Introduction

Origami is the art of paper folding. By a sequence of folds, a flat piece of paper is turned into a stylized
animal, flower, box, or other recognizable object, generally 3-dimensional and often with moving
parts or serving a utilitarian purpose. The final object is called a 'model'. The classical models include
the water bomb, crane, and flapping bird. In recent times unit or modular origami, in which geometric
constructions are built up from so-called modules, has become popular. Origami is both a craft and an
art.

Modular origami
Wet-folding
Pureland origami
Origami tessellations
Kirigami
Strip folding

Facts about origami

Origami is derived from two Japanese words - Ori (folded) and Kami (paper). Earlier, it was
called Orikata (folded shape). The Japanese word for paper "kami" is the same written word as
the Japanese word for spirit or god and certain origami models were part of their religious
ceremonies.
An ancient Japanese legend says that if you fold one thousand cranes you will be granted a wish.

There are dozens of entries for origami in the Guinness Book of World Records including most
folds, smallest, biggest, fastest time for folding 100 cranes, and many more.
The record for the longest flight indoors of an origami plane is 22.48 seconds - held by Takuo
Toda, who is credited with inventing the paper airplane.
The smallest origami crane in the world was made by Naito Akira folding plastic film measuring
0.1 by 0.1 mm. Largest origami crane measures 256 ft 6 inches.
There are origami paper airplane championships held in Japan.
Origami is the theme of a play in New York called "Animals Out of Paper" in which the three
main characters all are involved in the art of paper folding.

There are at least a dozen national origami associations throughout the world including: US,
Japan, France, Netherlands, UK, Spain, Germany, Australia, Italy, Poland, Russia, and China. The
British Origami Society was the first association and was founded in London in 1967.

The largest number of origami cranes was created as part of the 50th anniversary of the
dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima. A total of 250,000 paper cranes were displayed in a
large memorial in the city. Each had a person's name on it and a short, peaceful message.
A paper crane is a symbol for world peace.
With the recent upsurge in "origami mathematics", origami
has gradually freed itself from the technological dimensionand has begun to show its cross-
border ambitions.
And to understand the mathematical connotation of origami,we have to start from the ancient
Greek three majorgeometric problems.
When Plato set up the School of Philosophy in Athens,Greece, about 387 BC, he set a thres
hold for "the ignoranceof geometry, the Forbidden place" (let no one ignorant ofgeometry ent
er). Around 300 BC, the Euclid from Alexandria School was outspoken to King Ptolemy who
inquired about learning geometry
shorcuts "The road of Geometry, no KingRoad" (There is no royal Road to geometry). Thes
e twowords highlight the dual roles of geometry at that time inAncient Greek society, one is s
acred, the way to the highesttruth, and plebeian, regardless of the rank and file, its entry
point is the same.
Is in the "inferiority to ascend" learning atmosphere, geometry from a practical tool for
solving the problem of land survey, gradually advanced explore into the abstract, a kind of
intellectual pleasure, as a result, moreover three large geometric figure problems began in
ancient Greece.
The so-called three geometric mapping problem in ancient Greece, respectively is "turning
round to square", "times cube" and, "trisection Angle", the common limitation of this three
questions is drawing by only using the compass and ruler without [Link] problem of
making a circle square is that given a circle with known area, how to make a square so that
the square area is equal to the area of known circle. The "multiple cube" problem requires
making a positive cube twice the volume of another known positive [Link] trisecting
Angle question asks how to trisect any known Angle. Geometry is the mainstream and
foundation of ancient Greek mathematics, and the challenge of the simplicity and the
solution of the three problems of geometric drawing has attracted numerous
mathematicians. Although there are some approximate solutions in this process, they are
more or less in conflict with the rules of the game. Therefore, they remain unsolved, which
makes them the three impossibilities famous in ancient Greek geometry.
The three geometric problems took a major turn in the nineteenth [Link] French
mathematician Pierre l. Wantzel published an article in 1837 entitled whether
geometrical problems can be solved by ruler mapping . (Research on the Means of Knowing
If a Geometry Problem Can Be Solved with the Compass and Straightedge) in a paper to
prove:"If all the problems are reduced to an equation whose number is not 2n, and the
equation cannot be decomposed in the rational number system, it cannot be solved by
plotting with the ruler. Surprisingly, Wantzel has only solved the two outstanding cases that
have plagued mankind for more than two thousand years in just seven pages. No wonder, in
his paper, he said, "no one seems to be able to prove these famous ancient problems
strictly, and there is no way to solve it in the form of the required geometry."
45 years laer, the problem of "the square of the circle", the German mathematician Carl L. F.
von Lindemann proved in 1882 that it is a transcendental number (transcendental number)
so that it can not be drawn with a ruler gauge
Although origami originated in China, it was not developed until it reached [Link] as
a Japanese Shinto temple rituals he paper folds were passed on by monks from the
monasteries. In 1797, the book of the secret feathers is the oldest known folds of paper is
handed down one of the oldest known origami [Link], in the early 20th century, the
Japanese Akira Yoshizawa (1911-2005) further developed the art of origami.,
His works are not complicated, but they are very creative and interesting, so the English
word Origami of origami is transliteration from Japanese word "folding paper".

The link between origami and mathematics is still attributable to the Japanese. In 1991,
Humiaki Huzita, the Japanese Italian Huzita, presented the following six famous
mathematical postulates:
The postulate 1. gives any two points P1 and P2, and there is only one broken line through
these two points.
The postulate 2. gives any two points P1 and P2, and there is only one fold line so that P1
and P2 coincide.
The postulate 3. gives any two straight lines L1 and L2, and there is a fold line that makes L1
and L2 coincide.
The postulate 4. gives P1 and L1 of any point, and there is only one fold line perpendicular
to L1 and P1.
The postulate 5. gives any two points P1, P2 and line L1. There is a fold line so that P1 is on
line L1 and the fold line passes through P2.
The postulate 6. gives any two points P1, P2 and two lines L1 and L2, there is a fold line that
makes p1 on line L1, and P2 is on line L2.

And that's what you can't do with a ruler that can only solve quadratic programming. Later, in
2001, another Japanese, Koshiro Hatori, further proposed seventh postulates in 2001:
The American Robert Lang and the French Jacques Justin also found seventhpostulate
respectively, and Lang further proves that the seven postulate constitute a complete system
of the mathematical origami, in other words, any issue of origami mapping can be solved by
using these seven postulate.

Because Origami mathematics can encompass all ruler mapping actions and has more
degrees of freedom, origami can solve some of the unsolvable puzzles in some Euclidean
geometry systems. For example, the problem of “trivial angle” can be solved by origami.
Because origami mathematics can cover all ruler mapping actions and has more degrees of
freedom, origami can solve certain Euclidean geometry systems which are Unsolvable
puzzles for drawing including the three impossibilities.
 Anyone who has practiced origami has probably, at one time or another, unfolded an origami model
and marveled at the intricate crease pattern which forms the "blueprint" of the fold. Clearly there are
some rules at play in these collection of creases. Clearly there is an origami geometry at work when
paper is folded.

Such geometry, this mathematics of origami, has been studied extensively by origamists,
mathematicians, scientists and artists. The Italian-Japanese mathematician Humiaki Huzita has
formulated a list of axioms to define origami geometrically. Physicist Jun Maekawahas discovered
some fundamental theorems about origami and used them to design origami models of surprising
elegance.

states that at every vertex in flat-folded origami, the difference

between the number of mountain and valley creases is
always two.
Mathematician Toshikazu Kawasaki has a number of origami theorems to his name and has even
generalized some of them to describe paper folding in higher dimensions.

Kawasaki's theorem states that a given crease pattern can be folded to a flat origami iff all the
sequences of angles alpha_1, ..., alpha_(2n) surrounding each (interior) vertex fulfil the following
condition

alpha_1+alpha_3+...+alpha_(2n-1)=alpha_2+alpha_4+...+alpha_(2n)=180 degrees.

(Origami in the fourth dimension!)

Robert Lang of California has developed an ingenious way to algorithmatize the origami design
process, using a computer to help him invent models of amazing complexity. Educator Shuzo Fujimoto
and artist Chris Palmer have discovered amazing parallels between origami and tessellations. And an
enormous number of teachers have been developing ways to use origami to teach concepts in math,
chemistry, physics and architecture.

in Japan, people usually acquire origami skills quite early during childhood. As origami requires
'following precise directions', it has gained a widespread following as a hobby among adults too. The
folding process often involves a number of concepts that are relevant to the study of mathematics. It
is not only a craft designed for children's amusement, but it is also intended for adults. Many of the
origami forms involve complicated steps, and are difficult to make.

Connection of origami with geometry is clear and multifaceted. A folded model is both a piece of art
and a geometric figure. The following are meant to be examples of the range of applications of
origami to the mathematics classroom.

The six axioms are shown to the right. It has been shown that using the six Huzita axioms, it is possible
to:
 Solve all quadratic, cubic, and quartic equations with rational coefficients;
 Trisect an arbitrary angle;
 Construct cube roots, including the famous problem of "doubling the cube";
 Construct a regular N-gon for N of the form 2i3j(2k3l+1) when the last term in parentheses is a prime
(a so-called Pierpont Prime);

Words origin:

Origami (折り紙, from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper" (kami changes to gami due
to rendaku)) is the art of paper folding, which is often associated with Japanese culture. In modern
usage, the word "origami" is used as an inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their
culture of origin.

The goal is to transform a flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and
sculpting techniques.
The best-known origami model is the Japanese paper crane.

In general, these designs begin with a square sheet of paper whose sides may be of different colors,
prints, or patterns.

Traditional Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo period (1603–1867), has often
been less strict about these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to
start with. The principles of origami are also used in stents, packaging and other engineering
applications.[2]

 bone folder allows sharp creases to be made in the paper easily, paper clips can act as
extra pairs of fingers, and tweezerscan be used to make small folds. When making complex
models from origami crease patterns, it can help to use a ruler and ballpoint embosser to
score the creases. Completed models can be sprayed so they keep their shape better, and
a spray is needed when wet folding.
 Types of origami
conclusion

Origami does not require fancy equipment. Ordinary paper, even used paper, works well, especially
for the early stages of learning. However, when students become teachers, it can be advantageous to
make use of computer technology to make diagrams and other teaching aids. Such computer use
often serves to make the activities even more appealing to students and to raise the standard for
student work.

Origami can be an answer to the demand from educators and from others for activities and entree
points to mathematical discourse and applications called for by the National, Council of Teachers of
Mathematics and other reform efforts. One ofthe most frequently stated goals of such educational
reform efforts is to change the role of teacher from lecturer to guide, from the teacher being the only
source of knowledge in the classroom to the condition of the classroom being a community in which
everyone is an enthusiastic, responsible, and contributing teacher and learner. the origami
communities ,have long appreciated the pleasure and value of being teachers and learners together
to bring these experiences to the classroom. Origami as an activity, with its open-ended nature,
communication, and interconnectiveness, is reflective of the epistemology of mathematics that
students should have experience.

References

Origami can come in handy anytime and be useful not only for children but also for
grown-ups
If you’re waiting for guests, you can use this paper basket and paper saucers to lay the
table and fill it with sweets or candies. It will look nice on the children’s table at your kid’s
birthday party. And if you’re going out for a picnic, such paper baskets and saucers will
be extremely useful as you won’t need to bring any dishes or plates with you and the
table served with such baskets made of colorful paper will look very attractive. Moreover,
no trouble to clean up the mess afterwards.
Origami bookmarkers. Often for our books as a bookmarker we use a patch of paper
found in a hurry. Some people buy bookmarkers in stores. But it’s very simple and quick
to make a bookmarker with your own hands. The bookmarker gets hooked on the page
with the heart and it won’t slide if the book suddenly falls down and opens. Try yourself
and teach your kid.
There are plans for an origami airplane to be launched from space. A prototype passed a
durability test in a wind tunnel on March 2008, and Japan's space agency adopted it for
feasibility studies.
Medical Folding patterns have been useful in modeling cell membranes and proteins as well
as in the design of an expandable artery stent using a shape memory alloy. Origami is also
used to simulate DNA patterns.
"Paper folding" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see Paper folding (disambiguation). For
other uses of Origami, see Origami (disambiguation).

Origami cranes
 The folding of an Origami crane

Origami (折り紙, from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper" (kami changes to gami due
to rendaku)) is the art of paper folding, which is often associated with Japanese culture. In modern
usage, the word "origami" is used as an inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their
culture of origin. The goal is to transform a flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture
through folding and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practitioners generally discourage the use
of cuts, glue, or markings on the paper. Origami folders often use the Japanese word kirigami to refer
to designs which use cuts, although cutting is more characteristic of Chinese papercrafts.[1][not in citation
given]

The small number of basic origami folds can be combined in a variety of ways to make intricate
designs. The best-known origami model is the Japanese paper crane. In general, these designs begin
with a square sheet of paper whose sides may be of different colors, prints, or patterns. Traditional
Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo period (1603–1867), has often been less
strict about these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start with.
The principles of origami are also used in stents, packaging and other engineering applications.[2]

Contents
[hide]

 1History
 2Techniques and materials
o 2.1Techniques
o 2.2Origami paper
o 2.3Tools
 3Types
o 3.1Action origami
o 3.2Modular origami
o 3.3Wet-folding
o 3.4Pureland origami
o 3.5Origami tessellations
o 3.6Kirigami
o 3.7Strip folding
 4Mathematics and technical origami
o 4.1Mathematics and practical applications
o 4.2Technical origami
o 4.3Origami-related computer programs
 5Ethics and copyright
 6Gallery
 7In popular culture
 8See also
 9References
 10Further reading
 11External links

History
Main article: History of origami

A group of Japanese schoolchildren dedicate their contribution of Thousand origami cranes at

the Sadako Sasakimemorial in Hiroshima.
Distinct paperfolding traditions arose in Europe, China, and Japan which have been well-documented
by historians. These seem to have been mostly separate traditions, until the 20th century.
In China, traditional funerals often include the burning of folded paper, most often representations of
gold nuggets (yuanbao). The practice of burning paper representations instead of full-scale wood or
clay replicas dates from the Sung Dynasty (905–1125 CE), though it's not clear how much folding was
involved.[3]
In Japan, the earliest unambiguous reference to a paper model is in a short poem by Ihara Saikaku in
1680 which mentions a traditional butterfly design used during Shinto weddings.[4] Folding filled some
ceremonial functions in Edo period Japanese culture; noshi were attached to gifts, much like greeting
cards are used today. This developed into a form of entertainment; the first two instructional books
published in Japan are clearly recreational.
In Europe, there was a well-developed genre of napkin folding, which flourished during the 17th and
18th centuries. After this period, this genre declined and was mostly forgotten; historian Joan Sallas
attributes this to the introduction of porcelain, which replaced complex napkin folds as a dinner-table
status symbol among nobility.[5] However, some of the techniques and bases associated with this
tradition continued to be a part of European culture; folding was a significant part of Friedrich
Froebel's "Kindergarten" method, and the designs published in connection with his curriculum are
stylistically similar to the napkin fold repertoire.
When Japan opened its borders in the 1860s, as part of a modernization strategy, they imported
Froebel's Kindergarten system—and with it, German ideas about paperfolding. This included the ban
on cuts, and the starting shape of a bicolored square. These ideas, and some of the European folding
repertoire, were integrated into the Japanese tradition. Before this, traditional Japanese sources use a
variety of starting shapes, often had cuts; and if they had color or markings, these were added after
the model was folded.[6]
In the early 1900s, Akira Yoshizawa, Kosho Uchiyama, and others began creating and recording
original origami works. Akira Yoshizawa in particular was responsible for a number of innovations,
such as wet-folding and the Yoshizawa–Randlett diagramming system, and his work inspired a
renaissance of the art form.[7] During the 1980s a number of folders started systematically studying
the mathematical properties of folded forms, which led to a rapid increase in the complexity of
origami models.[8]

Techniques and materials

Techniques

A list of nine basic Origami folds: the valley (or mountain), the pleat, the rabbit ear, the outside
reverse, the inside reverse, the crimp, the squash, the sink and the petal
Main article: Yoshizawa–Randlett system
Many origami books begin with a description of basic origami techniques which are used to construct
the models. This includes simple diagrams of basic folds like valley and mountain folds, pleats, reverse
folds, squash folds, and sinks. There are also standard named bases which are used in a wide variety
of models, for instance the bird base is an intermediate stage in the construction of the flapping
bird.[9] Additional bases are the preliminary base (square base), fish base, waterbomb base, and the
frog base.[10]
Origami paper
Main article: Origami paper

A crane and papers of the same size used to fold it

Almost any laminar (flat) material can be used for folding; the only requirement is that it should hold a
crease.
Origami paper, often referred to as "kami" (Japanese for paper), is sold in prepackaged squares of
various sizes ranging from 2.5 cm (1 in) to 25 cm (10 in) or more. It is commonly colored on one side
and white on the other; however, dual coloured and patterned versions exist and can be used
effectively for color-changed models. Origami paper weighs slightly less than copy paper, making it
suitable for a wider range of models.
Normal copy paper with weights of 70–90 g/m2 can be used for simple folds, such as the crane and
waterbomb. Heavier weight papers of (19–24&nb 100 g/m2 (approx. 25 lb) or more can be wet-
folded. This technique allows for a more rounded sculpting of the model, which becomes rigid and
sturdy when it is dry.
Foil-backed paper, as its name implies, is a sheet of thin foil glued to a sheet of thin paper. Related to
this is tissue foil, which is made by gluing a thin piece of tissue paper to kitchen aluminium foil. A
second piece of tissue can be glued onto the reverse side to produce a tissue/foil/tissue sandwich.
Foil-backed paper is available commercially, but not tissue foil; it must be handmade. Both types of
foil materials are suitable for complex models.

Washi (和紙) is the traditional origami paper used in Japan. Washi is generally tougher than ordinary
paper made from wood pulp, and is used in many traditional arts. Washi is commonly made using
fibres from the bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub (Edgeworthia papyrifera), or the paper
mulberry but can also be made using bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat.
Artisan papers such as unryu, lokta, hanji[citation needed], gampi, kozo, saa, and abaca have long fibers and
are often extremely strong. As these papers are floppy to start with, they are
often backcoated or resized with methylcellulose or wheat paste before folding. Also, these papers
are extremely thin and compressible, allowing for thin, narrowed limbs as in the case of insect
models.
Paper money from various countries is also popular to create origami with; this is known variously as
Dollar Origami, Orikane, and Money Origami.
Tools

Bone folders
It is common to fold using a flat surface, but some folders like doing it in the air with no tools,
especially when displaying the folding.[citation needed]Many folders believe that no tool should be used
when folding.[citation needed] However a couple of tools can help especially with the more complex
models. For instance a bone folder allows sharp creases to be made in the paper easily, paper
clips can act as extra pairs of fingers, and tweezerscan be used to make small folds. When making
complex models from origami crease patterns, it can help to use a ruler and ballpoint embosser to
score the creases. Completed models can be sprayed so they keep their shape better, and a spray is
needed when wet folding.
Types
Action origami
Main article: Action origami

Origami not only covers still-life, there are also moving objects; Origami can move in clever ways.
Action origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete, or, when complete, uses
the kinetic energy of a person's hands, applied at a certain region on the model, to move another flap
or limb. Some argue that, strictly speaking, only the latter is really "recognized" as action origami.
Action origami, first appearing with the traditional Japanese flapping bird, is quite common. One
example is Robert Lang's instrumentalists; when the figures' heads are pulled away from their bodies,
their hands will move, resembling the playing of music.
Modular origami

A stellated icosahedron made from custom papers

Main article: Modular origami
Modular origami consists of putting a number of identical pieces together to form a complete model.
Normally the individual pieces are simple but the final assembly may be tricky. Many of the modular
origami models are decorative folding balls like kusudama, the technique differs though in that
kusudama allows the pieces to be put together using thread or glue.
Chinese paper folding includes a style called Golden Venture Folding where large numbers of pieces
are put together to make elaborate models. It is most commonly known as "3D origami", however,
that name did not appear until Joie Staff published a series of books titled "3D Origami", "More 3D
Origami", and "More and More 3D Origami". Sometimes paper money is used for the modules. This
style originated from some Chinese refugees while they were detained in America and is also
called Golden Venture folding from the ship they came on.
Wet-folding
Main article: Wet-folding

Wet-folding is an origami technique for producing models with gentle curves rather than geometric
straight folds and flat surfaces. The paper is dampened so it can be moulded easily, the final model
keeps its shape when it dries. It can be used, for instance, to produce very natural looking animal
models. Size, an adhesive that is crisp and hard when dry, but dissolves in water when wet and
becoming soft and flexible, is often applied to the paper either at the pulp stage while the paper is
being formed, or on the surface of a ready sheet of paper. The latter method is called external sizing
and most commonly uses Methylcellulose, or MC, paste, or various plant starches.
Pureland origami
Main article: Pureland origami
Pureland origami adds the restrictions that only simple mountain/valley folds may be used, and all
folds must have straightforward locations. It was developed by John Smith in the 1970s to help
inexperienced folders or those with limited motor skills. Some designers also like the challenge of
creating within the very strict constraints.
Origami tessellations
Origami tessellation is a branch that has grown in popularity after 2000. A tessellation is a collection
of figures filling a plane with no gaps or overlaps. In origami tessellations, pleats are used to connect
molecules such as twist folds together in a repeating fashion. During the 1960s, Shuzo Fujimoto was
the first to explore twist fold tessellations in any systematic way, coming up with dozens of patterns
and establishing the genre in the origami mainstream. Around the same time period, Ron
Resch patented some tessellation patterns as part of his explorations into kinetic sculpture and
developable surfaces, although his work was not known by the origami community until the 1980s.
Chris Palmer is an artist who has extensively explored tessellations after seeing the Zilij patterns in
the Alhambra, and has found ways to create detailed origami tessellations out of silk. Robert Lang and
Alex Bateman are two designers who use computer programs to create origami tessellations. The first
international convention devoted to origami tessellations was hosted in Brasília (Brazil) in
2006,[11] and the first instruction book on tessellation folding patterns was published by Eric Gjerde in
2008.[12] Since then, the field has grown very quickly. Tessellation artists include Polly Verity
(Scotland); Joel Cooper, Christine Edison, Ray Schamp and Goran Konjevod from the USA; Roberto
Gretter (Italy); Christiane Bettens (Switzerland); Carlos Natan López (Mexico); and Jorge C. Lucero
(Brazil).
Kirigami
Main article: Kirigami

Kirigami is a Japanese term for paper cutting. Cutting was often used in traditional Japanese origami,
but modern innovations in technique have made the use of cuts unnecessary. Most origami designers
no longer consider models with cuts to be origami, instead using the term Kirigami to describe them.
This change in attitude occurred during the 1960s and 70s, so early origami books often use cuts, but
for the most part they have disappeared from the modern origami repertoire; most modern books
don't even mention cutting.[13]
Strip folding
Strip folding is a combination of paper folding and paper weaving.[14] A common example of strip
folding is called the Lucky Star, also called Chinese lucky star, dream star, wishing star, or simply
origami star. Another common fold is the Moravian Star which is made by strip folding in 3-
dimensional design to include 16 spikes.[14]

Mathematics and technical origami

Mathematics and practical applications

Spring Into Action, designed by Jeff Beynon, made from a single rectangular piece of paper. [15]
Main article: Mathematics of paper folding
The practice and study of origami encapsulates several subjects of mathematical interest. For
instance, the problem of flat-foldability (whether a crease pattern can be folded into a 2-dimensional
model) has been a topic of considerable mathematical study.
A number of technological advances have come from insights obtained through paper folding. For
example, techniques have been developed for the deployment of car airbags and stent implants from
a folded position.[16]
The problem of rigid origami ("if we replaced the paper with sheet metal and had hinges in place of
the crease lines, could we still fold the model?") has great practical importance. For example,
the Miura map fold is a rigid fold that has been used to deploy large solar panel arrays for
space satellites.
Origami can be used to construct various geometrical designs not possible with compass and
straightedge constructions. For instance paper folding may be used for angle trisection and doubling
the cube.
Technical origami

Technical origami, known in Japanese as origami sekkei (折り紙設計), is an origami design approach
in which the model is conceived as an engineered crease pattern, rather than developed
through trial-and-error. With advances in origami mathematics, the basic structure of a new origami
model can be theoretically plotted out on paper before any actual folding even occurs. This method
of origami design was developed by Robert Lang, Meguro Toshiyuki and others, and allows for the
creation of extremely complex multi-limbed models such as many-legged centipedes, human figures
with a full complement of fingers and toes, and the like.
The crease pattern is a layout of the creases required to form the structure of the model.
Paradoxically enough, when origami designers come up with a crease pattern for a new design, the
majority of the smaller creases are relatively unimportant and added only towards the completion of
the model. What is more important is the allocation of regions of the paper and how these are
mapped to the structure of the object being designed. By opening up a folded model, you can
observe the structures that comprise it; the study of these structures led to a number of crease-
pattern-oriented design approaches
The pattern of allocations is referred to as the 'circle-packing' or 'polygon-packing'. Using optimization
algorithms, a circle-packing figure can be computed for any uniaxial base of arbitrary
complexity.[17] Once this figure is computed, the creases which are then used to obtain the base
structure can be added. This is not a unique mathematical process, hence it is possible for two
designs to have the same circle-packing, and yet different crease pattern structures.
As a circle encloses the maximum amount of area for a given perimeter, circle packing allows for
maximum efficiency in terms of paper usage. However, other polygonal shapes can be used to solve
the packing problem as well. The use of polygonal shapes other than circles is often motivated by the
desire to find easily locatable creases (such as multiples of 22.5 degrees) and hence an easier folding
sequence as well. One popular offshoot of the circle packing method is box-pleating, where squares
are used instead of circles. As a result, the crease pattern that arises from this method contains only
45 and 90 degree angles, which often makes for a more direct folding sequence.
Origami-related computer programs
A number of computer aids to origami such as TreeMaker and Oripa, have been
devised.[18] TreeMaker allows new origami bases to be designed for special purposes[19] and Oripa
tries to calculate the folded shape from the crease pattern.[20]
Ethics and copyright
Copyright in origami designs and the use of models has become an increasingly important issue in the
origami community, as the internet has made the sale and distribution of pirated designs very
easy.[21] It is considered good ettiquette to always credit the original artist and the folder when
displaying origami models. It has been claimed that all commercial rights to designs and models are
typically reserved by origami artists; however, the degree to which this can be enforced has been
disputed. Under such a view, a person who folds a model using a legally obtained design could
publicly display the model unless such rights were specifically reserved, whereas folding a design for
money or commercial use of a photo for instance would require consent.[22] The Origami Authors and
Creators group was set up to represent the copyright interests of origami artists and facilitate
permissions requests.
However, a court in Japan has asserted that the folding method of an origami model "comprises an
idea and not a creative expression, and thus is not protected under the copyright law".[23] Further, the
court stated that "the method to folding origami is in the public domain; one cannot avoid using the
same folding creases or the same arrows to show the direction in which to fold the paper". Therefore,
it is legal to redraw the folding instructions of a model of another author even if the redrawn
instructions share similarities to the original ones, as long as those similarities are "functional in
nature". The redrawn instructions may be published (and even sold) without necessity of any
permission from the original author. The Japanese decision is arguably in agreement with the U.S.
Copyright Office, which asserts that "copyright does not protect ideas, concepts, systems, or methods
of doing something."[24]

Gallery
These pictures show examples of various types of origami.

Dollar bill elephant, an example of moneygami

Kawasaki rose using the twist fold devised by Toshikazu Kawasaki. The calyx is made separately.
 

Kawasaki cube, an example of an iso-area model

A wet-folded bull

A challenging miniature version of a paper crane

Two examples of modular origami

An example of origami bonsai

 

Smart Waterbomb using circular paper and curved folds

Flamenco dancers made using a wet fold and twisting/tying technique

Chinese Golden Ventureswans

In popular culture

 In House of Cards season 1, episode 6, Claire Underwood gives a homeless man cash, and he later
returns it folded into the shape of a bird.[25] Claire then begins making origami animals, and in
episode 7 she gives several to Peter Russo for his children.[26]
 In Blade Runner, Gaff folds origami throughout the movie, and an origami unicorn he folds forms
a major plot point.[27]
 The philosophy and plot of the science fiction story "Ghostweight" by Yoon Ha Lee revolve around
origami. In it, origami serves as a metaphor for history: "It is not true that the dead cannot be
folded. Square becomes kite becomes swan; history becomes rumor becomes song. Even the act
of remembrance creases the truth".[28] A major element of the plot is the weaponry
called jerengjen of space mercenaries, which unfold from flat shapes: "In the streets, jerengjen
unfolded prettily, expanding into artillery with dragon-shaped shadows and sleek four-legged
assault robots with wolf-shaped shadows. In the skies, jerengjen unfolded into bombers with
kestrel-shaped shadows." The story says that the word means the art of paper folding in the
mercenaries' main language. In an interview, when asked about the subject, the author tells that
he became fascinated with dimensions since reading the novel Flatland.[29]
The art of origami or paper folding has received a considerable amount of mathematical study. Fields
of interest include a given paper model's flat-foldability (whether the model can be flattened without
damaging it) and the use of paper folds to solve mathematical equations.

History[edit]
In 1893, Indian mathematician T. Sundara Rao published "Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding"
which used paper folding to demonstrate proofs of geometrical constructions.[1] This work was
inspired by the use of origami in the kindergarten system. This book had an approximate trisection of
angles and implied construction of a cube root was impossible. In 1936 Margharita P. Beloch showed
that use of the 'Beloch fold', later used in the sixth of the Huzita–Hatori axioms, allowed the general
cubic equation to be solved using origami.[2] In 1949, R C Yeates' book "Geometric Methods"
described three allowed constructions corresponding to the first, second, and fifth of the Huzita–
Hatori axioms.[3][4] The axioms were discovered by Jacques Justin in 1989.[5] but were overlooked until
the first six were rediscovered by Humiaki Huzita in 1991. The first International Meeting of Origami
Science and Technology (now known as the International Conference on Origami in Science, Math,
and Education) was held in 1989 in Ferrara, Italy.

Pure origami[edit]
Flat folding[edit]

Mountain-valley counting

Two-colorability

Angles around a vertex

The construction of origami models is sometimes shown as crease patterns. The major question about
such crease patterns is whether a given crease pattern can be folded to a flat model, and if so, how to
fold them; this is an NP-complete problem.[6] Related problems when the creases are orthogonal are
called map folding problems. There are three mathematical rules for producing flat-foldable
origami crease patterns:[7]
 1. Maekawa's theorem: at any vertex the number of valley and mountain folds always differ by
two.
It follows from this that every vertex has an even number of creases, and therefore also the
regions between the creases can be colored with two colors.

2. Kawasaki's theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles adds up to 180 degrees, as
do the even.
3. A sheet can never penetrate a fold.
Paper exhibits zero Gaussian curvature at all points on its surface, and only folds naturally along lines
of zero curvature. Curved surfaces that can't be flattened can be produced using a non-folded crease
in the paper, as is easily done with wet paper or a fingernail.
Assigning a crease pattern mountain and valley folds in order to produce a flat model has been
proven by Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes to be NP-complete.[8] Further references and technical
results are discussed in Part II of Geometric Folding Algorithms.[9]
Huzita–Hatori axioms[edit]
Main article: Huzita–Hatori axioms

Some classical construction problems of geometry — namely trisecting an arbitrary angle or doubling
the cube — are proven to be unsolvable using compass and straightedge, but can be solved using only
a few paper folds.[10] Paper fold strips can be constructed to solve equations up to degree 4. The
Huzita–Hatori axioms are an important contribution to this field of study. These describe what can be
constructed using a sequence of creases with at most two point or line alignments at once. Complete
methods for solving all equations up to degree 4 by applying methods satisfying these axioms are
discussed in detail in Geometric Origami.[11]

Constructions[edit]
As a result of origami study through the application of geometric principles, methods such as Haga's
theorem have allowed paperfolders to accurately fold the side of a square into thirds, fifths, sevenths,
and ninths. Other theorems and methods have allowed paperfolders to get other shapes from a
square, such as equilateral triangles, pentagons, hexagons, and special rectangles such as the golden
rectangle and the silver rectangle. Methods for folding most regular polygons up to and including the
regular 19-gon have been developed.[11]
Haga's theorems[edit]

BQ is always a rational if AP is.

The side of a square can be divided at an arbitrary rational fraction in a variety of ways. Haga's
theorems say that a particular set of constructions can be used for such divisions.[12] Surprisingly few
folds are necessary to generate large odd fractions. For instance 1⁄5 can be generated with three folds;
first halve a side, then use Haga's theorem twice to produce first 2⁄3 and then 1⁄5.
The accompanying diagram shows Haga's first theorem:

The function changing the length AP to QC is self inverse. Let x be AP then a number of other
lengths are also rational functions of x. For example:

Haga's first theorem

AP BQ QC AR PQ

1 2 1 3 5
⁄2 ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄8 ⁄6

1 1 1 4 5
⁄3 ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄9 ⁄6

2 4 1 5 13
⁄3 ⁄5 ⁄5 ⁄18 ⁄15

1 1 2 12 13
⁄5 ⁄3 ⁄3 ⁄25 ⁄15

Doubling the cube[edit]

Doubling the cube: PB/PA = cube root of 2

The classical problem of doubling the cube can be solved using origami. This construction is due
to Peter Messer:[13] A square of paper is first creased into three equal strips as shown in the
diagram. Then the bottom edge is positioned so the corner point P is on the top edge and the
crease mark on the edge meets the other crease mark Q. The length PB will then be the cube
root of 2 times the length of AP.[14]
The edge with the crease mark is considered a marked straightedge, something which is not
allowed in compass and straightedge constructions. Using a marked straightedge in this way is
called a neusis construction in geometry.
Trisecting an angle[edit]

Trisecting the angle CAB

Angle trisection is another of the classical problems that cannot be solved using a compass and
unmarked ruler but can be solved using origami. This construction is due to Hisashi Abe.[13] The
angle CAB is trisected by making folds PP' and QQ' parallel to the base with QQ' halfway in
between. Then point P is folded over to lie on line AC and at the same time point A is made to lie
on line QQ' at A'. The angle A'AB is one third of the original angle CAB. This is because PAQ, A'AQ
and A'AR are three congruenttriangles. Aligning the two points on the two lines is another neusis
construction as in the solution to doubling the cube.[15]

Related problems[edit]
The problem of rigid origami, treating the folds as hinges joining two flat, rigid surfaces, such
as sheet metal, has great practical importance. For example, the Miura map fold is a rigid fold
that has been used to deploy large solar panel arrays for space satellites.
The napkin folding problem is the problem of whether a square or rectangle of paper can be
folded so the perimeter of the flat figure is greater than that of the original square.
Curved origami also poses a (very different) set of mathematical challenges.[16] Curved origami
allows the paper to form developable surfaces that are not flat.
Wet-folding origami allows an even greater range of shapes.
The maximum number of times an incompressible material can be folded has been derived. With
each fold a certain amount of paper is lost to potential folding. The loss function for folding paper

in half in a single direction was given to be , where L is the minimum length of the paper (or
other material), tis the material's thickness, and n is the number of folds possible.[17] The
distances L and t must be expressed in the same units, such as inches. This result was derived
by Gallivan in 2001, who also folded a sheet of paper in half 12 times, contrary to the popular
belief that paper of any size could be folded at most eight times. She also derived the equation
for folding in alternate directions.[18]
The fold-and-cut problem asks what shapes can be obtained by folding a piece of paper flat, and
making a single straight complete cut. The solution, known as the fold-and-cut theorem, states
that any shape with straight sides can be obtained.
 A practical problem is how to fold a map so that it may be manipulated with minimal effort or
movements. The Miura fold is a solution to the problem, and several others have been
proposed.[19]

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