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Coefficient of Restitution Experiment

The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is a fractional value representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the impact. Pairs of objects with COR 1 collide elastically, while objects with COR < 1 collide in elastically. For a COR = zero, the objects effectively "stop" at the collision, not bouncing at all. An object (singular) is often described as having a coefficient of restitution as if it were intrinsic properties without reference

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Ezzuan Raes
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79 views17 pages

Coefficient of Restitution Experiment

The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is a fractional value representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the impact. Pairs of objects with COR 1 collide elastically, while objects with COR < 1 collide in elastically. For a COR = zero, the objects effectively "stop" at the collision, not bouncing at all. An object (singular) is often described as having a coefficient of restitution as if it were intrinsic properties without reference

Uploaded by

Ezzuan Raes
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING

DYNAMIC
(BDA 20103)
LECTURER’S NAME

SECTION

SESSION

GROUP MEMBERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION
Introduction 2
Objectives of Study 2

METHODOLOGY
Methodology 3
List of Apparatus 3
Procedures 4

RESULT AND CALCULATION


Principle Conservation of Momentum 5
Procedure of calculation 5-6
Experimental Results 7

DISCUSSION
Discussion 8

CONCLUSION
Conclusion 9

REFERENCE 10

MINUTE OF MEETING 11-16

1
INTRODUCTION:

The coefficient of restitution (COR) of two colliding objects is a fractional value


representing the ratio of speeds after and before an impact, taken along the line of the
impact. Pairs of objects with COR 1 collide elastically, while objects with COR < 1
collide in elastically. For a COR = zero, the objects effectively "stop" at the collision,
not bouncing at all. An object (singular) is often described as having a coefficient of
restitution as if it were intrinsic properties without reference to a second object in this
case the definition is assumed to be with respect to collisions with a perfectly rigid
and elastic object. COR = (relative speed after collision)/ (relative speed before
collision).

There are two stages when particles collide. The first stage is the period of
deformation, just after the impact. The two particles will deform and will have the
same velocity u. After this period of restitution will follow. In this restitution stage,
the particles either will have regained their original shape or will stay permanently
deformed. If the velocities before impact are VA and VB, after the impact the
particles will move with new velocities VA` and VB`.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDIES:

1. To determine the elasticity (coefficient of restitution) of objects of varying material

2. To understand how kinetic energy is always lost in a collision

3. To explain that there is no such thing as a perfectly elastic/inelastic collision and


that kinetic energy is always lost.

2
METHODOLOGY

The coefficient of restitution (COR) is the ratio of the final to initial relative velocity
between two objects after they collide. It normally ranges from 0 to 1 where 1 would
be a perfectly elastic collision. A perfectly inelastic collision has a coefficient of 0, but
a 0 value does not have to be perfectly inelastic. It is measured in the Leeb rebound
hardness test, expressed as 1000 times the COR, but it is only a valid COR for the test,
not as a universal COR for the material being tested.

The value is almost always less than one due to initial translational kinetic energy being
lost to rotational kinetic energy, plastic deformation, and heat. It can be more than 1 if
there is an energy gain during the collision from a chemical reaction, a reduction in
rotational energy, or another internal energy decrease that contributes to the post-
collision velocity.

In this experiment, we use rebound test, the ball we use is ping pong ball on the surface
that we do experiment is ceramic tiles flooring. From this experiment we can find what
height of the rebound of the ping pong ball.

Experiment apparatus
1. Ruler

2. Ping pong ball (2.7 gram, 40mm in diameter)

3. Video camera

3
Procedures

1. Paste the ruler on the wall


2. Start record the video.
3. Release the ping pong ball from the highest point of ruler.
4. Let the ball bounce around.

5. Stop the video recording.


6. Replay the video
7. Take note the high of bouncing ping pong ball.

Variable factor

For this experiment, have a few error may occur due to human factor as a parallax
error and inconstant high release for the ping pong ball. The weight of ball remain
same throughout this experiment

4
RESULT AND CALCULATION

Principle Conservation of Momentum

Kinetic energy is energy possessed by an object in motion. The earth revolving


around the sun, you walking down the street, and molecules moving in space all have
kinetic energy. kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the object and to
the square of its velocity: K.E. = 1/2 m v2.

Procedure to identify the range

1. Set up the ruler.


2. Launch the ball at top of the ruler.
3. Record the bounce back range of the ball.
4. Repeat the steps to get accurate range.

Height of projection(with ruler) Range


0 cm 25 cm
2 cm 19 cm
4 cm 16 cm
5 cm 13 cm

Analysis: The maximum range that was get 25cm. We made comparison between
each range, and we concluded that the height from the launcher to the range was
decreasing untill it reaches the maximum height. So, we took maximum height which
is 0cm.

5
Procedure to calculate the coefficient of resistution

1. Set up the ruler.


2. launch the ball.
3. record the bounce back range.
4. step have to repeat 5 times
5. record the height, and calculate the average.

Data:

Trial Range
1st 24cm
2nd 25 cm
3rd 23cm
4th 25cm
5th 25cm

6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

7
DISCUSSION

Based on our experiment, we knew that the coefficient of restitution is a


number, which indicates how much kinetic energy (energy of motion) remains after a
collision of two objects. If the coefficient is high (very close to 1.00), it means that
very little kinetic energy was lost during the collision. If the coefficient is low (close
to zero), it suggests that a large fraction of the kinetic energy was converted into heat
or was otherwise absorbed through deformation. When a moving object (say a rubber
ball) collides with an immobile flat surface (say a massive marble floor), the object
will rebound with some fraction of its original energy. If the collision is perfectly
elastic, then the ball will rebound with all of the energy it arrived with and its rebound
velocity will be the same as its approach velocity. In this case, the coefficient of
restitution is said to be precisely 1.00. On the other hand, if there is considerable
permanent deformation of either the object or the surface (or both) then the object will
rebound with much less energy than it originally arrived with. In this case, the
coefficient of restitution will be close to zero. The higher the coefficient of restitution,
the faster the ball will be propelled by the club head for a given impact speed.

8
CONCLUSION

The coefficient of restitution (e or COR) is defined as a number that serves as


an index of elasticity for colliding bodies. Essentially, it measures the rebound of a
ball after a collision with another object, like a golf ball impacting another surface. A
perfectly elastic ball will have a COR of 1, and a perfectly plastic ball will have a
COR of 0. In scenario, the coefficient of restitution comes into play when the floor
impacted the ball, and has a direct effect on how far the ball will travel after impact.
Once the ball hit the floor, the ball is deformed and flattened by the impact and the
transfer of energy. Different brands of balls are made from different materials, and
some balls have harder cores, while others have softer cores. The strength of the core
directly relates to the coefficient of restitution; with a harder core, the ball will deform
less and travel farther because of a more efficient transfer of kinetic energy from floor
to ball. Value coefficient effect by value of h by the material used (weight) and the
surface floor (hard surface). From this experiment we can conclude value coefficient
will increase if h value increasing.

9
REFERENCE

1. Bennett & Meepagala (2006). "Coefficients of Restitution". The Physics


Factbook.

2. [Link]

[Link]

3.
[Link]
UTION

4. [Link]

10
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FIRST MINUTES MEETING

Date: 3rd December 2018

Day: Monday

Time: 7:00 – 8.30pm

Venue: Bilik 24 Jam Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah

Present:

LIM WEN BIN DD170064


MITHUN MONDAL AD150295
MOHAMAD EZZUAN BIN MOHD RAES CD170096
MOHAMAD YUSMAN DANIEL BIN MD YASIN AD170119
MOHD AIZAT BIN MOHD JAIS CD170061
MUGILVARNAN A/L SAMINATHAN CD170200

1. OPENING ADDRESS BY THE CHAIRMAN

The Chairman gave his greetings and said a big thank you to all members who
attended the meeting. The Chairman explained the purpose of the meeting. He
hopes all group members can give cooperation for easier task performed.

2. MATTERS ARISING

 The Chairman explained how to do the task.


 Discussed all the things that must have in the project.
 Each member collected all the information about their tasks.

3. OTHER MATTERS
The Chairman asked the task of project will be discussing in the next meeting.

11
4. CONCLUSION

The Chairman thanked all members for their cooperation. The next meeting
will be announced later. He hoped that the project will run smoothly and
adjourned the meeting at 8.30 pm.

Prepared by, Confirmed by,

______________________ _____________________

(Lim Wen Bin) ( Mohamad Ezzuan )

Secretary of Group . Chairman of Group.

Date: 3rd December 2018

12
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

SECOND MINUTES MEETING

Date: 10th December 2018

Day: Monday

Time : 7:00 – 8.30pm

Venue : Bilik 24 Jam Perpustakaan Tunku Tun Aminah

Present :

LIM WEN BIN DD170064


MITHUN MONDAL AD150295
MOHAMAD EZZUAN BIN MOHD RAES CD170096
MOHAMAD YUSMAN DANIEL BIN MD YASIN AD170119
MOHD AIZAT BIN MOHD JAIS CD170061
MUGILVARNAN A/L SAMINATHAN CD170200

1. OPENING ADDRESS BY THE CHAIRMAN

The Chairman gave his greetings and said a big thank you to all members who
attended the meeting. The Chairman explained the purpose of the meeting.

2. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES

The secretary had proposed the confirmation of the previous minutes meeting.
The Chairman confirmed the previous meeting.

3. MATTERS ARISING

 Team leader explain more about the project details.


 Checked all the information about the project that have been collected.

13
 Members give suggestion.
 Plan decided and team leader divides the work.

4. CONCLUSION

The Chairman summarized the decisions made at the meeting and thanked the
members for contributing their suggestions during the meeting. He announced that
the next meeting will be held on 15th December 2018 ( Saturday ) on 9.00 am. The
meeting was adjourned at 8.30 pm with a vote of thanks to the chairperson.

Prepared by, Confirmed by,

______________________ ___________________

( Lim Wen Bin ) ( Mohamad Ezzuan)

Secretary of Group Chairman of Group

Date : 10th December 2018

14
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

THIRD MINUTES MEETING

Date : 15th December 2018

Day : Saturday

Time :9:00 – 10:00am

Venue : Bilik Komputer Blok G5D Kolej Kediaman Tun Fatimah

Present :

LIM WEN BIN DD170064

MITHUN MONDAL AD150295

MOHAMAD EZZUAN BIN MOHD RAES CD170096

MOHAMAD YUSMAN DANIEL BIN MD YASIN AD170119

MOHD AIZAT BIN MOHD JAIS CD170061

MUGILVARNAN A/L SAMINATHAN CD170200

1. OPENING ADDRESS BY THE CHAIRMAN

The chairman gave his greetings and said a big appreciation to all members who attended
the meeting. The Chairman explained the purpose of the meeting.

2. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES

The secretary had proposed the confirmation of the previous minutes meeting. The
Chairman confirmed the previous meeting.

3. MATTERS ARISING

15
 See through previous minutes of meeting.
 Chairman asked about the progress of each members.
 Members list out the problem encountered and everyone give suggestion to solve.
 One of the members, Mohd Aizat bin Mohd Jais explained all of the detail of to the
group members.

4. OTHER MATTERS
The chairman asked all the members get ready for the presentation which is coming
up on Thursday.

5. CONCLUSION

The Chairman thanked all the members for their cooperation. He hoped that the project
will run smoothly. He announced that this was the last meeting and adjourned the meeting
at 10.30 am.

Prepared by, Confirmed by,

______________________ _____________________

( Lim Wen Bin ) ( Mohamad Ezzuan )

Secretary of Group. Chairman of Group.

Date : 15th December 2018

16

Common questions

Powered by AI

The experiment employed a rebound test methodology, where a ping pong ball was dropped from a known height onto ceramic tile flooring, and the bounce height was recorded using a ruler and video camera for accuracy. This method is effective because it directly measures the rebound height, allowing for the calculation of the rebound velocity essential to determining the COR. However, its accuracy is contingent on precise measurements and controlling for external variables .

Potential sources of error include human-induced parallax errors during measurement, inconsistent dropping heights, and timing errors in video analysis. To minimize such errors, using a computer or automated system for drop consistency, employing laser measurement tools for accuracy, and using high-speed cameras for precise data collection could help reduce human-induced variability and enhance the reliability of results .

Measurement errors, such as parallax error in reading the ruler or inconsistencies in the ball's release height, can significantly affect the determination of the coefficient of restitution. Inaccurate readings can lead to incorrect calculations of relative velocities before and after the collision, thus skewing the COR value. Even slight deviations in measurement can alter the average results due to the narrow range of values involved in such experiments .

In reality, perfectly elastic or inelastic collisions are theoretical constructs because some kinetic energy is always transformed into other forms such as heat, sound, and deformation energy. Perfectly elastic collisions, characterized by a COR of 1, do not occur as there are always energy dissipative processes present during real collisions. Similarly, perfectly inelastic collisions, where objects do not bounce back at all, seldom happen as materials typically offer some degree of rebound .

The coefficient of restitution (COR) measures the elasticity of a collision, representing the ratio of relative speeds post- and pre-collision along the line of impact. A COR of 1 indicates a perfectly elastic collision, where the ball rebounds with the same energy and velocity it had before the impact. Conversely, a COR approaching 0 signals an inelastic collision where a significant portion of kinetic energy is lost, primarily to heat or deformation, resulting in a much lower rebound velocity .

A coefficient of restitution greater than 1 means that the post-collision relative speed is higher than the pre-collision speed. This can occur if additional energy is introduced during the collision, such as through a chemical reaction, reduction of rotational energy, or another decrease in internal energy that augments post-collision velocity. However, such scenarios are rare and typically occur under very specific conditions .

The primary factors influencing the coefficient of restitution include the material properties of the ball and surface, the deformation characteristics during the collision, and the distribution of energy losses such as into heat, sound, or deformation. Harder materials typically have a higher COR due to less energy loss through deformation. Additionally, factors like surface roughness and temperature can also play roles .

Using different materials for the ping pong ball could significantly alter the coefficient of restitution due to the intrinsic properties such as hardness, elasticity, and density. Harder and more elastic materials typically result in higher COR values as they rebound more efficiently, whereas softer materials tend to absorb more energy, resulting in lower COR values. This suggests that material selection is crucial for accurate and comparable experimental results .

Conclusions about energy transfer in collisions can be drawn based on the coefficient of restitution: Higher COR values indicate more efficient energy transfer between colliding bodies, with less energy lost to deformation and heat, leading to a greater rebound velocity. In contrast, lower COR values suggest inefficient energy transfer, with a larger portion of the kinetic energy converted into non-recoverable forms such as heat, resulting in diminished rebound performance .

In the experiments involving the ping pong ball, the principle of conservation of momentum necessitates that the total momentum before and after the collision must be constant in the system. The changes in velocity of the ball upon impact reflect energy transformations governed by this principle, although external factors like floor resistance and human error can affect outcomes slightly. These transformations are vital for assessing the coefficient of restitution and understanding energy dispersal in the experiment .

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