7.1 Jader Barbosa Jr et al. [1]:-Studied the most recent developments in the field of MCE refrigeration.

He and his team first

studied the experimental characteristics of MCE in some magnetic materials. Experiment was performed using a magnetic field on the
given substance. The refrigerant material can be used in solid, bulky form or it can be used in powdered form. For field generation, a
Halbach magnet arrangement is used to provide a magnetic flux density of the required magnitude, which is maintained uniformly at
around 1.75T. The magnetocaloric effect was observed, where due to a change in magnetic entropy, an adiabatic change in the
temperature of the material was observed. This effect has also been demonstrated by the use of a few other prototype devices, namely
the first generation reciprocating active magnetic regenerative machines, as well as the second generation rotary AMR refrigeration
machines. 7.1.1 Material Specification
Use of Gadolinium as the MCE sample
Use of Nd2Fe14B Halbach magnet

7.1.2 Result
Magnetic entropy decrease which causes adiabatic temperature changes
The above phenomenon confirms MCE which can be demonstrated using a few prototype magnetic refrigerators as well

Figure 2. Experimental Setup 66 | P a g e

7.1.3 Experimental Setup Experimental setup was designed and built to directly measure the magnetocaloric effect of certain materials
which could exhibit relevant properties. It consisted of a Halbach magnet arrangement, a gadolinium sample in plate (or in powder)
form, pneumatic actuator with an arm made of nylon, a T type thermocouple, insulated chamber, and a heat-exchanger unit. 7.1.4
Specifications
1. Nd2Fe14B Halbach magnet assembly with a flux density uniformly maintained at 1.75 T
2. Pneumatic actuator with nylon arm
3. Thin T type thermocouple
4. Sample in bulk form in the form of two plates rectangular in shape which are insulated by a 5mm Polystyrene layer
5. Thermally insulated chamber with capacity of 29 Litres
6. Temperature control system consisting of Peltier modules and a copper coil heat-exchanger which is in turn connected to a thermal
bath which is temperature controlled which allow the system to work within a range of 250-350K with tolerance of ±0.05K

7.1.5 Experimentation After required temperature stabilization of the sample, the pneumatic actuator is activated by a solenoid valve.
The actuator places the material (sample) in the magnet, which causes a change in the value of magnetic field from 0T to 1.75T, which
results in magnetization of the material. The material is kept in the magnetic field for a few seconds. Then, the solenoid valve is closed,
which causes the pneumatic actuator to move the sample outside the magnetic field which causes demagnetization of the material. 7.1.6
Results and Discussion The adiabatic change in temperature is measured as the difference in the average temperatures of the sample
when it is placed inside the magnetic field and then removed. The temperature changes due to presence of thermocouple, which has its
own magnetic induction. The shape of sample influences the magnetic field, which is accounted for by N D, also known as the
demagnetization factor. Due to the consideration of this demagnetization factor, there is a decrease in internal magnetic field's intensity
(Hint), relative to the magnetic field applied. ND for an isothermal material is given as
Hint = Happ – NDM(1) where Happ is the applied magnetic field. For this particular setup, μ0Happ = 1.75 T, where μ0 is the free space
permeability. 7.2 Kurt Engelbrecht et al. [2]:-In this research, a prototype magnetic refrigeration device meant for testing purpose
was built at the Technical University of Denmark, or DTU. The prototype is modular in nature, and hence the replacement of parts is
very easy. The device is reciprocating type and uses a Halbach magnet arrangement as a field source with average flux density of 1.03
T. The sample material used is a flat plate Gadolinium regenerator also containing La(Fe,Co,Si) 13, the plate is prepared by sintering the
above two materials. 7.2.1 Material Specification
Mono regenerator Active Magnetic Regenerative (AMR) device
67 | P a g e
 Regenerator of volume 15cm3 which does not include housing and external components
Permanent Halbach cylinder magnet with average flux density of 1.03 Tesla, diameter of 42mm and height of 50mm

7.2.2 Results
The effect of ambient temperature was tested in relation to the temperature of the cold and hot reservoirs. For a temperature of
22.5°C, the regenerator's no-load span was found to be 10.2°C in the range of 15.6° to 25.8°C. If the temperature of hot reservoir was
allowed to rise 3°C above room (ambient) level, it lead to an increase in the temperature span of the device by 1°C. Since losses from
regenerator are negligible, it can be concluded that there is a thermal leak between the cold reservoir and the ambient surroundings
which could lead to a loss in performance.
Test shows that a single material AMR refrigerator works its best when its Curie point lies within the working range of temperature of
the device.

7.3Prakash Chawla et al. [3]:-In this research, the different types of magnetocaloric materials were studied. The paper also puts
light on linear and rotary type of magnetic refrigeration devices, as well as Multistage machines using permanent magnets.
Gadolinium and its alloys
Perovskites and perovskite-like compounds

7.3.1 Results
The temperature span needs to be minimized which can be done by reducing difference in the upper and lower temperature values,
otherwise the system is just not efficient or viable
MCE refrigerators are limited since the cooling effect can take place only close to the Curie point, and hence they cannot handle large
variations in temperature

7.4 Houssem Rafik El-Hana Bouchekara et al. [4]:-This paper talks about the active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigeration
devices. These devices overcome some of the problems that are faced when working with Gadolinium and its alloys for obtaining the
MCE, and thus the problem of cooling capacity of load is slightly improved. Some of the different prototypes of magnetic refrigerators
are also covered in this paper.
Gadolinium and its alloys
Magnetic refrigeration systems: Steyret, Brown, Kirol, Spanish, Japanese, Zimm, Canadian, Cooltech, G2Elab prototypes, and the
Slovenian systems, based on monoblock magnets, Halbach cylinder, double Halbach cylinder, and Rotating Multiblock magnet system

7.4.1 Results
The different types of devices, as well as shortcomings of magnetic refrigerators and ways of overcoming them using AMR devices
was studied
MCE gives best refrigeration when the difference between cold and hot reservoir temperatures is less and the Curie point is within the
working range

7.5 Engin Gedik et al. [5]:-In this study, the principle of magnetocaloric effect, magnetic refrigeration, and basic types of magnetic
refrigerators were studied. It also covered the different types of magnetocaloric 68 | P a g e
materials, namely Gadolinium and its alloys, and some other materials.
Gadolinium and its alloys
Perovskites and perovskite-like materials

7.5.1 Results
More energy saved when using magnetic refrigeration (increase of almost 30%), compared to regular gas-cycle refrigeration units
MCE refrigeration works best when the difference in hot and cold reservoir temperatures is small and the Curie point lies within the
working range of the device

7.6 J.S. Lewis et al. [6]:-In this paper, different types of magnetocaloric materials, such as Gadolinium and its alloys, mainly
Gd5Si2Ge2 (which exhibits giant magnetocaloric effect or GMCE), and the difference between MCE and GMCE exhibiting materials is
that in case of GMCE material, there is a structural change which accompanies the MCE. It also studies the Active Magnetic
Regenrative (AMR) refrigerators, such as the Japanese model (from the Chubu Electric Power Co. Inc.) which gives a maximum
cooling power of 560 watt at a span of 0K, and the Zimm model with maximum cooling power of 44 watt at a temperature span of 0K.
MCE and GMCE materials such as Gadolinium and its alloys
Different types of AMR machines, namely the Japanese Chubu Electric model and the Zimm model

7.6.1 Results
The highest possible coefficient of performance obtained so far is 2.4 by the Chubu Electric AMR machine at room temperature
Commercial viability of magnetic refrigeration is possible by use of GMCE materials, permanent magnets, proper magnetocaloric
refrigeration cycles, and better design for devices

7.7Aedah M. Jawad Mahdy et al. [7]:-In this research, a suitable magnetic refrigeration prototype device was constructed and
studied using pure Gadolinium as the MCE exhibiting material. The magnetic assembly used was a Halbach cylinder generating flux
density of 0.7 to 2.4 Tesla. Other materials used for housing etc were PVC and Perspex tubes. The fluids used for working were distilled
water and mixture of water/ethylene glycol.
Permanent NdFeB Halbach cylinder arrangement magnet generating magnetic flux density of values up to 2.4 Tesla
13 plates of 99.9% pure gadolinium with 0.9mm thickness, 25mm width, and a length of 40mm along direction of flow

7.7.1 Results
Maximum no-load temperature span obtained was 11K
The designed prototype is in agreement with similar prototypes built for other research facilities and gives similar results coming to
magnetic refrigeration