Radio Optimization
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What is Coverage Area ?
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What is Service Area ?
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Coverage Schemes
• Definition of coverage in different environments:
Coverage Classifications Threshold Coverage classification
Good In-building -70 dBm Urban high\medium\low density, skyscrapers, airport
Average In-building -78 dBm Suburban, industrial
Good In-car -85 dBm Suburban dense vegetation, open, village, town, river
Average In-car -88 dBm Agricultural, high tree density
Outdoor -92 dBm Water
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Coverage real network
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Antennas 1/7
• Frequency Band
• Directional, Bidirectional, Omni
• Horizontal & Vertical Beam width
• Gain
• VSWR
• MDT/EDT
• Diversity
300º 60º
• Single\Dual\Multi Band
Ant 6 Ant 1
300º 60º
Ant 5
Ant 2
Ant 4 Ant 3
180º 180º 6
Antennas 2/7
• Vertical pattern and beam width
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Antennas 3/7
• Down tilt
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Antennas 4/7
• Down tilt() = VBW/2 + Arctng(H/R)
Down tilt ()
Height (H)
-3 dB points
Main lobe
Cell Range (R)
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Antennas 5/7
• Safety margin for horizontal BW
Safety Margin
15 Degrees
Azimuth (main lobe)
Building
Half Power BW
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Antennas 6/7
• Safety margin for [Link]
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Antennas 7/7
• Electrical tilt versus mechanical tilt
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Downlink Link Budget
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Downlink Link Budget Analysis
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Downlink Link Budget - Example
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Downlink Link Budget - Solution
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Uplink link Budget
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Uplink Link Budget - Example
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System Balance
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System Balance Equation
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System Balance
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System Balance - Example
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Complete Link Budget
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Propagation: loss + 4 possible
events
Radio wave
Radio wave
shadowing scattering
Radio wave
reflection diffraction
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Continued
• Reflection
» Occurs when a wave impinges upon a smooth surface.
» Dimensions of the surface are large relative to .
» Reflections from the surface of the earth and from
buildings and walls.
• Diffraction
» Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large
dimensions relative to and sharp irregularities (edges).
» Secondary “wavelets” propagate into the shadowed
region.
» Diffraction gives rise to bending of waves around the
obstacle.
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Reflection
• Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
• No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
• Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:
self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 s
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Continued
Scattering
• Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions on
the order of or less, causing the reflected energy to spread out or
“scatter” in many directions.
• Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause
scattering
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Multipath Fading
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Fading affect on received signal
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What is fading ?
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Slow and fast fading
• Slow fading
» Other names: Shadowing, Large scale fading, Log – Normal fading,
Long term fading
» Due to various shadowing and terrain effects and man made
environments
• Fast Fading
» Other names: Small scale fading, Rayleigh or Rician fading, Short
term fading
» Due to movement of MS
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Interference
Signal Quality
expected signals carrier (C )
sum of all unexpected signal
= interference (I)
atmospheric
expected signal noise
other signals
Notes: GSM specification : C / I >= 9 dB (Co-Channel)
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Effects of Interference
• Affect signal quality
• Cause bit error
• Repairable errors : channel coding, error correction
• Irreducible errors : phase distortions
• Interference situation is
• Non- reciprocal : uplink <> downlink
• Unsymmetrical : different situation at MS and BTS
• C/I
• Co-Channel C/I : 9dB
• Adjacent Channel C/I : -9dB
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Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality ---> RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range
class (%) from... to
0 0.14 < 0.2%
good 1 0.28 0.2 ... 0.4 %
usable signal 2 0.57 0.4 ... 0.8 %
3 1.13 0.8 ... 1.6 %
acceptable 4 2.26 1.6 ... 3.2 %
5 4.53 3.2 ... 6.4 %
unusable 6 9.05 6.4 ... 12.8 %
signal 7 18.1 > 12.8 %
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Macro Sites 1/2
• Hilltop locations for should be avoided as it cause:
• Uuncontrolled interference
• Iinterleaved coverage
• Awkward HOs
• Good for microwave links
• Can be used for coverage of road
• Should be low capacity Uncontrolled interference
Desired cell boundary
Interleaved coverage area
weak own signal, strong foreign signal
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Macro Sites 2/2
RF criteria for site selection
• Clearnce of first Fresnel zone
• Good view in the main beam direction
• No surrounding nearby high obstacle
• Good visibility of terrain
• LOS to microwave sites or even BSC site if possible
• Short cabling distance
Non RN criteria
• Space for equipment
• Rental and access issues
• Power supply
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Hot & Blind Spots
…..Macro cell layer has been implement, but two problems exist:
a) hot spots; demand for capacity
b) Blind spots; poor coverage
Examples:
- squares, shops, companies, exhibitions, stadiums, complexes
(demand for capacity)
- Rural areas, roads, tunnels ([Link])
(demand for coverage)
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Solutions:
• Outdoor Micros
• Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
• Repeaters
• Radiating Cable
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Outdoor Micros
• Used in hot spots:
e.g. squares, streets, stadiums, companies, complexes, exhibitions
• Micro BTSs are used (with up to 4TRXs & 30dBm output power)
• Internal or external antennas with 2-7dBi
• Mast height of 3-12m
• Service & coverage area up to 300m radius
• Location of antennas usually:
- squares
- sidewalks
- on the walls
- rooftop of small buildings
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Distributed Antenna System
(DAS)
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Continued
• Technically for indoor planning e.g. multi floors buildings
• Micro or pico BTSs is installed in one floor
• Capacity is distributed in different floors
• External antennas are installed in all floors through feeders, optic fibers
and splitters
• Omni directional, directional or bidirectional antennas are used
• Avoid signal leakage to outside building
• Losses due to feeders, combiners must be considered
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Repeaters
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Applications
• Provide coverage for:
- buildings
- roads
- rural area
- tunnels
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Elements in a repeater system
• Donor cell (BTS): BTS that its signal and capacity is used in repeater
• Pick up antenna: repeater antenna in connection with BTS
• Service antenna: repeater antenna which provide coverage for blind area
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When to use repeaters ?
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Radiating Cable
• Coaxial cable which radiates Signal
• Typical parameters:
- Frequency range : GSM band
- Longitudinal loss : the same loss in feeders
- Coupling loss : loss between cable and a testing receiver at
distance of 2m
- System loss : Longitudinal + Coupling losses
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Radiating Cables in Metro
• Capacity and coverage calculations for tunnel and stations
• BTSs are located in 1 or 2 Stations
• Capacity is distributed through radiating cables, optical fibers and
splitters
MU: Master Unit RU: Remote Unit
Radiating Optical
Cable Fiber
Tunnel
RU MU RU
BTS
Station A Station B Station C
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Master Station
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Remote Station
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