week 11, 4/1 Earth's Magnetic Field slide 1 week 11, 4/1 Earth's Magnetic Field slide 2

Geomagnetism Basics of Magnetic Field

„ Basics Physics of Magnetism
• Magnetic Poles and Dipole Coulomb’s Law for Magnetic Poles
µ0 pr
• Magnetic Potential and Magnetic Field B=
4π r 3
µ0 is called permeability, is equal to 4πx10-7NA-2

„ Earth’s Magnetic Field Magnetic Potential

• Intensity (F
(F), Inclination (I
(I) and B = −∇W
Declination (D
(D)
Poisson’s Equation
• External and Internal
∇ 2W = − µ0 ρ
• The dipole field and magnetic Pole
Solution of Poisson’s equation in a spherical coordinate
• Secular variation ∞ n
R
W = R ∑∑ ( )n+1 ( gnl cos lϕ + hnl sin lϕ ) Pnl (cosθ )
• Geodynamo n =1 l =0 r

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The Magnetic Dipole Quantify Earth’s Magnetic Field

X = F cos I cos D
µ0 p 1 1
Y = F cos I sin D
W= ( − )
4π r+ r− Z = F sin I
d F = ( X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 )1 / 2
r− − r+ = (cos θ ' + cos θ ) = d cosϑ
2
Y
r+ r− = r 2 D = arctan( );
µ (dp ) cos θ µ0 m cos θ X
W= 0 =
4π r2 4π r 2 Z
m = dp
I = arctan( )
X 2 +Y 2
magnetic moment of the dipole

cgs: Gauss; SI: Tesla (T), Nanotesla (nT)

1Gauss = 10-4 Tesla; 1 gamma (γ) = 10-5 Tesla = 10-9Tesla=1 nT

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Earth’s Magnetic Field Intensity

equator

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Inclination Declination

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External Magnetic Field Van Allen Radiation Belts

„ Measured by
Satellite and
Spacecraft
„ Solar Wind
• 1 AGU, 6nT

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The Internal Magnetic Field Magnetic Field ≈ Bar Magnetic Field

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Dipole Field (1) Earth’s Magnetic Poles

„ Represents
~90% of the total
field
„ Pole axis is
~10.9°
~10.9° from the
rotation axis
„ Magnetic poles
(N: 79.1°
79.1° N,
71.1°
71.1° W; S:
79.1°
79.1° S, 108.9°
108.9° Actual magnetic poles: locations where the magnetic field is
E) vertical, or the inclination is 90°, they are not 180° apart
(North magnetic pole, 75°N, 101°W on Bathhurst Island,
Canada, South magnetic pole: 67°S, 143°E, in northern
Antarctica)

week 11, 4/1 Earth's Magnetic Field slide 15 week 11, 4/1 Earth's Magnetic Field slide 16

Quantify Earth’s Magnetic Field

∞ n
R
W = R ∑∑ ( ) n +1 ( gnl cos lϕ + hnl sin lϕ ) Pnl (cos θ )
n =1 l = 0 r
X = F cos I cos D R 3 g10 cos θ
W=
r2
Y = F cos I sin D µ m cos θ
W= 0
Z = F sin I 4πr 2
4π 3 0
m= R g1
F = ( X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 )1/ 2 µ0
B = −∇W
Y ∂W µ0 2m cos θ
D = arctan( ); Br = − =
X ∂r 4π r3
1 ∂W µ0 m sin θ
Bθ = − =
Z r ∂θ 4π r 3
I = arctan( ) B
X 2 +Y 2 tan I = r = 2 cot θ = 2 tan λ ,
Bθ
where λ is the magnetic latitude

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Historical Changes in Declination and Inclination in London

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The North Magnetic Pole Secular Variation (past 500 yr)

Over the Past 2000 Years

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Reversal of Earth’s Magnetic Field

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Core dynamics Geodynamo

„ Compositional and
Poloidal Ω
Magnetic

thermal convection Field

in OC fluid
„ OC convection
drives geodynamo Toroidal
„ IC relevant to Magnetic
Field

geodynamo
processes
• Tangent Cylinder: IC
affects OC pattern of
convection
• IC may act as big
magnetic capacitor

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Paleomagnetism
„ Magnetization Perturbation of Magnetic Field
• Basic physics
• Types of Magnetic Behavior
„ Diamagnetism
„ Paramagnetism
„ Ferromagnetism

• Types of Magnetization
„ Paleomagnetism
• Types of Remanent magnetization
• Paleomagnetic Interpretation
„ Magnetic stripes across mid-
mid-ocean ridges
„ Paleolatitude studies and Polar wander

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A Phenomenal Description of Magnetization Types of Magnetic Behavior

Orbital magnetic moment Magnetization

m = ISnˆ M = ∑ mi / v
i
e ev
I= = Magnetizing Field (H)
2πr / v 2πr
Magnetic Susceptibility
ev 2 1
m = IS = πr = evr
2πr 2
1.6 × 10 c × 2.2 × 106 m / s × 0.53 × 10 −10 m
−19 1 B
= M = (1 − )
2 µr µ 0
= 0.93 × 10 −23 Am 2 B
H= −M
Spin magnetic moment µ0
ms = 0.927 × 10 −23 A ⋅ m 2 M = kH

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Typical magnetic susceptibilities of

Types of Magnetization
some common Earth materials

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Magnetic Anomalies Latitude Dependence of Magnetic Anomalies

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Mapping igneous Intrusion with

Mapping Magnetic Sources Seismic, Gravity and Magnetic Data

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Magnetic Basement Curie Depth

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Reversal of Earth’s Magnetic Field Types of Remanent Magnetization

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Paleomagnetic Alignment at a Mid-

Mid-Ocean Ridge An Example of A Magnetic Profile

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Paleolatitude Studies Polar Wander Path & Continent Drift

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