Lug Analysis ic on Alu or afin ue esenaly apt halla her te oles seattle pn. Lugsare taedincombrven with ews plnes tans oadbetveen fren mech emponens Coman sfonasonnwtareipeetcne dae + strongbaeks with pad-eyes, ited with shackles and other rigging + connections between actuators and other structure (Le trunnion jlnt,clewsolnt) + door hinges ‘Advantages of lugs over ther types af connections that are used to transmit load include: + rotation between components is possible + quick and simple installation Analysis of 3 lugs deceptively complex since there are several simultaneous, interacting fallure modes. These {allure modes are associated with diferent areas ofthe lug, as illustrated in the figure below (Note: Figure not to scale (theory/ug-analsistnote-pin-size) ‘The fallure modes forthe lug are listed below, The numbers correspond withthe labeled sections from the above igure: 1 Tension failure across the nt section 2. Shear failure along two planes 3. Bearing failure 4 Hoop tension failure / fracture an single plane 5. Out of plane bucking (eishing”)~ (nat shown inthe figure) “There are several common methods of analyzing a lug: + ‘Simplied analysis -This method is based on first principles and involves making simpliving assumptions about the nature ofthe flue and calculating factors of safety. Ths has the advantage of being relatively easy butt only gives an appreximate determination ofthe adequacy ofthe ug. + Air Force Method - This method considers most of the failure modes above, and uses empirical curves [Link] more accurate allowable loads. This methad allows fr lugs under axial loading, transverse loading, or oblique loading. This method also accounts fr the interaction between the lug andthe pin. “+ ASME BTH- This method considers most of the failure modes above, and uses simplified equations with correction factors based on empirical data to determine more accurate allowable lads. This method is simpler than the Air Force Method, butit only allows fr lugs under axal loading and does not account forthe interaction between the lug and the pin. Allof these methods are described inthe following sections. Simplified Analysis ‘his method i based on fist principles and invalves making simplifying assumptions about the nature ofthe failure, While ts relatively easy to perform, it only gives an approximate determination of the adequacy of the lug and should not be employed for erica structure In the simplified analysis, the following failure modes are considered + Tenston fllure across the net secton + Shear falure along two planes + Bearing failure A factor of safety s calculated for each of the failure modes, and as long as each factor of safety is acceptable {en the lug can be considered to pass. The igure below shows the lug in blue and the pin in green. tepcnutrecanitayg andy wowy} Dp o,) Fore 2 = R CLhole ‘The dimensions in the figure are: + Dy =hole ameter + Dy =piniameter ledge distance (distance from center of hole to edge of lug in direction of applied load) aus of curvature of edge of lg (greater than or equal to R) ‘a= distance from edge of hole to edge of lig = R— 0.5Ds we wicth 5ckness (not shown in figure ~ thickness is into the page) los in shear plane length due to curvature at end of lug ‘$= shear plane locating angle = 40° Tension Failure Across Net Section “Tension failure across the net section eccurs over the cross-section highlighted in red inthe figure below: ‘The area of the net section is ven by: Ac = (w~ Dit ‘The uimate tensile loads the load that would resutin tensile fallure acrass the net section, an is given by: Pay = SA where S,, isthe utimate tensile strength of the lug material. The equation above assumes a uniferm tensile stress over the cross-section. In realty there wile a stress concentration due to the flow of stress around the hole ‘The fatar of saferyis given by FS ‘Shear Tear Out Along Two Planes Shear tear out occurs over the two shear planes highlighted in red in the figure below: tepcnutrecanitayg andy| Lat ka] |] ‘The total shear lane area is ven by. Ay = Bygt where Lp iste length of the shear plane and is the lug thickness, A simple and conservative approach |s to caleulate the length of a single shear plane as L, where a = R —0.5D,, 98 shown in the figure above itis desired to account fra sligntly longer shear plane, itis common practice to considera 40 degree lin extending from the center of the shear in. At the point where thas 4 degree line intersects the pinhole, extend the shear plane horizontally othe outer edge ofthe lug. ln this ase, Lys caleulated as Ly 0+ PE (1 cos(9)) 2 where ¢ isthe shear plane locating angle of 40° and Z isthe lossin shear plane length due tothe curvature at ‘the end of the lug. This lssis calculated as ini) Note thatthe lug end is lat then ris infinity and Zs zero, The ultimate shear load Is the load that would result In shear cear out along the two planes, and fs gen by: Pos = Su where Sy, isthe ubimate shear strength of the lug materia ‘The factor of satey is given by: Bearing Failure Bearing occurs between the surface ofthe pin and the inner surface ofthe hole n the lg. as shown in the figure below: “The bearing areas given by: Ay = Dyt "Note that since the length ofthe bearing surface is equal tothe dlameter of the pin, and since the Cercamference ofa circle given by C’— xD, then + the length ofthe bearing surface s also equal to 1/ times the circumference ofthe pin + the sweptangle of the bearing surface s equal to 2 radians = 115° ‘The ukimate bearing load s the load that would resutin bearing fllure, and is given by: Poru = SirwAir here Sry Is the minimum of the ulimate bearing strength ofthe lug material and the ukimate bearing strength ofthe pin material. The ulimate bearing strength can be approximated 38 1.58 ‘The factor of saferyis given by tepcnutrcccnitaygandye