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Types of Organic Reactions Explained

This document discusses three main types of organic reactions: addition reactions, substitution reactions, and elimination reactions. Addition reactions involve adding atoms or groups to a starting material and breaking a double bond. Substitution reactions involve replacing one atom or group with another. Elimination reactions involve losing atoms or groups from a starting material and forming a double bond.

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Kamariah Ismail
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36 views16 pages

Types of Organic Reactions Explained

This document discusses three main types of organic reactions: addition reactions, substitution reactions, and elimination reactions. Addition reactions involve adding atoms or groups to a starting material and breaking a double bond. Substitution reactions involve replacing one atom or group with another. Elimination reactions involve losing atoms or groups from a starting material and forming a double bond.

Uploaded by

Kamariah Ismail
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic reactions in organic

compounds
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:

• State the type of reactions in organic.


Types of Organic Reactions
Three main types of organic reactions:

Addition reaction

Substitution reaction

Elimination reaction
Addition reaction
• Addition is a reaction in which elements
are added to a starting material.

A general addition reaction

C C + X Y C C
X Y
This double bond is broken Two single bonds are f ormed
Example of addition reaction

H H H H
C C + H Br H C C H
H H H Br

This double bond is broken


HBr is added
Example of addition reaction

+ H2O

H OH

This double bond is broken


H2O is added
Addition reaction
Two types of addition reaction
1) Electrophilic Addition reaction
Electrophile is added to unsaturated
carbons compound to form saturated
carbon compound.
2) Nucleophilic Addition
Initiated by a nucleophile, which attacks
an electrophilic site of a molecule.
Substitution reaction
• A reaction in which an atom or group of
atoms is replaced by another atom or
group of atoms.
General Substitution

C Z + Y C Y + Z

Y replaces Z
Example of substitution reaction

CH3 I + Cl CH3 Cl + I

Cl replaces I
Example of substitution reaction

O O
C C
H3C Cl + OH H3C OH + Cl

OH replaces Cl
Substitution reaction
Three types of substitution :-
1. Free-radical substitution reaction
Substitution which involves free radicals as
intermediate species.
2. Electrophilic substitution reaction
Typical reaction of aromatic compounds.
3. Nucleophilic Substitution
A reaction where a nucleophile replace another
group or atom in a molecule.
Elimination reaction
• A reaction in which elements of starting
material are “lost” and a double bond is
formed.
A general elimination reaction

C C + reagent C C + X Y
X Y
Two single bonds are broken This double bond is f ormed
Example of elimination reaction

H H H H
H C C H + OH C C + H2O + Br
H Br H H

Loss of HBr This double bond was formed


Example of elimination reaction

H2SO 4
+ H2O

H OH

Loss of H2O This double bond was formed


• Addition and elimination reaction are exactly
opposite.
• A double bond is formed in elimination reaction
• A double bond is broken in addition reaction.
ELIMINATION
Form a double bond

[ - XY]

C C C C
X Y
[ + XY]

break a double bond

ADDITION
Exercise
• Classify each transformation as substitution,
elimination or addition reaction.
a) OH Br
b)

O O
c) C C
H3C CH3 H 3C CH 2Cl

d) CH3CH2CH(OH)CH 3 CH3CH=CHCH3

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