Air is expanded isentropically from a reservoir in which the pressure is 1000 kPa and the temperature is 30°C until

the pressure has

dropped to 25 kPa. A normal shock wave occurs at this point. Find the static pressure, the static temperature, the air velocity, and
the stagnation pressure after the shock wave.
R 287 k 1.4 P1 25 Po1 1000 To1 303
k/(k-1) 3.5
k/k-1
Po1 k-1 2
= 1 + M1 = 40 1 + 0.2 M 21 = 2.869
P1 2

M1 = 3.057

To1 k-1 T1 = 105.61

= 1 + M 21 = 2.87
T1 2

P2 = 268.4 kPa
P2 2kM21 - k-1 25.766
= = = 10.736
P1 1 + k 2.4

(k-1)M21 + 2 5.74
2
M 2 = = = 0.223
2kM21 - (k-1 ) 25.77
M2 = 0.4719

To1 = To2

To2 k-1 T2 = 290.08 K

= 1 + M 22 = 1.04
T2 2

a2 = 341.4 V2 = 161.11 m/s

k/(k-1) k/(k-1)
Po2 1+((k-1)/2)M22) 2kM21 - k-1 1.04 25.77
= = = 0.313
Po1 1+((k-1)/2)M21) 1 + k 2.87 2.4

Po2 = 312.62
A gas with a molar mass of 4 and a specific heat ratio of 1.67 is expanded from a large reservoir in which the pressure and
temperature are 600 kPa and 35°C, respectively, through a nozzle system until the Mach No becomes 1.5. A Normal Shock
wave then occurs in the flow. Find the pressure and velocity behind the shock wave.
M 4 kg/k Mol R 2.0785 kg/k Mol k 1.67 k/(k-1) 2.4925

M1 1.5 Po1 600 To1 308

(k-1)M21 + 2 3.51
M 22 = = = 0.512
2kM21 - (k-1 ) 6.85 so M2 = 0.7158

P2 2kM21 - k-1 6.845

= = = 2.5637
P1 1 + k 2.67

k/k-1 2.49
Po1 k-1 2 2 P1 = 147.93 kPa
= 1 + M 1 = 1 + 0.335 M 1 = 4.056
P1 2

To1 k-1
= 1 + M 21 = 1.75
T1 2 T1 = 175.62 K

T2 (2kM21 -(k-1)) * (2+(k-1)M21) 6.845 * 3.5075

= 2 2
= = 1.4968
T1 (k+1) M 1
16.04

T2 = 262.87 K a2 = 30.207 V2 = 21.623 m/s

Air is expanded from a large reservoir in which the pressure and temperature are 500 kPa and 35°C through a variable area duct. A
normal shock occurs at a point in the duct where the Mach number is 2.5. Find the pressure and temperature in the flow just
downstream of the shock wave. Downstream of the shock wave, the flow is brought to rest in another large reservoir. Find the
pressure and temperature in this reservoir. Assume that the flow is one-dimensional and isentropic everywhere except through the
shock wave.
R 287 J/kg Kmol k 1.4 k/(k-1) 3.5 Po1 500 kPa To1 308 K M1 = 2.5

From Tables
Po1 so P1 29.265 kPa To1 = 2.25 so T1 = 136.89 K
= 17.085
P1 T1
From Shock Tables
Po2 P2 T2
= 0.5 = 7.124 = 2.138
Po1 P1 T1

so Po2 = 250 kPa P2 = 208.49 T2 = 292.67

To2 = To1 = 308 K

5-15
Air is expanded from a reservoir in which the pressure and temperature are maintained at 1000 kPa and 30 C. At a point in
the flow at which the static pressure is 150 kPa, a normal shock occurs. Find the static Pressure, static temperature and
the air velocity behind the shock wave. Assume the flow to be isentropic everywhere except through the shock wave.

R 287 J/kg Kmol k 1.4 k/(k-1) 3.5 Po1 1000 kPa To1 303 K P1 150 kPa

Po1 From Tables M1 = 1.9

= 6.6667
P1

To1 T1 = 175.96
= 1.722
T1

From Shock Tables M2 = 0.595 P2/P1 = 4.05 T2/T1 = 1.61

P2 = 607.5 kPa T2 = 283.29 K

a2 = 337.38 m/s V2 = 200.74 m/s

A pitot–static tube is placed in a supersonic flow in which the static pressure and temperature are 60 kPa and –20°C,
respectively. The difference between the pitot and static pressures is measured and found to be 449 kPa. Find the Mach
number and velocity in the flow. Discuss the assumptions used in deriving the answers.

R 287 k 1.4 P1 60 kPa T1 253 K

k/(k-1) 3.5
P2 Po2 - P1 = 449 kPa
Po1 Po2

Po2 - P1 Po2
= 7.4833 = 8.4833
P1 P1

From Shock Tables M1 = 2.48 a1 = 318.83 m/s

V1 = 790.71 m/s
A shock wave is moving down a constant area duct containing air. The air ahead of the shock wave is at rest and at a
pressure and temperature of 100 kPa and 20°C, respectively. If the pressure ratio across the shock wave is 2.5, then find
the velocity ,pressure and temperature behind the shock wave.

R 287 k 1.4 k/(k-1) 3.5

Transfer Co-ordinates
P1 100 kpa P1 100 kpa
V2 T1 293 K Us - V2 T1 293 K

P2 Us P2 = 250 kPa Us

P2/P1 = 2.5 From Shock Tables M1 = 1.5 M2 = 0.701

T2/T1 = 1.32 so T2 = 386.76 K a1 = 343.11 m/s a2 = 394.21 m/s

Us = M1a1 = 514.67 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 276.34 m/s
= M2 = 0.701
aa
V2 = 238.33 m/s
As a result of a rapid chemical reaction, a normal shock wave is generated, which propagates down a duct in which there is air at a
pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 30°C. The pressure behind this shock wave is 130 kPa. Half a second after the generation
of this shock wave, a second normal shock wave is generated by another chemical reaction. This second shock wave follows the
first one down the duct, the pressure behind this second wave being 190 kPa. Find the velocity of the air and the temperature
behind the second shock wave. Also, find the distance between the two waves at a time of 0.7 s after the generation of the first
shock wave.

R 287 k 1.4 k/(k-1) 3.5

First Wave
Transfer Co-ordinates
P1 100 kpa P1 100 kpa
V2 T1 303 K Us - V2 T1 303 K

P2 Us P2 = 130 kPa Us

P2/P1 = 1.3 From Shock Tables M1 = 1.12 M2 = 0.896

P2/P1 = 1.3
T2/T1 = 1.08 so T2 = 327.24 K

a1 = 348.92 m/s a2 = 362.61 m/s

Us = M1a1 = 390.79 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 324.9 m/s
= M2 = 0.896
aa
Second Wave V2 = 65.893 m/s

Transfer Co-ordinates
P1' 130 kpa P1' 130 kpa
V2 65.893 T 1' 327.24 K Us - V2 T 1' 327.24 K

P'2 Us2 P'2 = 190 kPa Us2

P3/P2 = 1.4615 From Shock Tables M'1 = 1.18 M3 = 0.854

P2/P1 = 1.3
T2/T1 = 1.12 so T'2 = 366.51 K

a'1 = 362.61 m/s a'2 = 383.75 m/s

Us2 - V2
= M'1 = 1.18
a1 Us2 = 493.77

Us2 - V2 Us - V2 = 327.72 m/s

= M2 = 0.854
aa
V2 = 166.05 m/s

in 0.7 s first wave travels 273.55 m

Distance in between = 240.34
in 0.2 s second wave travels 33.21 m

in 3 s first wave travels 1172.4 m

Distance in between = -62.06
in 2.5 s second wave travels 1234.4 m

Us = M1a1 = 427.88 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 327.72 m/s
= M2 = 0.854
aa
Second Wave V2 = 100.16 m/s
A normal shock wave across which the pressure ratio is 1.25 is propagating down a duct containing still air at a pressure of 120 kPa
and a temperature of 35°C. This shock wave is reflected off the closed end of the duct. Find the pressure and temperature behind
the reflected shock wave.

R 287 k 1.4
k/(k-1) 3.5
Transfer Co-ordinates
P1 120 kpa P1 120 kpa
V2 T1 308 K Us - V2 T1 308 K

P2 Us P2 = 150 kPa Us

P2/P1 = 1.25 From Shock Tables M1 = 1.1 M2 = 0.91

P2/P1 = 1.25
T2/T1 = 1.064 so T2 = 327.71 K

a1 = 351.79 m/s a2 = 362.87 m/s

Us = M1a1 = 386.97 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 330.21 m/s
= M2 = 0.91
aa
V2 = 56.754 m/s
after reflection
V2 P3 kpa P3 kpa
Usr T3 K Usr + V2 T3 K

P2 Usr P2 = kPa Usr

Usr + V2 Usr
Mup = Mdown =
a2 a3

a2 = 362.87 m/s Usr

Mup = + 0.1564
362.87
0.5 0.5
Usr Usr a2 Usr T2 T2
Mdown = = = = Mup - 0.1564
a3 a2 a3 a2 T3 T3

Mup T3/T2 (T3/T2)0.5 Mdown Mdown

1.1 1.065 1.03 0.912 0.9143 Best Answer

`
1.08 1.0522 1.03 0.9277 0.9004

1.12 1.0776 1.04 0.8966 0.9282

1.14 1.0903 1.04 0.8834 0.942

P3/P2 = 1.245 T3/T2 1.065

P3 186.75 T3 349.01 a3 = 374.48 m/s

Usr Usr Usr = 341.52

Mdown = = = 0.912
a3 374.48

Usr + V2 Usr + V2 = 399.16

Mup = = 1.1
a2
V2 = 57.633 m/s
A shock across which the pressure ratio is 1.18 moves down a duct into still air at a pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 30°C.
Find the temperature and velocity of the air behind the shock wave. If instead of being at rest, the air ahead of the shock wave is
moving toward the wave at a velocity of 75 m/s, what would be the velocity of the air behind the shock wave?
R 287 k 1.4
k/(k-1) 3.5
Transfer Co-ordinates
P1 100 kpa P1 100 kpa
V2 T1 303 K Us - V2 T1 303 K

P2 Us P2 = 118 kPa Us

P2/P1 = 1.18 From Shock Tables M1 = 1.08 M2 = 0.93

P2/P1 = 1.18
T2/T1 = 1.052 so T2 = 318.76 K
Po2/Po1 = 0.98 Po2/P1 = 2.71
a1 = 348.92 m/s a2 = 357.88 m/s

Us = M1a1 = 376.83 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 332.83 m/s
= M2 = 0.93
aa
V2 = 44.008 m/s
Case B
R 287 k 1.4
k/(k-1) 3.5
Transfer Co-ordinates
P1 100 kpa P1 100 kpa
V2 T1 303 K Us - V2 T1 303 K

P2 Us P2 = 118 kPa Us
75

P2/P1 = 1.18 From Shock Tables M1 = 1.08 M2 = 0.93

P2/P1 = 1.18
T2/T1 = 1.052 so T2 = 318.76 K
Po2/Po1 = 0.98 Po2/P1 = 2.71
a1 = 348.92 m/s a2 = 357.88 m/s

Us +V = M1a1 = 376.83 m/s Us = 301.83 m/s

Us - V2 Us - V2 = 332.83 m/s
= M2 = 0.93
aa
V2 = -30.99 m/s in direction of Wave
Air at a pressure of 105 kPa and a temperature of 25°C is flowing out of a duct at a velocity of 250 m/s. A valve at the end of the duct
is suddenly closed. Find the pressure acting on the valve.
R 287 k 1.4
k/(k-1) 3.5
Reflection from Wall Shift Co-ordinates
V2 250 P1 105 kpa P2
Usr T2 298 K Usr + V2 T2

P1 105 kpa P1 105 kpa Usr

T1 298 K T1 298 K

a1 = 346.03
Usr + V2 Usr
M1 = = + 0.7225
a1 a1

Usr Usr a1 a1
M2 = = = M1 - 0.7225
a2 a1 a2 a2

M1 T2/T1 (T2/T1)0.5 M2 M2

1.1 1.065 1.03 0.912 0.37

`
1.5 1.32 1.15 0.7 0.68

1.52 1.333 1.15 0.694 0.69 Best Answer

1.54 1.347 1.16 0.6874 0.70

P3/P2 = 1.74 P3 205.32