Stakeholders in Planning Process
• Stakeholders are persons and groups who are affected by or
can affect the implementation of a plan.
• A group or community can be:
• All people in a large geographical area;
• All people in a smaller geographical area;
• A specific group of people in an area;
• A specific group in a particular geographical area;
• Other organizations.
Stakeholders in Planning Process
• A stakeholder analysis systematically determines the wishes
and needs of the different power groups and integrates
these into the planning process. It includes:
• Identification of the plan’s stakeholders and their relative
importance;
• Identification of their stakes in the plan.
• Stakeholders’ criteria for judging the plan and their actual
judgement;
• The influence of the stakeholders on the implementation of the
plan;
• The inputs which the plan needs from the stakeholders.
Types of Stakeholder Involvement
Consumption Service provider makes the decisions Action on
Service provider informs and directs the process and expects
Compliance
compliance Action for
Service provider does the analysis and then consults after most
Consultation
of the thinking and deciding is done Action for/with
Service provider involves others in analysis, prioritizing and
Co-operation
deciding on action to take. Action with
Control over decision making and learning is fully shared
Partnership
Action by
Stakeholders in Planning Process
Government
MARKET
INTEREST GROUPS
• Land Owners
• Neighbourhoods
• Developers Land Use
• Environmentalist
• Builders Planning
• Economic developer
• Realtors
• Minority groups
• Bankers
Land Planners
Stakeholders in Planning Process
• Benefits of Stakeholder Analysis
• Identify who to be encouraged and helped to participate;
• Identify who could gain, who could lose and who could
contribute;
• Ensure that planning is sensitive to the views of those affected;
• Minimizing negative impacts on vulnerable and disadvantaged
groups;
• Identify useful alliances which can be built upon;
• Identify and reduce risks;
• Recognize the roles of women as well as men and avoid
stereotyping them;
• Encourage participation in the community development
process.
Ladder of Citizen Participation in Planning
Process
Ladder of Citizen Participation in Planning
Process
• The ladder is a guide to seeing who has power when important
decisions are being made. It has survived for so long because
people continue to confront processes that refuse to consider
anything beyond the bottom rungs.
• 1 Manipulation and 2 Therapy. Both are non participative. The
aim is to cure or educate the participants. The proposed plan is
best and the job of participation is to achieve public support
through public relations.
• 3 Informing. A most important first step to legitimate
participation. But too frequently the emphasis is on a one way
flow of information. No channel for feedback.
• 4 Consultation. Again a legitimate step attitude surveys,
neighbourhood meetings and public enquiries. But Arnstein still
feels this is just a window dressing ritual.
Ladder of Citizen Participation in Planning
Process
• 5 Placation. For example, co-option of hand-picked ‘worthies’ onto
committees. It allows citizens to advise or plan ad infinitum but
retains for power holders the right to judge the legitimacy or
feasibility of the advice.
• 6 Partnership. Power is in fact redistributed through negotiation
between citizens and power holders. Planning and decision-making
responsibilities are shared e.g. through joint committees.
• 7 Delegation. Citizens holding a clear majority of seats on
committees with delegated powers to make decisions. Public now
has the power to assure accountability of the programme to them.
• 8 Citizen Control. Have-nots handle the entire job of planning,
policy making and managing a programme e.g. neighbourhood
corporation with no intermediaries between it and the source of
funds.
Reference
ETU. (2014). How to Plan - Eight Planning Steps. Retrieved
February 20, 2014, from Education and Training Unit:
[Link]
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