchangers are primarily horizontal.[
types of head ends
Head
• All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or
another shell section).
• Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
• Curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be
thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads are usually
categorized by their shapes
support for pressure vessel
NOZZLE :
• A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure
vessel.
• They are used for the following applications.
1. Sphere and hemispherical end (Fig-1)
2. 2:1 Ellipsoidal head (Fig-2)
3. Conical head (Fig-3)
4. Torispherical head (Fig-4)
d) SUPPORT :
1. Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake and wind
loads.
2. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.
3. There are different types of supports which are used depending upon the size
and orientation of the pressure vessel.
4. They are
1. Saddle support
2. Skirt support
3. Leg support
4. Lug support
1) SADDLE SUPPORT:
5. Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support.
6. It spreads over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in
the shell at support point.
7. One saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained
longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.
2) SKIRT SUPPORT:
8. Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts.
9. A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower
portion of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).
[Link] skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial
thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its
junction with the skirt.
3) LEG SUPPORT:
[Link] vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the
lower portion of the shell.
[Link] max. ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2 : 1
[Link] pads are welded to the shell first to provide additional local
reinforcement and load distribution.
[Link] number of legs depends on the drum size and loads to be carried.
[Link] legs are also used for Spherical pressurized storage vessels.
[Link] bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind or earth quake loads.
4) LUG SUPPORT:
[Link] pressure vessels may also be supported by lugs.
[Link] use of lugs is typically limited to pressure vessels of small and medium
diameter (1 to 10 ft)
[Link] moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1
[Link] lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members in order to
provide stability against overturning loads.
SOURCE
➢ WIKIPIDIA
➢ I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE | V OLUME 2, N UMBER 3,
3D-LAB WEBSITE
[Link] and methodology :
3.1. materials
The materials to be used in pressure vessels must be selected from Code-approved material
specifications. This requirement is normally not a problem since a large catalogue of tables
listing acceptable materials is available. Factors that need to be considered in picking a
suitable table are:
Cost
Fabricability
Service condition (wear, corrosion, operating temperature)
Availability
Strength requirements
Several typical pressure vessel materials for a noncorrosive environment and for service
temperatures between
¡
50
±
F and
1000
±
F
Pressure vessels are designed to contain pressure and withstand the operating mechanical
and thermal transients for a specified design life. In addition they are designed to safety
to leak before break (LBB). LBB describes the situation in which a leak occurs before a
complete double-ended break of a component. Ductile and tough materials are widely
used in nuclear pressure vessels, because of their high resistance to catastrophic rupture.
The design process involves fatigue analysis to demonstrate that there is insignificant
crack growth a postulated surface crack during the entire design life. However in terms
of LBB the significant parameter is the elastic-plastic fracture toughness, and the material
strength. However based on assessment based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the
candidate materials are carbon steels, low alloy steels and stainless steels, which
interestingly are the materials that are used for pressure vessels. In terms of the fatigue
crack initiation, the appropriate parameters are the threshold stress intensity factor range
and the endurance limit and the material selection is based on these parameter
For designing the pressure vessel we have to choose some materials. Those materials should
satisfy the design factors of that vessel. For selecting the material for a pressure vessel we have
consider the parts (UG4 to UG15). Selection of materials based on the design temperature and form
of material to be manufactured. Material of vessel parts can be taken from below tables shown
selection of materials based on the design temperature and form of material
(plate/pipe/forgings/fittings/boltings)
3.1. Assumptions
In order to develop a preliminary design, some assumptions are made and listed below.
No significant loading from piping and external equipment.
Plates and plate supports design is negligible.
Material is double welded butt or equivalent and fully radiographed.
Assume flanges are standard flanges.
Earth – quake loading need not be considered.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Plain carbon and low alloy steels plates are usually and where service condition permit because of the lesser cost and
greater availability of these steels. Such steels may me fabricated by fusion welding and oxygen cutting if the carbon
content does not exceed 0.35%.vessels may be fabricated. Vessel may be fabricated of plate steels meeting the
specification of SA-7, SA-113, Grade A, B, C&D, provided that, 1.
operating temperature is between -28degreeC&360degreeC 2.
The plate thickness does not exceed 1.5cm 3.
The vessels does not contain lethal liquids and gases 4.
The steel is manufactured by the electric furnace or open hearth process 5.
The material is not used for unfired steam boilers
The important materials generally accepted for construction of pressure vessels are indicated here. Metals used are
generally divided into three groups as. 1.
Low cost
Cast iron, Cast carbon and low alloy steel, wrought carbon and low alloy steel. 2.
Medium cost - High alloy steel (12%chromium and above), Aluminum, Nickel, Copper and their alloys, Lead. 3.
High cost - platinum, Tantalum, Zirconium, Titanium silver. Materials mentioned (2 & 3) groups are some times used in
the form of cladding or bonding for materials in group (1). Also, use non-metallic lining such as rubber, plastics, etc.
Vessels with formed heads are commonly fabricated from low carbon steel wherever corrosion and temperature
considerations will permit its use because of the low cost, high strength, ease of fabrication and general availability of
mild steel. Low and high alloy steel and non-ferrous metals are used for special service
3.4 design procedure steps:
3.4.1 column thikness wall
3.4.2. selection and sizing of vessel heads
3.4.4. wind loading
3.4.5. stress analysis
3.4.6. reinforcement of openining and required area of reinforcement
Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles
or access. High
stress concentrations
exist at the opening edge and decrease radially
outward from the opening, becoming negligible beyond twice the diameter from the center
of the opening. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is
required. Some ways in which this can be accomplished are: (a) increase the vessel wall
thickness, (b) increase the wall thickness of the nozzle, or (c) use a combination of extra
shell and nozzle thickness. The Code procedure is to relocate the removed material to an
area within an effective boundary around the opening.
Figure 9.1
shows the steps necessary
to reinforce an opening in a pressure vessel. Numerous assumptions have been made with
the intent of simplifying the general approach
Figure
Opening Reinforcement Requirements.
3.4.7. standared flanges
4. result and discussion
4.1. result
4.2. discution
5. conclusion and recomondations
5.1 . conclution
5.2. recommendation
3.4.8. mechanical design for skirt support
3.4.9 base ring/flange and anchore bolt design
4. Result and discussion
4.1 Result
4.2. discussion
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2. Recommendation
gill, s.s, the stress analysis of pressure vessel and pressure vessel components,pergamon press, 197
harvey,j.f., theory and and design of pressure vessel, second edtion