Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original
work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive
rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A
major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not
the underlying ideas themselves
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not
all jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple
authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred
to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works,
distribution, public performance, and moral rights such as attribution.[7]
Copyrights are considered "territorial rights", which means that they do not extend beyond the territory
of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized
through international copyright agreements, copyright laws vary by country.[8]
Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is, copyright
typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction). Some countries
require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any
completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though
some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity
of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network
technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in
enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to the philosophical basis of copyright law.
Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the
music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional legal
and technological enforcement.
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to
an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of
an invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a
process. Patents are a form of intellectual property.
The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the
exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international
agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that
define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property
right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness,
and non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to
prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using, selling, importing,
or distributing a patented invention without permission.
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) TRIPS Agreement, patents should be available in WTO
member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, provided they are new, involve an inventive
step, and are capable of industrial application. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable
subject matter from country to country, also among WTO member states. TRIPS also provides that
the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years.
A trademark, trade mark, or trade-mark is a recognizable sign, design, or expression which
identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others,[2][3] although trademarks
used to identify services are usually called service marks. The trademark owner can be an
individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package,
a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. For the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often
displayed on company buildings.
The first legislative act concerning trademarks was passed by the Parliament of England in 1266 under
the reign of Henry III, requiring all bakers to use a distinctive mark for the bread they sold. The first
modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive trademark
system in the world was passed into law in 1857. The Trade Marks Act 1938 of the United Kingdom
changed the system, permitting registration based on "intent-to-use”, creating an examination based
process, and creating an application publication system. The 1938 Act, which served as a model for
similar legislation elsewhere, contained other novel concepts such as "associated trademarks", a
consent to use system, a defensive mark system, and non-claiming right system.
Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through
techniques of mass production. Its key characteristic is that design is separated from manufacture: the
creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features takes place in advance of the
physical act of making a product, which consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication. This
distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined
by the product's creator at the time of its creation.[6]
All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can take
many forms: it can be conducted by an individual or a large team; it can emphasize
intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making, and often emphasizes both at the same
time; and it can be influenced by factors as varied as materials, production processes, business
strategy and prevailing social, commercial or aesthetic attitudes The role of an industrial designer is
to create and execute design solutions for problems of form, function, usability, physical ergonomics,
marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales.
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific
geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country). The use of a geographical indication
may act as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according to traditional
methods, or enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin.
The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS")
defines "geographical indications" as indications that identify a good as "originating in
the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality,
reputation or other characteristic of the good is protected.
Examples:- Darjeeling Tea , Salem Fabric, Solapur Chaddar etc.