A MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
ANALYSIS OF DRILLING IN TITANIUM
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
N.C. SANJAY 15891A0331
N.C. VIJAYA MADHAVAN 15891A0357
K. SRI KANTH 15891A0359
UNDER THE GUIDE
Dr. N. VENKATESHWARLU
(PROFESSOR)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)
Deshmukhi(V),Pochampally(M), Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri District,Telangana,508284.
 VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis work titled “ANALYSIS OF DRILLING
IN TITANIUM" submitted by N C Sanjay (15981A0357), N C Vijaya
madhavan (15891A0357), K Srikanth (15891A0359) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Mechanical Engineering to the Vignan Institute Of
Technology And Science, Deshmukhi is a record of bonafide work
carried out by him/her under my guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted in
any university for the award of any degree and the results are achieved
satisfactorily.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that project entitled “ANALYSIS OF DRILLING IN

TITANIUM” is bonafide work duly completed by me/us. It does not
contain any part of the project or thesis submitted by any other candidate
to this or any other institute of the university. All such materials that
have been obtained from other sources have been duly acknowledged.

15891A0331
13591A0357
15891A0359
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our guide of the project Dr. N. Venkateshwarlu

who has invested his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the
goal. Special thanks goes to my team mates, who helped me to assemble
the parts and gave suggestions in making this project.

We have to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as

well as the panels especially in our project presentation that has
improved our presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices.
We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or
indirectly helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our
parents and all other family members and friends for their love and
encouragement throughout our career.
Contents
DRILLING .................................................................................................................................... 7

Types of drilling.................................................................................................................................................... 7

Type of operations ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Types of bits ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE ............................................................................................................. 16

Properties ........................................................................................................................................................... 16

Benefits of tungsten carbide drill bits ................................................................................................................ 17

Applications ........................................................................................................................................................ 17

TITANIUM.................................................................................................................................. 18

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

Grades of titanium.............................................................................................................................................. 18

Titanium Based Alloys ....................................................................................................................................... 21

Titanium oxide.................................................................................................................................................... 29

The general titanium properties ......................................................................................................................... 29

Applications ........................................................................................................................................................ 32

Titanium and Tungsten Comparison ................................................................................................................. 34

CUTTING FLUID ...................................................................................................................... 37

Types of cutting fluids ........................................................................................................................................ 37

Functions ............................................................................................................................................................ 41

Purpose of cutting fluid ...................................................................................................................................... 41

Characteristics of cutting fluid ........................................................................................................................... 42

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC).................................................................... 43

Types of CNC Machines ..................................................................................................................................... 43

Uses of CNC machine ......................................................................................................................................... 44

Application ......................................................................................................................................................... 44

Comparison between CNC and conventional machines .................................................................................... 46

Different types of codes used in CNC machine .................................................................................................. 47

Common conventions used in describing CNC procedures ............................................................................... 48

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ........................................................................................................ 50

Work piece .......................................................................................................................................................... 50

Key properties .......................................................................................................................................................51
Properties ...............................................................................................................................................................51

Cutting fluid ....................................................................................................................................................... 52

Dry ..........................................................................................................................................................................52
White soluble .........................................................................................................................................................52
Coconut oil .............................................................................................................................................................53

Tungsten carbide cutting fluid ........................................................................................................................... 54

Drill tool nomenclature .........................................................................................................................................55

CNC machine ..................................................................................................................................................... 55

Experimental results .......................................................................................................................................... 57

Graphs and observation ..................................................................................................................................... 58

[Link] between input vs time ...........................................................................................................................58
[Link] between input vs chip thickness ............................................................................................................59
[Link] between input vs surface roughness .....................................................................................................61

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 63
 DRILLING
It is an operation of generation of holes in to the workpiece by rotating edge of the
cutting tool. Drilling is used for making holes, it is one of the most common
operation in the manufacturing industry.
In drilling operations some of the problems faced are:
1. Rough hole
2. Over size hole
3. Breaking of drill bit
4. Low accuracy and precision
Rough hole:
It produced due to high feed rate.
Oversize hole:
It is caused due to running of loose spindle of the drill and unequal length of
cutting edge.
Breaking of drill:
It occurs when the point of drill is improperly grounded and it may also brake due
to high feed rate.
Low accuracy and precision:
It can be happened because of precision in the drilling is having less rigidity in the
spindle and work table. The CNC drilling machines are used to desirable the
precision and accuracy.

Types of drilling
The drilling machines are classified into so many types.
1. Portable drilling machine
2. Sensitive drilling machine
3. Universal drilling machine
4. Radial drilling machine
5. Floor drilling machine
6. Bench drilling machine
Type of operations
By using the different types of drilling machines we can perform various
operations.
1. Drilling
2. Boring
3. Counter boring
4. Reaming
5. Tapping
6. Counter sinking
Cutting speed:
It is defined as the speed of the drill tool at which the metal is removed from the
workpiece. And it is denoted by the letter [s]. this can be expressed in terms of
meter per minute.
𝜋𝐷𝑛
Cutting speed [s]= m/min
1000

Assume
D = diameter df drill in mm.
N = work speed in rpm.
Feed:
It is defined as the distance at which of the tool advances into the workpiece for
every revolution of the drill.
It can be expressed in millimeter per minute. [Or] millimeter per revolution.
60∗𝑝
Feed =
t∗n

Here
T = time
N =speed
Assume p = penetration of drill
Depth of cut:
It is equal to the one half of the diameter.
Mathematically
T =d/2mm
Assume
T =depth of the cut in mm.
d = diameter of the drill in mm.
Machining time in drilling:
It is defined as the time during which the drill removes the material from the
workpiece in the form of chips.
Mathematically.
60∗𝑝
T= mm.
𝑡𝑛
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒. 𝐿
Machining time = = min.
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓∗𝑛

feed
Feed/min = ∗ 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛
revolution

h = depth of hole
L = feed distance of drill =depth of the hole + drill point
L=h=0.29D
Where
D=diameter of the drill in mm
F= feed per revolution of drill
N=r.p.m
T=drilling time
Cutting speed depends on various factors such as
 Cutting material
 Tool material
  Surface finish coolant
The quantity of feed/revolution generally varies from 0.05mm to 0.38mm till
25mm diameter drills.

Types of bits
The use of the right drill for each material is essential not only to make the job
easier and with better results, but even so that it can be done. For example, with a
wall or wood drill, we can never drill metal, but nevertheless, with a metal drill we
can drill wood but not wall. But in any case, it is best to always use the appropriate
drill for each material.

As for qualities, there are many qualities for a certain type of drill according to the
manufacturing method and the material from which it is made. The quality of the
bit will influence the result and accuracy of the drill and the duration of the drill. It
is therefore advisable to always use quality drills, especially in those with a lot of
use (wall-mounted, for example) or when we need special precision.

The main types of bits for DIY enthusiasts are the following:

1. B Rocks for metals

They serve to drill metal and some other materials such as plastics for example,
and even wood when we do not require special precision. They are made of fast
steel (HSS), although the quality varies according to the alloy and according to the
method and quality of manufacture

There are mainly the following qualities:

- HSS LAMINATED. It is the most economical of the metal bits. It is commonly

used in metals and plastics where precision is not required. It is not long lasting.
- HSS RECTIFIED. It is a drill of greater precision, indicated for all types of semi-
hard metals (up to 80 Kg/mm²) including cast iron, aluminum, copper, brass,
plastics, etc. It has a long duration.

- HSS TITANIO RECTIFIED. They are coated with a titanium alloy that allows all
kinds of metals to be drilled with the utmost precision, including difficult materials
such as stainless steel. You can increase the cutting speed and they are of
extraordinary duration. They can be used in high production machines but need
cooling.

- HSS COBALTO RECTIFIED. They are the highest quality drills, and are
recommended for drilling metals of all types including very hard (up to 120
Kg/mm²) and stainless steels. They have a special resistance to temperature, so that
they can be used without refrigerant and at high cutting speeds.

2. B Standard rocks for walls

They are used for drilling walls and building materials exclusively. They are not
valid for metals or wood. They have a small insert in the tip of hard metal that is
the one that is breaking the material. They can be used with percussion.

There are basically two qualities:

- LAMINATED WITH TUNGSTEN CARBIDE PLATE (widia). The body is

laminated and is indicated for plaster, cement, brick, uralite, sandstone and
limestone.

- MILLED WITH CARBIDE PLATE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE. The body is

milled, and in addition to all the previous materials, perforates without problems
marble, concrete, slate, granite and in general all types of stone. Its power of
penetration and its duration is much higher than the previous one.
3. Long bites for walls
They are like the previous ones, but much longer. They are used to traverse walls
and walls, and as they are often used with hammer and professional hammers, the
quality is usually high. They have a shape that allows a better evacuation of the
drilled material.

4. Multi-purpose or universal drills

They are used exclusively without percussion and are valid for drilling wood,
metal, plastics and construction materials. If the bit is of quality, it is the best for
drilling any construction material, especially if it is very hard (stoneware, stone) or
fragile (tiles, marble). They drill the construction materials by cutting the material
and not breaking it like conventional drill bits that use percussion, so they can be
used without problems even with cordless drills, although they are not very
powerful.

5. Three-point wood bits

They are the most commonly used for drilling wood and are usually made of
chrome vanadium steel. They exist with different edges, but there are no big
differences in terms of performance. In the head has three points, the center, to
perfectly center the drill, and the sides that are cutting the material leaving a
perfect hole. They are used for all types of woods: hard, soft, plywood,
agglomerates, etc.
6. Flat bits or wooden shovel
When the diameter of the hole that we want to practice in the wood is large, we use
the flat drills, because they allow us to insert them in the chuck of the drill, since
the shank does not vary in size. They are a little more difficult to use, because you
have to keep the perpendicularity of the drill firm, so it is highly recommended to
use a vertical support.

7. Long wood drills

To make very deep drills in wood, special bits are used with the hardened edges,
and with a shape that allows a perfect evacuation of the chip.

8. Extensible wood drills

It is a type of drill that allows the regulation of the diameter of the drill to be made
within limits. Its use is nowadays rather scarce.
9. Strawberry bits or for assemble in wood
They are special drills that make the blind drill where the assembly screw will be
screwed, countersink the surface so that the screw head is perfectly flush with the
surface. You can see it more clearly in the section BOARD ASSEMBLY in the
TIPS section.

10. Browns of avellanar

They are used for inlaying wood with countersunk screws. They are used after
having made the hole for the screw with a normal drill. For wood there are
manuals (with handle). If they are used with an electric drill it is highly
recommended to use a vertical support.

11. Drill bits for cazoleta hinges

They are used to make the blind hole inside the doors where the cup hinge will
fit. It is essential to use a vertical support or a column drill. This type of hinge can
be seen more clearly in the HINGE TYPES section of the TIPS section.
12. Glass bits
They are drill bits composed of a rod and a tip of tungsten carbide (widia) shaped
like a spearhead. They are used for drilling glass, ceramics, tiles, porcelain,
mirrors, etc. It is highly recommended the use of vertical support or column drill
and cooling with water, turpentine (turpentine) or oil.

13. Hoist crowns or bits

To make large diameter holes, crowns or bell bits are used. These drill bits are
available for all types of materials (metals, construction, wood, glass). They consist
of a toothed crown in whose center usually a conventional bit has been fixed that
serves for centering and guiding the hole. The most used in DIY is the following
photo, which includes a variety of diameters in a single crown.
 Tungsten carbide
In our project we have used tungsten carbide as a drill bit to make drilling in
titanium metal. Tungsten carbide name derived from the Swedish from tung
(heavy) and sten (stone) it is mainly used in the form of cemented tungsten
carbides. Tungsten carbide tips and blanks are four times harder than titanium
twice, as hard as steel, is virtually scratch-resistant and has been widely used in
industrial applications.
Such as cutting tools, mining machinery and rocket engine nozzles. The
extreme hardness of tungsten carbide tips and blanks make them use full in the
manufacturing of cutting tools, abrasives and bearings as a cheaper and more
heat resistance alternative to diamond. Its tips and blanks are also used as scratch
resistant material for jewelry including watch bands and wedding rings.
Tungsten carbide is a material used for a number of industrial applications
and it is characterized by its high strength, toughness and hardness. Tungsten
carbide drill bits used for studs, taps, and drill bits. They also cut hard steel such
as safes, bearing races and dies. The carbide is designed to prevent chipping and
dissipate heat quickly.

Properties
The following properties are required for cutting tool materials:[1]

 hardness, hot hardness and pressure resistance

 bending strength and toughness
 inner bonding strength
 wear resistance
 oxidation resistance
 small prosperity to diffusion and adhesion
 abrasion resistance
 edge strength
 small prosperity to diffusion and adhesion
 abrasion resistance
Benefits of tungsten carbide drill bits
 Tungsten carbide drill bits are used in many applications including drill bits
for the manufacturing industry
 Carbide drill bits come in various sizes and hence a multitude of uses within
the industry.
 Carbide drill bits are usually attached to some sort of tool, usually rotate and
provides adequate torque to create a hole for thee intended purpose.
 Tungsten carbide and carbide mixes are extremely hard and can produce
appropriate drilling capability in most all materials while holding a sharp
edge larger than the other bit materials.

Because of its durability, tungsten carbide can be rather expensive so that is

why industries are using more recycled carbide tools. Carbide recyclers are
collecting scrap carbide from various industries and machine shops to process
through carbide recycling method.

Applications
 It is widely used as a cutter material such of cutter planer, drill, boring and
knife and so-on.
 For cutting heat-resistant steel, stain less steel, high manganese steel, tool
steel and other difficult materials.
 For cutting cast iron, non-ferrous metals, graphite, glass, stone and ordinary
steel.
a. single point cutting tool b. drill but c. milling tool
 Titanium
Introduction
Titanium is a transition metal with a
white-silvery metallic appearance. It is a
lustrous, strong metal that exhibits good
resistance to atmospheric corrosion and it
has high ductility and the atomic number
of titanium is 22 and it belongs to the d-
block, period 4, group 4 of the periodic
table. Pure titanium is insoluble in water
but soluble in concentrated acids.
Titanium is the ninth most abundant
metal available on earth’s crust; it is
present in most igneous rocks and their sediments. Some of the minerals of
titanium are ilmenite, rutile, brookite, titanite and anatase. These minerals are
primarily distributed in West Australia, Canada, Norway and Ukraine. It is
nontoxic in nature, but the powder form of titanium is an explosion hazard.

Grades of titanium
Titanium CP4 – Grade 1
Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 1 is the softest
titanium and has the highest ductility. It has good
cold forming characteristics and provides excellent
corrosion resistance. It also has excellent welding
properties and high impact toughness.
Applications
Architecture, Automotive Desalination, Dimensional Stable Anodes, Medical,
Marine, Processing & Chlorate Manufacturing
Standards
ASME SB-363, ASME SB-381, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338, ASME SB-348,
ASTM F-67, ASME SB-265, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338
Forms Available
Bar, Flanges, Forgings, Sheet, Welding Wire

Titanium CP3 – Grade 2

Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 2 has moderate strength and excellent cold
forming properties. It provides excellent welding properties and has excellent
resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
Applications
Aerospace, Automotive, Chemical Processing & Chlorate Manufacturing,
Desalination, Architecture, Hydro Carbon Processing, Marine, Medical, Power
Generation
Standards
ASME SB-363, ASME SB-381, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338, ASME SB-348,
ASTM F-67, AMS 4921, ASME SB-265, AMS 4902, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-
338, AMS 4942
Forms Available
Bar, Fittings, Flanges, Forgings, Pipe, Plate, Sheet, Tube, Welding Wire, Wire

Titanium CP2 – Grade 3

Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 3 is stronger
and less formable than Titanium Grades 1 and 2. It
is used in Aerospace and industrial applications that
require moderate strength. Grade 3 titanium has
excellent corrosion resistance.
Applications
Aerospace, Architecture, Automotive, Chemical Processing & Chlorate
Manufacturing, Desalination, Hydro Carbon Processing, Marine, Medical, Power
Generation,
Standards
ASME SB-363, ASME SB-381, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338, ASME SB-348,
ASTM F-67, AMS 4921, ASME SB-265, AMS 4902, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-
338, AMS 4942
Forms Available
Bar, Fittings, Flanges, Forgings, Pipe, Plate, Sheet, Tube, Welding Wire, Wire

Titanium CP1 – Grade 4

Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 4 is stronger than CP Grades 2 & 3 – it can be
cold formed, but has lower ductility. It has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide
variety of environments. Grade 4 titanium is commonly used in Aerospace,
Industrial and Medical applications where high strength is needed.
Applications
Aerospace, Chemical process, Industrial, Marine, Medical
Standards
ASME SB-363, ASME SB-381, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-348, ASTM F-67,
AMS 4921, ASME SB-265, AMS 4901, ASME SB-338
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings, Sheet, Welding Wire, Wire

Titanium Grade 7
Titanium Grade 7 has physical and mechanical properties equivalent to CP3
titanium or Grade 2. It has excellent welding and fabrication properties and is
extremely resistant to corrosion especially from reducing acids.
Applications
Chemical Processing, Desalination, Power generation
Standards
ASME SB-363, ASME SB-381, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338, ASME SB-348,
ASME SB-265, ASME SB-337, ASME SB-338,
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings, Plate, Sheet, Tube, Welding Wire, Wire
Titanium Grade 11 – CP Ti-0.15Pd
Titanium Grade 11 is highly resistant to corrosion has similar physical and
mechanical properties to Titanium CP Grade 2.
Applications
Chemical processing, Desalination Power generation, Industrial
Standards
ASME SB-338
Forms Available
Tube

Titanium Based Alloys

Titanium Grade 5 – Titanium 6Al-4V
Titanium Grade 5 alloy is the most commercially available of all titanium alloys. It
offers an excellent combination of high strength and toughness. Grade 5 titanium
has good welding and fabrication characteristics.
Applications
Aerospace, Chemical Processing, Marine, Medical
Standards
ASME SB-265, AMS 4911, ASME SB-348, AMS 4928, AMS 4965, AMS 4967
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings Plate, Sheet, Wire

Titanium Grade 6 – Titanium 5Al-2.5Sn

Titanium Grade 6 alloy offers good weldability, stability and strength at elevated
temperatures.
Applications
Aerospace
Standards
ASME SB-381, AMS 4966, MIL-T-9046, MIL-T-9047, ASME SB-348, AMS
4976, AMS 4956, ASME SB-265, AMS 4910, AMS 4926
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings Plate, Sheet, Wire

Titanium Grade 9 – Titanium 3Al-2.5V

Titanium Grade 9 has medium strength that falls between Grade 4 and Grade 5. It
has excellent corrosion resistance and is used in Aerospace and Industrial
applications. Grade 9 Titanium can be used at higher temperatures than Grades 1
through 4. Grade 9 titanium has good cold rolling properties.
Applications
Aerospace, Automotive, Chemical processing, Consumer applications, Marine,
Medical, Transportation
Standards
AMS 4943, AMS 4944, ASME SB-338
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings Plate, Sheet, Wire

Titanium Grade 12 – Ti-0.3-Mo-0.8Ni

This Titanium Grade 12 alloy is similar to Titanium Grades 2 and 3 except that
Titanium Grade 12 has 0.3% molybdenum and 0.8% nickel. This offers enhanced
corrosion resistance.
Applications
Chemical processing, Desalination, Power generation, Industrial
Standards
ASME SB-338
Forms Available
Tube
Titanium Grade 19 – Titanium Beta C
Titanium Grade 19 has very high strength and can be heat treated. It offers good
resistance to stress and corrosion.
Applications
Aerospace Automobile
Standards
MIL-T-9046, MIL-T-9047, ASME SB-348, AMS 4957, AMS 4958, ASME SB-
265
Forms Available
Bar, Plate, Sheet, Welding Wire, Wire

Titanium Grade 23 – Titanium 6Al-4V ELI

Titanium Grade 23 is similar to Grade 5 but has lower oxygen, nitrogen and iron. It
has better ductility and fracture toughness than Titanium Grade 5.
Applications
Aerospace, Chemical Processing, Marine, Medical
Standards
AMS 4911, AMS 4928, AMS 4930, AMS 4931, AMS 4935, AMS 4965, AMS
4967, AMS 4985, AMS 4991, MIL -T-9046, MIL -T-9047, BSTA 10,11,12, BSTA
28,56,59, DIN 3.7165, AMS 4907 ELI, AMS 4930 ELI, AMS 4956 ELI, ASTM
F136 ELI, UNS R56407
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings, Plate, Sheet, Welding Wire, Wire

Titanium 6Al-6V-2Sn – Titanium 6-6-2

Titanium 6-2-4-2 has excellent strength, stability, and creep resistance to
temperatures as high as 550 °C.
Applications
Gas, Turbine Compressor Engine afterburner, Aerospace
Standards
AMS 4919, AMS 4952, AMS 4975, DIN 3.7164, GE B50 TF22, GE B50TF21,
GE B50TF22, GE C50TF7, MIL F-83142, MIL T-9046, MIL T-9047, PWA 1220,
UNS R54620
Forms Available
Bar, Plate, Sheet

Titanium 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo – Titanium 6-2-4-2

Titanium 6Al-6V-2Sn is a two-phase, Alpha Beta Alloy. It is usually used in the
annealed or solution treated and aged conditions. It’s a heat treatable, high strength
alloy with lower toughness and ductility than Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) and it’s
difficult to weld. Cold forming of Titanium 6Al-6V-2Sn is difficult because of its
high strength and the large amount of spring-back that results. This grade can be
welded by the inert gas shielded, fusion welding process but the heat effected area
will have less ductility and toughness than the parent material. The hardness of
Titanium 6-6-2 is approximately Rockwell C 36-38. This grade is primarily used
for airframe and jet engine parts, rocket engine cases and ordinance components.
Please call us to determine our minimum item quantity.
Applications
Airframe Components, Jet Engine Parts, Ordinance Components, Rocket Engine
Cases
Standards
AMS 4981, MIL-T-9047,
Forms Available
Bar, Wire Sheet, Plate, Forgings, Fittings, Flanges, Seamless Pipe, Seamless Tube,
Welded Pipe, Welded Tube

Titanium 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo – Titanium 6-2-4-6

Titanium 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo is an Alpha-Beta Alloy and it’s generally regarded as
the workhorse alloy of the titanium industry. The alloy is fully heat-treatable in
section sizes up to one inch and is used up to approximately 400°C (750°F). Since
it is one of the most commonly used alloys (over 70% of all alloy grades melted
are a sub-grade of Ti-6-4,) its uses span many aerospace engine and airframe
components. Titanium 6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo is also used in lots of non-aerospace
applications such as marine, offshore and power generation industries. This Alpha-
Beta Alloy combines good corrosion resistance and strength with weldability and
fabricability. The alloy is generally available in bar form and it’s typically used in
deep sour well applications. This alloy can be hot or cold formed. Please call us to
determine our minimum item quantity.
Applications
Aerospace Engines, Airframe Components, Marine Applications, Offshore
Applications, Power Generation Applications
Standards
AMS 4981
Forms Available
Bar, Plate, Sheet

Titanium 8Al-1Mo-1V – Titanium 8-1-1

Titanium 8Al-1Mo-1V is a near Alpha Alloy that was primarily designed for use at
elevated temperatures – up to 455 degrees centigrade. It offers the highest modulus
and lowest density of all Titanium alloys. It has good creep strength and it’s
weldable by the inert gas fusion and resistance-welding processes. Titanium 8Al-
1Mo-1V is used in the annealed condition for such applications as airframe and jet
engine parts that demand high strength, superior creep resistance and a good
stiffness-to-density ratio. The machinability of this grade is similar to that of
Titanium 6Al-4V. Please call us to determine our minimum item quantity.
Applications
Airframe Parts, Jet Engine Parts
Standards
MIL-T-9046, MIL-T-9047, AMS 4972, AMS 4915, AMS 4973, AMS 4955, AMS
4916
Forms Available
Forgings, Bar, Sheet, Plate, Strip, Extrusions, Wire

Titanium 10V-2Fe-3Al
Titanium 10V-2Fe-3Al is a Titanium Beta Alloy. It is harder and stronger than
many titanium alloys. This Titanium is a heat treatable alloy, it’s weldable and it’s
easily formed. Titanium 10V-2Fe-3Al is an all Beta Alloy and is more difficult to
machine than most titanium alloys. The chief problems include flank wear, spring-
back and chip control. Because of these characteristics, positive rake chip grooves
in combination with light hones on the cutting edge are advantageous. Please call
us to determine our minimum item quantity.
Applications
Airframe Components, Compressor Blades, Disks, Wheels and Spacers
Standards
AMS 4983, AMS 4984, AMS 4986, AMS 4987
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings, Plate, Sheet, Seamless Pipe, Seamless Tube, Welded Pipe, Welded
Tube, Wire

Titanium 15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al
This Metastable-Beta Alloy is used primarily in sheet metal form. It is age-
hardenable and highly cold-formable. Titanium 15V-3-3-3 is often used to replace
hot-formed Titanium Grade 5 (6Al-4V) sheet. It can also be produced as foil and is
an excellent alloy for castings. For aerospace applications, this grade is often
specified as AMS 4914. Please call to determine the minimum item quantity.
Applications
Aerospace Tank Applications, Airframe Applications, Castings, Fasteners High
Strength Hydraulic Tubing
Standards
AMS 4914, ASTM B265
Forms Available
Sheet, Foil

Titanium Alpha Alloys

 Commercially pure titanium and alpha alloys of titanium are non-heat treatable and
have very good welding characteristics.
Applications
Cryogenic applications, Airplane parts, Chemical processing equipment
Standards
AMS 4973, AMS 4976, AMS 4924, AMS 4972, MIL-T-9047, AMS 4910, ASTM
B265, GR-6 MIL-T9046, AMS 4909, AMS 4915/4916, AMS 4966, AMS 4924,
AMS 4973, AMS 4933, MIL-T-81556A A-1, MIL-T-81556A A-2, MIL-T-
81556A A-4
Forms Available
Bar, Forgings, Plate, Sheet Extrusions

Titanium Beta Alloys

Titanium Beta or near Beta Alloys are:

 Fully heat treatable Generally weldable

 Capable of high strengths Possess good creep resistance up to intermediate
temperatures
 In the solution treated condition, excellent formability can be expected from Beta
Alloys

Titanium Beta Alloys are ideal for sporing applications. Common Titanium Beta
Alloys include:
Ti3Al8V6Cr4Mo4Zr
ASTM Grade 19
Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
AMS 4983, 4984, 4987
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al
ASTM Grade 21
Ti-15Mo-3Nb-3Al-2Si
AMS 4914
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al
 The Metastable Titanium Beta Alloys are heat treatable by solution treatment and
ageing. Fully stable beta alloys can only be annealed.
Applications
Aerospace,
Standards
AMS 4914, AMS 4983, AMS 4984, AMS 4987, ASTM Grade 19, ASTM Grade
21
Forms Available
Forgings

Titanium Alpha-Beta Alloys

Titanium Alpha Beta alloys are heat treatable and most of them are also weldable.
The typical properties of Titanium Alpha Beta Alloys are:

 Medium to high strength levels;

 High temperature creep strength is not as less than most alpha alloys;
 Limited cold forming but hot forming qualities are normally good;

The most commonly used Titanium Alpha Beta Alloy is Ti 6Al-4V. Titanium 6Al-
4V has been developed in many variations of the basic formulation for numerous
and widely differing applications.
Other Titanium Alpha Beta Alloys include: 6Al-4V-ELI 6Al-6V-2Sn 6Al-2Sn-
4Zr-2Mo 3Al-2.5V 8Mn
Applications
Aircraft and aircraft turbine parts, Chemical processing equipment, Marine
hardware, Prosthetic devices
Standards
ASME SB-265, AMS 4911, ASME SB-348, AMS 4928, AMS 4965, AMS 4967,
AMS 4981, MIL-T-9047, AMS 4930, AMS 4971, AMS 4907, ASTM F 136, MIL-
T-9046, AMS 4918, DMS1879/2237, AMS 4908, AMS 4943, ASTM B348, AMS
4975, MIL-T-9047 G, AMS 4928, BMS 7-348, DMS 1570, AMS 4976, AMS
4920, AMS 4934
Forms Available
Bar, Fittings, Flanges, Forgings, Pipe, Plate, Sheet, Tube, Wire

Titanium oxide
Titanium Dioxide, also referred to Titania, has a molecular formula of Ti02 and
this mineral compound – a white colored, odorless solid – is available in three
different forms. Rutile titanium dioxide is the most common naturally occurring
form followed by the anatase form but titanium dioxide can also be produced
synthetically.
Titanium dioxide is produced from either ilmenite, rutile or titanium slag.
The titanium pigment is extracted by using either sulphuric acid (sulphate process)
or chlorine (chloride route). The sulphate process employs simpler technology
while the chloride route produces a purer product.
Titanium Dioxide – classified by CAS No. 13463-67-7 – is mined as a
mineral in magmatic rocks. It is non-flammable, non-explosive and titanium
dioxide is the most widely used pigment because of its brightness and refractive
index.
Over 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are used worldwide every year for a
wide array of common applications like paint, coatings, plastics, papers, ink, food
(it’s often used to whiten skim milk and to enhance the flavor of nuts, seeds, soup
and beer), medicine and toothpaste.
Titanium Dioxide is also used in cosmetics and skin care products as a
pigment, in sunscreen and sunblock as a thickener to protect the skin from
ultraviolet light.
Titanium Dioxide, believe it or not, is used to mark the white lines on the
tennis courts at Wimbledon. Indeed, titanium dioxide accounts for 70% of the total
production of pigments worldwide because “titanium white,” as it’s often called, is
one of the whitest materials known to exist on Earth. In fact, titanium dioxide is
even more reflective than diamonds!

The general titanium properties

Titanium’s properties, which are a combination of high strength, stiffness,
toughness, low density, and good corrosion resistance provided by various titanium
alloys at very low to elevated temperatures, allow weight savings in aerospace
structures and other high-performance applications.

Chemical Properties
The chemical properties of titanium are provided in the table below:

The atomic weight of titanium is 47.88.

Chemical Data
CAS number 7440-32-6
Thermal neutron cross section 5.6 barns/atom
Electrode potential 0.20 V
Ionic radius 0.680 Å
Electro negativity 1.54
X-ray absorption edge 2.497 Å
Electrochemical equivalent 0.4468 g/A/h

Physical Properties
The following table discusses the physical properties of titanium.

Titanium is a low-density element (approximately 60% of the density of iron) that

can be strengthened by alloying and deformation processing.

Properties Metric Imperial

Density 4.50 g/cm3 0.163 lb/in3
Melting point 1650-1670 °C 3000-3040 °F
Boiling point 3287 °C 5949 °F

Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of titanium are tabulated below.

Titanium is lightweight, strong, corrosion resistant and abundant in nature.

Titanium and its alloys possess tensile strengths from 30,000 psi to 200,000 psi
(210-1380 MPa), which are equivalent to the strengths found in most of alloy
steels.

Properties Metric Imperial

Tensile strength 220 MPa 31900 psi
Modulus of elasticity 116 GPa 16800 ksi
Shear modulus 43.0 GPa 6240 ksi
Hardness, Brinell 70 70
Hardness, Vickers 60 60
Elongation at Break 54% 54%
Poisson’s Ratio 0.34 0.34

Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of titanium are tabulated below.

Titanium is nonmagnetic and has good heat-transfer properties. Its coefficient of

thermal expansion is somewhat lower than that of steels and less than half that
of aluminum.
One of titanium’s useful properties is a high melting point of 3135°F (1725°C).
This melting point is approximately 400°F above the melting point of steeland
approximately 2000°F above that of aluminum.

Properties Metric Imperial

Thermal expansion co-efficient (@20-100°C/68- 8.90
4.94 µin/in°F
212°F) µm/m°C
118 BTU
Thermal conductivity 17 W/mK
in/[Link]².°F
Applications
The following are the different application areas of titanium:

In general usage

Elbow joints Rings Fittings

Flanges Pipes Stub ends

In industries

Mostly in industries titanium pipes are used to transfer any fluid and in turbine
blades
In automobiles

Now a days titanium is mostly used to prepare the frames of motor cycles and
bikes. In engine valve, springs and other parts are made using titanium .Exhaust
pipes are also made using titanium

In aircrafts

Aeroplane body contains about 15% of titanium because of its high strength and
low density. Jet propulsions are also made up of titanium .Landing gears are also
made up of titanium.

In military

Arm parts, fighter planes, knifes, tanks and armour.

 In medicine

As titanium is non toxic metal, it can

be used for replacement of any joints.

Other applications

Titanium compounds are used as paints, rubber, paper, bleaching and opacifying
agents. Titanium alloys are known for their high tensile strength and hence used
aircrafts, armour plating and missiles. The alkaline earth titanates are used in
ultrasonic vibrations generators and sound generators. Titanium nitride is an alloy
which is used to make some coating on drill bits which increases the strength of the
drill bit

Titanium and Tungsten Comparison

Titanium and tungsten carbide (also sometimes just referred to as tungsten) are two
of the most popular contemporary materials currently available on the men’s
jewelry market. While surface appearances may lead some shoppers to believe that
they are similar in nature, in reality the two materials are quite different. Here are
some of the key points to consider when choosing between titanium and tungsten
rings.
Titanium vs Tungsten
 Price - Titanium and tungsten carbide are both very affordable alternatives to
pricy precious metals and are fairly comparable in price. For both materials prices
can vary based on style, manufacturer and quality of the material.

 Composition - Titanium is a metal that is slightly alloyed with other elements

for use in jewelry, usually aluminum and vanadium (depending on the grade). The
most commonly used grades for titanium jewelry (aircraft, extra-hard and
 commercial pure) are at least 85% pure titanium. Tungsten carbide is a compound
made from the rare metal tungsten and an equal number of carbon atoms.

 Hardness - Both titanium and tungsten carbide are considerably harder than
precious metals like gold and platinum. However, tungsten carbide is one of the
hardest materials in existence and substantially harder than titanium, registering a 9
on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness (compared to titanium’s score of 6).

 Scratch-resistance - Due to its hardness tungsten carbide handily beats titanium

when it comes to scratch-resistance, though titanium is still considerably more
scratch-resistant than other popular materials. There are virtually no materials other
than a diamond that can scratch tungsten carbide.

 Crack-resistance - Titanium is much more crack-resistant than naturally brittle

tungsten carbide. Tungsten carbide’s extreme hardness paired with its brittleness
means that tungsten carbide rings can crack or shatter if struck against a hard
enough surface. While some higher grade tungsten carbide bands demonstrate
decreased brittleness, as a general rule titanium rings are still a better fit for men
who work a lot with their hands.

 Weight - Titanium and tungsten carbide rings are practically at opposite sides of
the spectrum when it comes to how they feel on the finger. Despite their durability,
titanium rings are extremely lightweight, and are perfect for the more jewelry-
phobic. On the other hand, tungsten carbide rings are quite dense and heavy, and
have a pleasantly weighty feel on the finger.

 Color - Both titanium and tungsten rings have a handsome natural gunmetal grey
color, and can also be seen in popular black versions. White tungsten is also an
option for tungsten carbide rings, which offers a more “classic” appearance that
resembles white gold or platinum.

 Hypoallergenic properties - Most titanium rings are hypoallergenic and

appropriate for those with skin allergies, while most tungsten carbide rings are not.
 This is generally because many tungsten carbide rings employ the element cobalt,
which can be an allergen for some skin types.

 Emergency removal - A common myth for both titanium and tungsten carbide
rings is that they cannot be removed in case of emergency. Both types of rings can
certainly be removed in emergency situations, though the methodology for removal
will vary – titanium rings will need to be cut through using something like a
jeweler’s saw, while tungsten carbide rings will have to be cracked using vice grip
pliers.

 Resizing - Because of their strength, as a general rule neither titanium nor

tungsten carbide rings can be resized. However, both materials are inexpensive
enough that simply replacing them is a viable option.
 Cutting fluid
While machining a metal due to the friction
heat will be formed, which may damage the
metal and its properties. During the machining
the tool life may also get reduced because of
heat and high coefficient of friction. To remove
these limitations cutting fluids are used.
Cutting fluids are used to decrease the
heat by giving cooling and easy movement of
tool inside the workpiece and lubrication.
Cutting fluid is a type of coolant and lubricant designed specifically
for metalworking processes, such as machining and stamping. There are various
kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels,
aerosols (mists), and air or other gases. They may be made from petroleum
distillates, animal fats, plant oils, water and air, or other raw ingredients.
Depending on context and on which type of cutting fluid is being considered, it
may be referred to as cutting fluid, cutting oil, cutting compound, coolant,
or lubricant.
Most metalworking and machining processes can benefit from the use of cutting
fluid, depending on workpiece material. Common exceptions to this are cast
iron and brass, which may be machined dry

Types of cutting fluids

Liquids
There are generally three types of liquids: mineral, semi-synthetic, and synthetic.
Semi-synthetic and synthetic cutting fluids represent attempts to combine the best
properties of oil with the best properties of water by suspending emulsified oil in a
water base. These properties include: rust inhibition, tolerance of a wide range of
water hardness (maintaining pH stability around 9 to 10), ability to work with
many metals, resist thermal breakdown, and environmental safety.
Water is a good conductor of heat but has drawbacks as a cutting fluid. It boils
easily, promotes rusting of machine parts, and does not lubricate well. Therefore,
other ingredients are necessary to create an optimal cutting fluid.
Mineral oils, which are petroleum-based, first saw use in cutting applications in the
late 19th century. These vary from the thick, dark, sulfur-rich cutting oils used in
heavy industry to light, clear oils.
Semi-synthetic coolants, also called soluble oil, are an emulsion
or microemulsion of water with mineral oil. These began to see use in the 1930s. A
typical CNC machine tool usually uses emulsified coolant, which consists of a
small amount of oil emulsified into a larger amount of water through the use of a
detergent.
Synthetic coolants originated in the late 1950s and are usually water-based.
The official technique to measure oil concentration in cutting fluid samples is
manual titration: 100ml of the fluid under test is titrated with a 0.5M HCl solution
to an endpoint of pH 4 and the volume of titrant used to reach the endpoint is used
to calculate the oil concentration. This technique is accurate and not affected by
fluid contamination, but needs to be performed by trained personnel in a laboratory
environment. A hand-held refractometer is the industrial standard used to
determine the mix ratio of water-soluble coolants[4] that estimates oil concentration
from the sample refractive index measured in the Brix scale. The refractometer
allows for in situ measurements of oil concentration within industrial plants.
However, contamination of the sample reduces the accuracy of the measure. Other
techniques are used to measure the oil concentration in cutting fluids, such as
measure of the fluid viscosity, density, and ultrasound speed. Other test equipment
is used to determine such properties as acidity and conductivity.
Others include:

 Kerosene and rubbing alcohol often give good results when working on
aluminium.
 WD-40 and 3-In-One Oil work well on various metals. The latter has a
citronella odor; if the odor offends, mineral oil and general-purpose lubricating
oils work about the same.
 Way oil (the oil made for machine tool ways) works as a cutting oil. In fact,
some screw machines are designed to use one oil as both the way oil and
cutting oil. (Most machine tools treat way lube and coolant as separate things
that inevitably mix during use, which leads to tramp oil skimmers being used to
separate them back out.)
 Motor oils have a slightly complicated relationship to machine tools. Straight-
weight non-detergent motor oils are usable, and in fact SAE 10 and 20 oils used
to be the recommended spindle and way oils (respectively) on manual machine
tools decades ago, although nowadays dedicated way oil formulas prevail in
 commercial machining. While nearly all motor oils can act as adequate cutting
fluids in terms of their cutting performance alone, modern multi-weight motor
oils with detergents and other additives are best avoided. These additives can
present a copper-corrosion concern to brass and bronze, which machine tools
often have in their bearings and leadscrew nuts (especially older or manual
machine tools).
 Dielectric fluid is used as a cutting fluid in electrical discharge
machines (EDMs). It is usually deionized water or a high-flash-point kerosene.
Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the
fluid is used to stabilize the temperature of the workpiece, along with flushing
any eroded particles from the immediate work area. The dielectric fluid is non-
conductive.
 Liquid- (water- or petroleum oil-) cooled water tables are used with the plasma
arc cutting (PAC) process.

Pastes or gels
Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste or gel when used for some
applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. In sawing
metal with a bandsaw, it is common to periodically run a stick of paste against the
blade. This product is similar in form factor to lipstick or beeswax. It comes in a
cardboard tube, which gets slowly consumed with each application.

Aerosols (mists)
Some cutting fluids are used in aerosol (mist) form (air with tiny droplets of liquid
scattered throughout). The main problems with mists have been that they are rather
bad for the workers, who have to breathe the surrounding mist-tainted air, and that
they sometimes don't even work very well. Both of those problems come from the
imprecise delivery that often puts the mist everywhere and all the time except at
the cutting interface, during the cut—the one place and time where it's wanted.
However, a newer form of aerosol delivery, MQL(minimum quantity of lubricant),
avoids both of those problems. The delivery of the aerosol is directly through the
flutes of the tool (it arrives directly through or around the insertitself—an ideal
type of cutting fluid delivery that traditionally has been unavailable outside of a
few contexts such as gun drilling or expensive, state-of-the-art liquid delivery in
production milling). MQL's aerosol is delivered in such a precisely targeted way
(with respect to both location and timing) that the net effect seems almost like dry
machining from the operators' perspective. The chips generally seem like dry-
machined chips, requiring no draining, and the air is so clean that machining cells
can be stationed closer to inspection and assembly than before. MQL doesn't
provide much cooling in the sense of heat transfer, but its well-targeted lubricating
action prevents some of the heat from being generated in the first place, which
helps to explain its success.

CO2 Coolant
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is also used as a coolant. In this
application pressurized liquid CO2 is allowed to expand and this is accompanied by
a drop in temperature, enough to cause a change of phase into a solid. These solid
crystals are redirected into the cut zone by either external nozzles or through-the-
spindle delivery, to provide temperature controlled cooling of the cutting tool and
work piece.

Air or other gases (e.g., nitrogen)

Ambient air, of course, was the original machining coolant. Compressed air,
supplied through pipes and hoses from an air compressor and discharged from a
nozzle aimed at the tool, is sometimes a useful coolant. The force of the
decompressing air stream blows chips away, and the decompression itself has a
slight degree of cooling action. The net result is that the heat of the machining cut
is carried away a bit better than by ambient air alone. Sometimes liquids are added
to the air stream to form a mist (mist coolant systems, described above).
Liquid nitrogen, supplied in pressurized steel bottles, is sometimes used in similar
fashion. In this case, boiling is enough to provide a powerful refrigerating effect.
For years this has been done (in limited applications) by flooding the work zone.
Since 2005, this mode of coolant has been applied in a manner comparable
to MQL (with through-the-spindle and through-the-tool-tip delivery). This
refrigerates the body and tips of the tool to such a degree that it acts as a "thermal
sponge", sucking up the heat from the tool–chip interface. This new type of
nitrogen cooling is still under patent. Tool life has been increased by a factor of 10
in the milling of tough metals such as titanium and inconel.
Alternatively, using airflow combined with a quick evaporating substance (ex.
alcohol, water etc.) can be used as an effective coolant when handling hot pieces
that cannot be cooled by alternate methods.

Functions
Cooling
Metal cutting generates heat due to friction and energy lost deforming the material.
The surrounding air has low thermal conductivity (conducts heat poorly) meaning
it is a poor coolant. Ambient air cooling is sometimes adequate for light cuts and
low duty cycles typical of maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) or hobbyist
work. Production work requires heavy cutting over long time periods and typically
produces more heat than air cooling can remove. Rather than pausing production
while the tool cools, using liquid coolant removes significantly more heat more
rapidly, and can also speed cutting and reduce friction and tool wear.
However, it is not just the tool which heats up but also the work surface. Excessive
temperature in the tool or work surface can ruin the temper of both, soften either to
the point of uselessness or failure, burn adjacent material, create unwanted thermal
expansion or lead to unwanted chemical reactions such as oxidation.

Lubrication
Besides cooling, cutting fluids also aid the cutting process by lubricating the
interface between the tool's cutting edge and the chip. By preventing friction at this
interface, some of the heat generation is prevented. This lubrication also helps
prevent the chips from being welded onto the tool, which would interfere with
subsequent cutting.
Extreme pressure additives are often added to cutting fluids to further reduce tool
wear.
Purpose of cutting fluid
1. Lubricates the cutting process at low cutting speeds.
2. It is a coolant at high cutting speeds.
3. It helps in flushing the chips away from the cutting zone.
4. It protects the machines surface from corrosion.
5. It enables part handling by cooling the hot surface.
 6. It improves the life of the tool.
7. Reduce thermal deformation of the piece being treated.
8. It provides easy chip handling.

Characteristics of cutting fluid

1. Hard water reacts with soap and produces scum. It also reacts with cutting
fluid to break down the emulsion. Therefore it is recommended to use soft
water before preparation of the emulsion.
2. When mixed with hard water, cutting oils tends to form precipitates on
machine parts and filter.
3. The presence of water makes cutting oils more prone to rusting, bacterial
growth and losses due to evaporation thereby increases the maintenance
cost.
4. It is essential to measure the concentration after mixing it. This can be done
by using a refractometer or sending a small sample to a test facility.
5. Due to higher oil content in cutting oils, they arm difficult to clean from
surface of the machine.
6. The cutting oil within a coolant system degrades over time due to growth of
bacteria and contamination with tramp oil.
7. Manufactures of cutting oil can give suggestions for care and maintenance of
the coolant. But what works for one plant may not always work for another
 Computer numerical control (CNC)
Numerical control (NC) is the automated control of machining tools (drills,
boring tools, lathes) by means of a computer, in which a NC machine operates on a
piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to transform it to
precise specifications
NC machines combine a motorized tool and a motorized platform with a
control system, and operate by way of a computer which 1) accepts
graphical computer-aided design (CAD) files, and 2) transforms the input CAD file
into a sequential program of machine control instructions, which are then
executed. In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its
manufacturing program is highly automated. The part's mechanical dimensions are
defined using computer-aided design (CAD) software, and then translated into
manufacturing directives by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software

Types of CNC Machines

 Milling machines:
Mills use rotary cutters to cut a variety of
manufacturing materials and rely on CNC
commands to dictate the depth, direction and
angle of the cut. The precision of a cut is far
greater now using CNC technology than when
these machines were operated by hand

 Lathes:
These machines rapidly rotate the
manufacturing material on a spindle. The
material is then pressed against a carving or
abrading tool while it spins to cut or shape
it. Lathes are used primarily
for symmetrical objects such as cylinders, cones and spheres.
  Grinders:
A spinning wheel is used to either grate and abrade materials or
mold them into a desired shape.
These machines are the easiest to
program because they typically don't
require the same level of precision as
a lathe or mill.

Uses of CNC machine

there are many uses to using CNC machine
 The process is more precise than manual machining, and can be
repeated in exactly the same manner over and over again
 This process can produce complex shapes that would be almost
impossible to achieve with manual machining
 CNC Machining is used in jobs that need a high level of precision
or very repetitive tasks.

Application
 METAL FABRICATION:
One application of this machine consists of drilling precision
holes in solid metal material used by the automobile,
aerospace, construction, and other industries in producing end
products.
 WOOD MANUFACTURING:
Wood manufacturers also use this type of CNC machine as part
of standard operations. Often, this application relies on other
CNC machines as well, including turning, milling, and grinding .

 COMPUTER PARTS AND COMPONENT MANUFACTURING:

It is also common for manufacturers of computer parts and
components to use a CNC
machine for drilling. For this
industry, precision is critical,
which is what this machine
offers.

 Electrical industry:
For this industry, CNC drilling and other machines are
essential. For this application, manufacturers also use an
electrical discharge machine in most instances.
 Plastics manufacturing:
Drilling with a CNC machine is also used by manufacturers on
various plastics. As an example, the machine helps fabricate
electronic parts, again with incredible precision.

Comparison between CNC and conventional machines

Computer numeric control Conventional machines
machines
 CNC machines can be used  Conventional machines are
continuously for long difficult to operate for
intervals and only need to be several hours at a stretch
switched off for occasional The operator has to
maintenance continuously focus on job at
 CNC machines can produce hand
several products, all similar  Resemblance of the products
and dead accurate formed depends on the skill
of operator
 CNC machines can be  Chances for major
updated by using input improvement in the same
software to drive the conventional machines are
machines very less
Different types of codes used in CNC machine

M-codes:
M-codes are miscellaneous machine commands that do not command
axis motion. The format for an M-code is the letter M followed by two
to three digits; for example:
M02: End of Program
M03: Start Spindle- Clockwise
M04: Start Spindle- Counter Clockwise
M05: Stop Spindle
M06: Tool Change
M07: Coolant on mist coolant
M08: Flood coolant on
M09: Coolant off
M10: Chuck open
M11: Chuck close
M13: BOTH M03&M08 Spindle clockwise rotation & flood coolant
M14: BOTH M04&M08 Spindle counter clockwise rotation & flood coolant
M16: Special tool call
M19: Spindle orientate
M29: DNC mode
M30: Program reset & rewind
M38: Door open
M39: Door close
M40: Spindle gear at middle
M41: Low gear select
M41: High gear select
M53: Retract Spindle (raises tool spindle above current position to allow
operator to do whatever they would need to do)
M68: Hydraulic chuck close
M69: Hydraulic chuck open
M78: Tailstock advancing
M79: Tailstock reversing
M Codes are essential in ALL CNC programs to ensure a functioning
line of code. All complete CNC programs have M code in both the first
and last line of code.
G-codes:
G-codes are used to command specific movements of the machine, such as
machine moves or drilling functions. The format for a G-code is the letter G
followed by two to three digits; for example G01. G-codes differ slightly between
a mill and lathe application for example:
G00: Rapid Motion Positioning
G01: Linear Interpolation Motion
G02: Interpolation Motion-Clockwise
G03: Circular Interpolation Motion-Counter Clockwise
G04: Dwell (Group 00) Mill
G10: Set offsets (Group 00) Mill
G12: Circular Pocketing-Clockwise
G13: Circular Pocketing-Counter Clockwise

Common conventions used in describing CNC procedures

2 Axis:
If all the cutting takes place in the same plane. In this case, the cutter does not
have any capability of movement in the Z (vertical) plane. In general the X and Y
axes can interpolate together simultaneously to create angled lines and circular
arcs.

2.5 Axis:
If all the cutting takes place entirely in planes parallel to the principal plane but not
necessarily at the same height or depth. In this case, the cutter can move in the Z
(vertical) plane to change levels, but not simultaneously with the X, Y movements.
An exception might be that the cutter can interpolate helically, that is, do a circle in
X, Y while moving simultaneously in Z to form a helix (for example in thread
milling).

A subset of the above is that the machine can interpolate any 2 axes together
simultaneously, but not 3. This does make a limited number of 3D objects possible,
by cutting in the XZ or YZ planes, for example, but is much more limited than full
3 axis interpolation.

3 Axis:
If your cutting requires simultaneous controlled movement of the X, Y, Z axes
which most free-form surfaces require.

4 Axis:
If it includes the above plus 1 rotary axis movement. There are two possibilities: 4
axis simultaneous interpolation (also known as true 4th axis).Or just 4th axis
positioning, where the 4th axis can reposition the part between 3 axis operations,
but does not actually move during the machining.

5 Axis:
If it includes the above plus 2 rotary axis movements. Besides true 5 axis
machining (5 axes moving simultaneously while machining), you also often
have 3 plus 2 or 3 axis machining + 2 separate axes positioning only, as well as in
rarer cases 4 plus 1 or continuous 4 axis machining + a single 5th axis positioning
only.
 Experimental Setup
In our project we have used titanium as a workpiece of dimensions 11×2.5×[Link]
titanium has been machined under vertical cnc machine by using carbide drill bit
under three different conditions of cutting fluids
1. Dry
2. White soluble
3. Coconut oil

Work piece
The work piece here we used is a titanium alloy of grade 5 (11×2.5×1)
because it is the most durable and high strength with low density material. To
analysis how do reduce the waste of material under machining (drilling). Which
automatically reduces the cost of productivity.

Table. The composition of Ti6Al4V Grade 5.

Content
Composition Weight in
percentage
C <0.08%
Fe <0.25%
N2 <0.05%
O2 <0.2%
Al 5.5-6.76%
V 3.5-4.5%
H2(sheet) <0.015%
 H2(bar) <0.0125%
H2(billet) <0.01%
Ti Balance

Key properties
Properties Values
Density g/cm3 (lb) 4.42 (0.159)

Melting Range °C±15°C (°F) 1649 (3000)

Boiling Range °C±15°C (°F) 3287(5949)

Specific Heat J/kg.°C (F) 560 (0.134)

Tensile Strength MPa (ksi) 1000(140)

Elastic Modulus GPa (Msi) 114 (17)

Hardness Rockwell C 41

Poisson’s ratio 0.33

Fatigue Strength 700 MPa
Shear Modulus GPa (ksi) 44(6380)

Shear Strength MPa(psi) 760(110000)

Properties
 High strength
 Low density
 Resistance to corrosion in sea water and chlorine
 High melting point
 Good tensile strength
Cutting fluid
We use cutting fluid generally while machining to remove heat and apply
lubrication to the tool. we have used three different conditions while drilling .
1. Dry
2. White soluble
3. Coconut oil
Dry
Dry machining means no cutting fluid is used during machining
For economic and environmental benefits of machining process is carried out
without any cutting fluid

White soluble
Soluble oils (also referred to as emulsions, emulsifiable oils or water soluble oils)
are generally comprised of 60-90percentage petroleum or mineral oil, emulsifiers
and other additives. A concentrate is mixed with water to form the metal working
fluid. When mixed ,emulsifiers, (a soap like material) cause the oil to disperse in
water forming a stable “oil-in-water” emulsion .They also cause the oils to cling to
work piece during machining. Emulsifier particles refract light, giving the fluid a
milky opaque appearance
Water soluble cutting oils are also referred as soluble oils. The term water-soluble
can be said to be inappropriate as these are not soluble in water but from an
emulsion when added to water. Adding water to the oil helps rust prevention, it
carries away the heat, and it more effectively removes particles and also prevents
bacteria or fungus build-up.

Coconut oil
Most of the metal cutting fluid are mineral oil-based fluids and these fluids
increases productivity and quality of manufacturing operations by cooling and
lubricating.
Despite wide spread use, they pose significant health and environment hazards.
Lower well friction is one of the advantages with oil-based drilling fluids.

Drilling Under oil

Tungsten carbide cutting fluid

In our project we used tungsten carbide as a cutting tool to drill under CNC. As
titanium is a harder material so it cannot be machined even by using high speed
steels. But the tungsten carbide is more harder than titanium we use it as a cutting
tool. It can be machined up to 900◦[Link] diameter of the dill bit we used is 8mm.
Drill tool nomenclature

CNC machine
The Vertical machining center is a CNC/MNC controlled machine used for metal
cutting. CNC machine tools with approximately 1To1000 mm/min. The machine
specifications are as
follows:
Item Units MDV55 MDV75 MDV95
Table size Mm 1050*1056 1550*740 2300*950
(l*w) (OP:1250*560)
Maximum Kg 800 1500 2500
table load
X/Y/Z- Mm 1020/5500/510 1530/740/660 2060/950/850
axis travel
Cutting Mm/mi 1-10000 1-10000 1-10000
feed rate` n
Max r/min 800(gear) 6000(gear) 4500(gear)
spindle OP:13000(motoriz OP:13000(motoriz
speed ed ed)
Spindle No.50(7:24) No.50(7:24) No.50(7:24)
taper
Tool JIS B 6339 50T JIS B 6339 50T JIS B 6339 50T
shank type
Maximum Mm 110 110 103
tool
diameter
X/Y/Z Mm 0.007/0.006/0.006 0.010/0.006/0.006 0.008/0.007/0.0
repeatabili 07
ty
Control FANUC 31i-MB FANUC 31i-MB FANUC 31i-
system MB
Experimental results
For the given inputs of varying speed and feed under different conditions of cutting
fluids we get respective outputs.
Outputs recorded for the given inputs (speed & feed) are time of machining,
surface roughness and chip thickness.
These outputs are measured by using two instruments
1. Talysurf surface roughness tester: The surface roughness of drilled holes are
measured by using talysurf surface roughness tester in terms of µm.
2. U-tube micrometer: The chip thickness is measured by using micrometer in
terms of mm

Type of cutting Input Output

fluid
Speed Feed Time Chip Surface
(rpm) (mm/rev) (sec) thickness roughness
(mm) (µm)
Dry 955 30 72 0.14 0.948
1433 40 53 0.15 1.306
1910 50 42 0.16 1.171
White soluble 955 40 53 0.12 1.212
1433 50 43 0.13 1.464
1910 30 79 0.15 0.785
Coconut oil 955 50 43 0.10 1.101
1433 30 72 0.11 1.370
1910 40 53 0.13 0.824
Graphs and observation
Graphs are drawn between the inputs and output.
[Link] between input vs time
Speed vs Machining time
90
80
70
60
50
Time

40
30
20
10
0
955 1433 1910
Speed

dry white soluble oil

Feed vs Machining time

90
80
70
60
50
Time

40
30
20
10
0
30 40 50
Feed

dry white soluble oil

From the above graphs we can observe that increase in speed may not effect the
machining time. But as increase in the feed rate machining time is decreases.
Which may reduce the time of machining and helps in increase of production rate.

[Link] between input vs chip thickness

Speed vs chip thickness
0.18
0.16
0.14
Chip thickness

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
955 1433 1910
Speed

dry white soluble oil

 Feed vs chip thickness
0.18
0.16
0.14
Chip tihickness

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
30 40 50
Feed

dry white soluble oil

From the above bar graphs between speed/feed vs chip thickness. We can observe
that oil removes the chip with low thickness compare to dry and white soluble at
any speed and feed. It may helps to get the good surface finish. Which may reduce
the cost and material waste by getting the surface finish at low removal of chip.
[Link] between input vs surface roughness
Speed vs Surface roughness
1.6

1.4

1.2
Surface roughness

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
955 1433 1910
Speed

dry white soluble oil

Feed vs Surface roughness

1.6

1.4

1.2
Surface roughness

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
30 40 50
Feed

dry white soluble oil

From the above graph we can observe that at high speed under the cutting fluids
we can get good surface finish, but coming to feed low feed rate gives the good
surface finish. By observing the overall speed and feed rate we can decide that at
high speed and low feed rate definitely give good surface finish i.e., from graph at
speed 1910 and feed 30 under water soluble give surface finish of 0.785 µm which
is less than other inputs and conditions. This helps to get the good surface finish.
 Conclusion
Machining in titanium has been successfully carried out under cnc machine. Which
is resulted in the significance in improvement of production rate with high surface
finish under less wastage of material.
 We can conclude the high speed and low feed rate will gives the good
surface finish.
 High feed rate will gives the less wastage of time.
Using of coconut oil will result removal of chip with less