HISTORY
TOTAL INDIAN HISTORY : A CRITICAL EXAMINATION
GUIDED BY:
[Link] NATH MADASU
M.A., MPhil PhD
ABHIPSHA MOHANTY
SEMESTER : I
ROLL NO. – 2015004
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our faculty co-ordinator Dr.
Viswachandra Nath Madasu , M.A., MPhil PhD, for his valuable inputs , able guidance,
encouragement, whole hearted corporations and constructive criticism throughout the duration
of our project.
We deeply express our sincere thanks to Registrar of our university Dr. Dayananda Murthy C P
for encouraging and allowing for the History project on the topic “ The Total Indian History : A
Critical Examination”.
I take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly helped me in the
particular project . I pay my respects and love to our parents and other family members
throughout our career. Last but not least we express our thanks for their love and support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………....04
2. ADMINISTRATION IN VEDIC PERIOD……………………………………....05
CRITICISM OF VEDIC SOCIETY....................................................................06
3. THE MAURYAN ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM……………………………...07
DECLINE OF MAURYAN IN THE TIME OF ASOKA……………………...08
4. THE GUPTA ADMINISTRATION………………………………………………09
DECLINE OF THE GUPTA EMPIRE……………………………………...10
5. ADMINISTRATION IN MEDIVAL PERIOD…………………………………..11
DOWNFALL OF DELHI SULTANATE…………………………………...12
6. AKBAR ADMINISTRATION…………………………………………………….14
CRITICISM OF MUGHAL EMPIRE……………………………………….15
7. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………..19
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..20
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The prominent civilized nations – the Babylonians and Egyptians, the Hebrews and Hindus, the
Persians, the Greeks and Romans as well as the Teutons and others- all began at an early stage to
glorify their national heroes – mythical princes and kings, founder of religions, dynasties,
empires or cities. The cult of these heroes continues to the present day in all societies. The
historians in claiming objectivity should refrain from participating in the cult because of his
particular significance as the interpreter of the historical patterns of his culture.
The principles and administration of every period has its own stand in the society where people
belonging to different communities and following any religion. It emphasized the patience of
people and the notion of showing consideration. Different types of policies, rules and procedures
were implemented by different rulers in their respective dynasty to make their dynasty overruled
such as Asokan Dhamma Policy is a superb document of his essential humanity and an answer to
the socio-political needs of the at the same situation. But the criticism based on here is that
Asoka’s “Dhamma” could not survive him as such it was a failure. However he was not
establishing a new religion but was trying to impress upon the society the need for ethical and
moral principles. Like this all policy stands with its criticism and governed or taken over by the
successors.
We need to prepare a detailed analysis of Indian history and critically examining the
administration and some policies implemented by different rulers in their respective
dynasties. In the Indian Administrative System in ancient period, medieval period and modern
period different systems of administration are found to have existed at different periods.
CHAPTER 2: ADMINISTRATION IN VEDIC PERIOD
Indian Administration in Vedic Period where Aryan tribes were patriarchal in nature with the
tribal chief as the leader. Early monarchs failed to develop largely on account of the restraining
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influence of the two tribal assemblies called SABHA and SAMITI. Later however this gave way
to the emergence of monarchies1.
Vedic kings however were fundamentally military pioneers who were endowed with the
assignment of protecting his tribe. In these early tribal kingdoms no consistent duties were forced
nor did the lord have any directly over area. He was however qualified for a part of the goods of
dairy cattle attacks or fight which happened all the time.
Religious duties were carried out by priests and the king played a very insignificant role. There
were however special sacrifices which were conducted to impart divinity on kings and which
ensured his success and legitimacy to rule. VASISHTA and VISHWAMITRA were two very
famous sages who were also friend, philosopher and guide of kings during the Vedic age.
Ancient Aryan settlements were tribal in nature and the nucleus of the tribal society was the
family or KULA with the eldest male member who was called the KULAPATI or GRIHAPATI
being the head of the family. The administration of the Vedic period was a simple set up
consisting of the king, a general assembly of people called SAMITI and a group of elders called
SABHA.
The administrative system consisted of the tribal kingdom which was called Rashtra and tribes
involved called Jana where as each tribal unit was described as Vish and the villages as Grama.
The king who was the central figure in the administrative system was assisted by the chief priest
or Purohit and the army commander who was called Senani. The other figures of the
administrative machinery were The Treasurer, Steward , Spies and Messengers, Charioteer ,
Superitendent of Dicing.
There was no systematic legal institution and custom was the law. Justice was based on the
concept of DHARMA and Adjudication of disputes was done by the King and chief priest with
the occasional advice of elders in select cases. Capital punishment did not exist but trial ordeal
was a common practice.
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CRITICISM OF VEDIC SOCIETY
It is trusted that before the happening to the Aryans in India most of northern and north-western
India was possessed by a gathering of individuals known as Dravidians. The Dravidians couldn't
meet test and thus step by step moved southwards. The stallion assumed an essential part in the
lives of the Aryans. Chiefly there is no hint of Totemism and creature revere. Rig Veda is
gathering of 1017 songs supplemented by 11 others called Valakhilyas. Purusukta hypothesis
created in the Later Vedic Period. The initial three Vedas - Rig, Sam and Yajur Veda are all
things considered known as Trayi.
The word Arya originates from the root word intending to develop and Aryans all in all were
agriculturists who considered agribusiness a respectable calling or occupation. In the later Vedic
period the purohita or cleric was portrayed as the rashtragopa or the defender of the domain of
the raja. The kings in later Vedic age performed Rajsuya penance which should give preeminent
force on him. The ruler likewise performed Vajpeya or the chariot race. The custom went on for
17 days and it should lift him from the position of Raja to that of Samrat. Indra and Varuna lost
their past significance and prajapati achieved the preeminent position in later Vedic age.
CHAPTER 3: MAURYAN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM
The Mauryan administration system was efficient and monarchical. The king of the Mauryan
government was the head of the Mauryan empire administration2. The Mauryan Empire had the
privileged of having successful administrators such as Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara
Maurya and Ashoka the Great. The administration of Mauryan Empire was decentralized and the
administrative powers were divided into convenient administrative units. Though the units were
administered on common system, they were under a rigid central control.
The organization of Mauryan Dyansty was fundamentally controlled by the ruler. The lord was
the incomparable and sovereign power of the Mauryan Empire Administration. He had the
Supreme Executive, Legislative and Judicial powers and capacity in the administration.
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Firstly, The Mauryan domain before Asoka was basically a Hindu state. As per the Hindu idea,
the Supreme Sovereign of the State was Dharma or law and the ruler was simply its watchman.
The Mauryan King needed to rely on upon the committee of pastors for the achievement of the
Mauryan organization. The forces of the legislature was decentralized in nature, the Provincial
senator and the pastors had right to be counseled by the lord uncommonly in every single
commonplace matter. For the productive focal organization of the administration there was a
proficient and all around sorted out chain of command of Bureaucrats who filled the focal
official, legal and income workplaces. Mauryan Administration of Asoka the great, he improved
every sphere of administration, executive, legislative and judiciary. He had reformed many
aspects of the provincial Mauryan Administration and appointed many officers to contribute the
tasks of public welfare. In introducing these reforms guided by humanitarian and paternal
sentiment.
Asoka introduces the Policy of Dhamma with the help of new officers known as Dhamma
mahamattas. But the most outstanding reforms of mauryan Administration during the rule of
Asoka was in the realm of Judiciary. The principles of uniformity of penalty and uniformity of
judicial procedure were also enforced in Mauryan Government.
DECLINE OF MAURYAN EMPIRE
Among these causes, some causes appear almost as common, namely, the weak successors,
hugeness of the empire, independence of the provinces, foreign invasion, and internal revolt.
Vastness of the Empire, the Maurya Empire3 was too vast in its extent. This vastness was itself a
source weakness rather than of strength because of the lack of communication. Distances were so
great that the empire could not remain a closely integrated political unit for a long time. And also
due to the weak successors, the heredity in succession does not guarantee in character for all time
or all successors to follow. Asoka’s sons and grandsons did not prove themselves worthy of the
Great Mauryas as Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Asoka the Great.
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In spite of the fact that the Mauryan organization from the times of Chandragupta was
sufficiently solid to control the far off areas bound to a focal framework. At the point when the
focal declined and its power got to be frail, the territories accepted autonomous character. At the
point when the Maurya belief was accordingly debilitating and the domain was separating inside
of the half century after Asoka's Death, there family came a final knockout to it by an interior
rebellion. This rebellion was driven by the head of the Maurya armed force, General Pushyamitra
Sunga in around 185 or 186 B.C. at the point when the Maurya King Brihadratha ruled in
Magadha. The fall of the Maurya Empire was a tragedy most likely.
Decline of Mauryan Empire due to, the pacifist policy of Asoka and the Brahmanical reaction
against the Asoka’s Administration. In both the theories have been challenged and criticized as
unhistorical by other historians who trace the causes of the downfall of the first great Indian
empire to other factor. But the critics of this theory point out that though Asoka was a visionary
for a new idealism of universal brotherhood and peace, he was also a most practical monarch to
preserve the unity and integrity of his empire. He preached non-violence against violence in
order to establish the Rule of Right over the Rule of Might.
Defending Asoka, Historian Radha Kumud Mookerji rightly says: “there is no evidence that
Asoka disbanded his invincible Army, destroyed the military machine that came down to him
from his grandfather, and did not care for the vast empire he had acquired by his India-wide
conquests already narrated.
Asoka administrated a particular and insistent cautioning to the turbulent tribes and discourteous
timberland people( Atavikas) of his domain that they must realize that, in spite of the fact that he
remained for most extreme abstinence( kshama), he would not endure brutality on their part ,
their infringement of ethical quality which he would check and rebuff will all his power. Hence
the royal military machine was entirely in place and prepared to meet test of roughness. Asoka
did not in any manner empower the dismantling of a realm which he had based up on new
establishments as a kingdom of Righteousness, renouncing animosity. He declined augmenting
its region by any new military successes by the spread of the goals of peace and Goodwill for
which it remained under his administration.
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Consequently, nor Asoka's strategy of no war nor his approach of correspondence in
organization was in charge of the decay of the Mauryas. The hypotheses of military shortcoming
and Brahmanic response are disposed of as unhistorical.
CHAPTER 4: GUPTA’S ADMINISTRATION
The two hundred years of Gupta 4 rule may be said to mark the climax of Hindu imperial
tradition. The Guptas acquired the regulatory arrangement of the prior realms. The Mauryan
administration, officially changed over into a standing, had worked with unprejudiced reliability
under succeeding realms. Under the Guptas we have direct implications to emissaries, governors,
managers of areas, and obviously to pastors of the magnificent government. The position of
Kumaramatyas, of whom numerous are specified, is not clear as we probably am aware of them
in posts of shifting significance. There is most likely about the presence of a sorted out order of
authorities practicing supreme power in diverse parts of the nation.
As opposed to the Maurya rulers, the Gupta rulers received grandiose titles, for example,
parameshvara, maharajadhiraja, and paramabhattaraka which connote that they controlled over
numerous lesser rulers in their realm. Sovereignty was genetic, yet imperial force was
constrained by the need of a firm adherence to primogeniture. The Guptas made considerate
endowments to the brahmanas, who communicated their appreciation by contrasting the ruler
with distinctive divine beings. The numerical quality of the Gupta armed force is not known.
Apparently the lord kept up a standing armed force, which was supplemented by the powers
incidentally supplied by his feudatories. Stallion chariots retreated away from plain sight, and
mounted force went to the fore. Horse arrow based weaponry turned into a critical component in
military strategies.
Amid the Gupta period area assessments expanded in number, and those on exchange and
business diminished. Presumably the ruler gathered assessments shifting from one-fourth to one-
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6th of the produce. What's more, at whatever point the imperial armed force went through the
wide open, the neighborhood individuals needed to nourish it. The legal framework was much
more created under the Guptas than in prior times. A few law-books were assembled amid this
period, and surprisingly affable and criminal laws were unmistakably divided. Robbery and
infidelity fell under criminal law, debate with respect to different sorts of property under
common law.
DECLINE OF GUPTA EMPIRE
The Decline of the Gupta Empire5 started during the period of Skandagupta’s rule. Though
Skandagupta had some great military success against the Pushyamitra and the Huns, the heavy
pressure and constant war had deeply pressed the resources of the Empire. The photo of this
monetary channel can be affirmed from the degraded coinage and absence of assortment of coins
amid Skandagupta's rule. The Gupta Empire was no more in its past heavenliness. The Gupta
Kingdom was declining with the progression of time it got to be frail and wasteful.
The most essential reason for the destruction of the Gupta Empire was the dissention inside of
the imperial crew. Obviously our insight about these wars of progression and its genuine degree
are still miger for lack of sufficient data. This is genuine that these wars of progressions had
hugely debilitated the hold of the focal power over the different areas and the feudatories.
The second key reason for the fall of the Gupta Empire was the attacks of the Vakatakas of
Deccan. Comparable blow was flung over the Gupta Empire by the Huns attacks which
vigorously aggravated its dependability. As the focal power got to be weaker step by step and as
that restored remote intrusions which burdened on the regal treasury and military may of the
Gupta Empire, the feudatories and genetic governors took the chance to announce nearby
freedom.
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Later Gupta's grasped Buddhism while their ancestors were staunch Hindus. The change religion
had reflection over their political and military exercises. It is valid because of peaceful pacific
impact of the Buddhism the late Gupta's just cleared the ground for the unscrupulous adversaries
and capable feudatories to hit hard the withering Gupta Empire. The Gupta Kingdom was on the
declining pattern.
CHAPTER 4: ADMINISTRATION OF DELHI SULTANATE 6(MEDIVAL)
The golden period of medival history began with the Turkish conquests led by Mahmud of
Ghazni. Following the footsteps, Muhammad Ghori carried on the invasions in the soils of Indian
Territory. At the battle of Tarain, he overpowered Prithviraj Chauhan, the Tomar ruler of Delhi,
in the year 1192. After triumph in the war, he cleared out India and his agent, Qutub-ud-
commotion Aibak, ruled from 1206 A.D. to 1210 A.D. As he had a place with a group of slaves,
the tradition that he assembled is well known as the Slave line. It was him who constructed the
towering Qutub Minar in Delhi. His successor or Iltutmish conveyed forward the legacy amid his
principle beginning from 1210 to 1236 AD.
The Sultanate government was basically a brought together one however it had the first law
based nature of an Islamic State. Truth be told, the circumstances had constrained them to wind
up a unified one. Amid this period the Hindu boss were not out and out silent and being
unfriendly to the Muslim standard they were constantly insubordinate. There was the peril of
rehashed Mongal attack. In perspective of this the Sultans were constrained to keep a substantial
armed force and a concentrated government.
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The Judicial Administration of Delhi sultanate, Sultan was the most noteworthy legal power. He
was an impeccable dictator with wide powers and free power. His energy depended on two
pillars–religion and military. For whatever length of time that he was maintaining the Quranic
law he delighted in huge and incomparable force. Obviously, the whole matter relied on upon the
identity and military quality. No one set out to challenge the intense sultans like Ala-ud-racket
khilji and Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq. Truth be told there were no established gadgets to expel a
Sultan from the throne gently. The best way to uproot him was disobedience and common war.
The Sultans of Delhi were not just the rulers, they were likewise the religious leader of the
Muslim individuals in India.
DOWNFALL OF DELHI SULTANATE
The rule of the Delhi Sultans7 lasted for over three centuries-A.D. 1206-1526. The causes that
led to the downfall of the Sultans were:
The Delhi Sultans came and conquered India by the force of their armies. But they never tried to
win the confidence and love of their subjects.
The majority of the Sultans were religious enthusiasts. Sultans like Firoz Tughlak and Sikander
Lodi re-forced jazia, the abundantly warmed journey charge on the Hindus. Thusly the Hindus
despised them and turned into their adversaries.
The Muslim respectability was additionally much to be rebuked for the ruin of the Sultans. The
armed forces and the nobles were too capable and could be kept under control just by intense
rulers like Alla-ud-racket Khiliji and Balban. At whatever point a frail ruler went ahead the
throne they took advantage and defied them.
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The Jagirdari framework got by Firoz Tughlak was an essential component in charge of the ruin
of the Sultans. The jagirdars turned out to be capable in their regions and attested their freedom.
The domain was too endless to possibly be controlled in those days when method for
correspondence were not all that created. Timur's intrusion gave the last hit to the as of now
deteriorating Sultanate and with Babur's attack came the end of the Delhi Sultanate.
CHAPTER 5: AKBAR ADMINISTRATION
The Administrative System of Akbar holds a significant place in Indian History. Emperor
Akbar’s administration system was built on systematic imperial policies which survived several
generations. The wide and sweeping conquests of Mughal emperor Akbar are an eloquent
testimony to his extraordinary military talents. But it would be a mistake to look upon Akbar as a
mere conqueror. He was even greater as an administrator.
The Administration of Akbar was based on the principles of the moral and material welfare of
people8. He stretched out equivalent treatment to all classes of his subject independent of the
religions they affirmed. He pursued a liberal and generous strategy and trusted that the end of
government was to advance the welfare of the represented. The new framework was presented of
paying his officers in real money as opposed to conceding them Jagir just like the past. There
was completely rearranged income organization framework with the assistance of Raja Todar
Mal where he made an exhaustive and moment overview of all grounds sand ordered those under
three heads as per their richness. He altered the income at 33% of the gross create and permitted
to be paid either in kind or money.
The military Administration of Akbar is additionally commendable. Mughal Akbar improved the
current military association by presenting consistent graduation of military officers called
Mansabdars. They were isolated into 33 grades. They got settled pay from the state and were
required to render such military obligations as were endowed to them every now and then.
Akbar realized that India being the common land of the Hindu and the Muslim alike, the policy
of government should be directed towards securing the goodwill of all classes of high subjects.
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Medieval India : From Sultanat To The Mughals 1526-1748 By Satish Chandra
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He acted up to this principle and succeeded in evolving what may be called a nation-state in
India.
DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE
The Rise and fall of Mughal empire9 was not an exception to it. The Mughal empire which was
established by Babar in 1526 A.D. and which flourished during the regime of his worthy
successors like Akbar, Jahangir and Shahajahan met its bitter end just after the reign of
Aurangzeb. It is said, that the rise of the Mughal empire was a sensational event in history, its
disintegration was equally a tragic tale.
However, its disintegration was not an event of any single day like the fall of Napoleon or of
Hitler. It passed through different phases. The empire though began to crack during the reign of
Aurangzeb; its disintegration became rapid after his death during the reign of his weak
successors. They failed to encounter internal problems and foreign invaders. However, there
were certain factors which contributed a lot for its disintegration.
They are as follows:
(1) Vastness of the empire:
It was the vastness of the Mughal empire which made the empire sink under its own weight. The
far-flung Mughal empire embraced almost the whole of India. Such a vast empire could be kept
under control by strong and powerful kings like Akbar. Shahajahan and Aurangzeb were weak
and inefficient.
Moreover, communication was in a very rudimentary stage which was a great obstacle for the
emperor and other administrative officers to move from one part of the empire to another part. It
was seen that the emperor like Aurangzeb took long 27 years to solve the Deccan problem, but
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he could not do it, latter he lost control over the north. It was all due to the vastness of the
empire. Therefore, the disintegration of the empire became foreseeable.
(2) Mughal rule was alien in India:
The Mughal rule was alien in India. The Hindu people were never friendly to the Mughal rulers
except the emperor Akbar. S.M. Edwards says, ‘To the vast majority of the people of India, the
Mughal empire was essentially a foreign Empire, and on that account could not expect to secure
its existence upon a firm foundation of spontaneous popular support. It was powerless to evoke
such feelings as those which led to the people of Maharashtra to follow and fight for Shivaji, it
drew no strength from ancient tradition, which has always exerted so marked an influence upon
Hindi ideals and sentiments”. The only exception occurred in the reign of Akbar. This alien
feeling became stronger in the reign of Aurangzeb and his successors. Therefore the Mughal rule
lacked the support of the majority and was unpopular.
(3) War of Succession:
The Mughal rule lacked any firm Law of Succession 10and as a result there was frequent, War
among the princes for the throne. Brothers of the royal family used to fight against one another to
secure the throne. Such Wars of Succession gave the provincial governors golden opportunities
to make themselves independent. This shook the very foundation of the Mughal empire.
(4) Weak Successors of Aurangzeb:
It is a fact that the much success and stability of an empire depend on the ability and efficiency
of an emperor. Fortunately the six Mughal emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb were by and large
efficient and Powerful. But unfortunately all those who came after Aurangzeb were weak and
inefficient out of the eleven rulers who ruled from 1707 to 1806, none of them was found
efficient.
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According to Michael Edwardes, “The customary struggle for power followed the death of
Aurangzeb, but it was a struggle between the second rate and the third rate. Out of it a series of
weak rulers emerged who permitted the empire to fall apart at the seas. Further not only the
successors of Aurangzeb were weak and inefficient, but also they possessed immoral character.
Neglecting their own duties they had kept them indulged in wine and woman. They also lacked
moral and physical strength of mind required for a strong ruler. This brought the fall of the
empire.
(5) Mughal Nobility:
During the reign of later Mughals, there were no such worthy Amirs and nobles like Bairam
Khan, Asaf Khan, Munim Khan, Muzafar Khan and Mohabat Khan of the early periods. They
were indeed the principal pillars of the Mughal empire. But the nobles and Amirs of the later
Mughal period were power-loving, self-seeking and ungrateful.
They also kept them indulged in various immoral activities and were always after pleasure and
luxury. The govt. become corrupt as the Amirs, noble, officers’ even emperors accepted bribes,
in the name of gifts. They utterly neglected their duties which as a result hastened the
disintegration of the Mughal empire.
(6) Economic bankruptcy:
A government in order to be stable one must have sound economy. The economic condition of
the Mughal Empire was sound during the reign of Akbar. But after him, there came a steady
decline in the economic condition of the empire. It is said that Shahajahan had made the treasury
almost half by waging wars and constructing palatial buildings. During the reign of Aurangzeb,
its decline was rapid. The later Mughals drained the treasury by spending money in comforts and
luxury.
Responsibility of Aurangzeb:
Apart from all these, Aurangzeb himself infact was largely responsible for the disintegration of
the Mughal empire. His anti-shia and anti-hindu policy alienated a major section of the society
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from his support. Many gifted shia muslims who were very capable and efficient become his
enemies. Similarly his anti-Hindu policy not only alienated Hindus from the Mughal rule but
also led to the rebellions of the Jats, the Bundelas, the Sikhs and the Rajput’[Link] these shook the
very foundation of the Mughal empire. Further, he did not learn anything from the Rajput policy
of Akbar. He reversed his policies and his extreme dislike towards the Rajput’s forced them to
fight against Mughal empire. Finally his own suspicious nature and long twenty five years
Deccan campaign sounded the death knell of the Mughal empire.
Commenting on the responsibility of Aurangzeb for the disintegration of a Mughal empire,
Jadunath Sarkar writes, “It is not true that Aurangzeb alone caused the fall of the Mughal empire,
yet he did nothing to avert it, but deliberately quickened the destructive forces always present in
rigid theocratic form of Government because he was a backward-looking by instinct and no
reforming statesman.”
Rise of Provincial Powers:
It was after the death of Aurangzeb the provincial governors of different states declared their
independence. They took the advantage of a weak Centre and declared their independence by
disregarding the authority of Delhi. Nizam-ul-Mulk of Deccan was first among them who
declared his independence. Similarly the ruler of Oudh as well as Alivardi Khan, the ruler of
Bengal became independent. As a result of this the Mughal empire was gradually confined to
Delhi and its border.
Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali:
The Mughal empire was invaded by a number of foreign invaders during the time of weak and
unsuccessful, later Mughal rulers between 1739 to 1761. The invasions shook the roots of the
empire. Nadir Shah’s invasion proved very fatal from political and economic points of view. He
carried away a huge booty and crippled the Mughal empire economically. Ahmad Shah Abdali
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came to India after Nadir Shah. He also drained a lot of wealth from India and shattered the
structure of the Mughal administration. The inefficient later Mughals failed to check them.
Rise of British Power:
Finally, it was British, who made the Mughal rule single with [Link] rise to power led to the
eclipse of the Mughal empire. It was after their success in the Great Revolt of 1857 that the last
Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was arrested and deposed. This was the last scene of the
Mughal drama enacted on the stage of India.
CONCLUSION
There are numerous critical examination of Indian history. But, the true picture of the past is
derived from the reliable information. There is a very essential role of criticism of particular
dynasty by the successors which help them to build new rules and regulation based on previous
conditions. All historical evidence signifies something. The past is studied by scrutinizing the
evidences left and framing the history. Our substantive matters regarding the “undermining” of
Indian Culture to a great extent, seriously misleading. One particular source is not sufficient to
infer conclusions on the past. All these criticism and decline of the empire together give a fair
and clear picture of the past. The study of administration in past is essential for the future
progress. Therefore, the Descriptive and Evaluative problems raised in internal criticism of
Indian history is a must to find the truth behind the past and how it developed to become what it
is today and how today will become past for future.
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