Science Reviewer Most breakdown of

macromolecules
Smaller diameter than large
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
intestine
[Link]
Has 3 sections
[Link]
Duodenum- receives bolus from
[Link]
stomach, bile, & pancreatic juice
[Link]
Jejunum- chemical breakdown of
Digestion- Break down food into
chyme completed
molecules
Ileum- absorption of nutrients in
Mechanical Digestion-tearing,
bloodstream
grinding, and chewing food into
Villi- small finger-like projection
smaller pieces
increases the surface area
Chemical Digestion-Conversion of
Microvilli- small than villi
food particles into molecules
Capillaries- small blood vessels
Enzymes- proteins/catalysts
found on each villus
Speed up chemical
Absorbs all nutrients except Fat
reaction
Accessory Organs- Pancreas,
Break down/put
Liver, and Gall bladder, adds
together
digestive enzymes, juices,
Pathways of food through
hormones to small intestine. Helps
Digestive System
breakdown protein, fat, and
Mouth
carbohydrates
Pharynx
Gall bladder- stores bile
Esophagus
Pancreas- produces enzyme need
Stomach
to finish digesting the main
Small intestine
organic food, also produces insulin
Large intestine
Large intestine- also called colon
Rectum
reabsorb water from small
Anus
intestine material
Bolus- mass/ball of chewed food
Cecum- T junction connects colon
partially digested
to small intestine
Chyme- thick semi-fluid mass
Appendix- attached at the end of
digested food
cecum
Pharynx- throat
Rectum- Stores solid waste
Intersection of glottis and v
Enzyme Organ Function
opening of esophagus found here
Salivary mouth Starch into
Epiglottis- flap that closes glottis
Amylase glucose
when swallowing closes the
trachea Pepsin, HCI, stomach Proteins into
Esophagus- connects pharynx and mucus amino acids
stomach Bile liver Digests fat
Peristalsis-process that pushes the Small Digests
food toward the stomach intestine proteins, lipid,
Esophageal/Cardiac Sphincter- carbs
connects the esophagus and Trypsin
stomach Lipases Aid in digestion
Stomach- j shaped organ Amylase Pancreas of nutrients
Has mucus that covers the inner
lining preventing self digestion Sodium Neutralizes
Has gastric juices pH of 1-2 biocarbonate stomach acid
Pyloric Sphincter- connects
stomach to small intestine and
closes off its posterior end Respiratory System
HCI- kills bacteria converts bolus Respiration- process wherein the
to chyme body takes oxygen and
Small Intestine- 6 meters length eliminates gaseous waste products
Respiratory tract- part of body
involved in respiration Circulatory System
Breathing- mechanical process of  Also known as internal
inhaling and exhaling transport system
3 parts of Respiratory System  Made up of cardiovascular and
[Link] Respiratory Tract lymphatic system
[Link] airways  Transports nutrients and
[Link] oxygen all over the body
3 types of Respiration  Collects waste and transport to
[Link] Respiration respective organs to be excreted
[Link] Respiration  Helps maintain fluid balance
[Link] Respiration and body temperature
 Acts as defense against harmful
bacteria
Pathways of air inside the body Cardiovascular system and its
Nose-first organ in respiratory, air parts
passes through divided into left Blood vessels-system of tubes
and right nasal passages by where blood flows within the body
cartilage. Has coarse hair that
prevents dirt and large particles 3 kinds of Blood Vessels
Nasal Septum- cartilage that [Link]- carry blood away from
separates the nostrils heart to tissues and cells all over
Cilia- thousands of microscopic the body
fingerlike extension in each  Have thick and elastic walls
epithelial cell that can withstand high
Epithelial cell- closely packed pressure caused by rapid
cells in the mucous membrane movement of blood
Pharynx- after nasal passages,  Pulmonary artery
cone shaped passageway from oral Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood
and nasal cavities in head to  Aorta
esophagus and larynx Largest artery in the human
Larynx/voice box- filtered air body
goes here. It has ligaments called [Link]-carry blood back to heart
vocal cords that vibrates when air form tissues and cells in the body
passes within the cords creating  Pulmonary Vein
sound carry oxygen-poor blood
Trachea- windpipe tube made up  Inferior and Superior Vena
of cartilage, carries the air toward Cava
the lungs Among the largest veins in the
Bronchi- two branches of the lungs body connected to the heart
Bronchioles- microscopic tubes in [Link]- connect an artery
lungs to vein, smallest among the 3,
Alveoli-air sacs, site of gas allows small molecules to easily
exchange each lung has about 300 pass through and diffuse into
million alveoli adjacent cells
Diffusion-process that takes place Heart- muscular organ pumps
in the alveoli where materials blood
move from an area of higher  Fist-sized organ located
concentration to lower between lungs and behind
Blood that goes into alveoli is rich breastbone
in carbon dioxide  Has a protective membrane
Inhale-rib muscles and diaphragm called pericardium
contracts chest expands Septum- wall of muscle that
Exhale- rib muscles and separates the left and right side of
diaphragm relax chest decreases the heart
air pressure in chest cavity 4 chambers of the heart
increases Left and Right Atria
 Upper thin walled chambers Tricuspid Valve-quickly closes as
 Collecting chambers of the the atria contracts which fills the
heart ventricles with blood from atria
Left and Right Ventricle Ventricles- will contract forcing
 Lower thick walled chambers the pulmonary semilunar valve and
 Pumping chambers of the heart aortic semilunar valve to open
Valves- Present in the 4 chambers which will force blood out of heart
to prevent backflow of blood Right ventricle-oxygen poor blood
will go to lungs through pulmonary
artery for oxygenation
Left ventricle- oxygen rich blood
will go to various parts of the body
through aorta
Then ventricles relaxed and
process continues

Components of Blood
Blood- example of liquid
connective tissue composed of
liquid called plasma
Plasma- 90% water also has
proteins, salts and other
transported materials

Reproductive System
 produce off spring
 pass on traits
3 types of blood cells  to perpetuate species
[Link] blood cells (RBC)- transport Male Reproductive System
respiratory gases O2 and CO2  produce sperm
 Also called erythrocytes  to secrete male sex hormones
 Contain hemoglobin, iron  deliver sperm into site of
containing bright red when fertilization
combined with oxygen Sperm cells- male gametes or
 Carry oxygen from lungs and spermatozoa
transports to different tissue  head-has nucleus that houses
[Link] blood cells (WBC)- acts male chromosomes
as the defense of the body  Acrosome- protective cap
 Also called leukocytes  Midpiece- contain mitochondria
 Certain types are phagocytes-  Tail- whiplike structure to
protect the body by ingesting propel
bacteria and other foreign  produced in testes
bodies Scrotum- sac containing testes
[Link]- aid in blood clothing  has two sets of muscles
 Also called thrombocytes  Dartos- smooth muscle that
 Prevent bleeding from wrinkles the skin
happening  Cremaster- band of skeletal
 Prevent RBC from leaking out of muscle that elevates the testes
injured vessels Testes- 2 reproductive glands
Pathway of blood through heart located in scrotum responsible for
Atria- filled with blood production of sperm
Vena Cava-connected to right Seminiferous tubule- produces
atrium supplies oxygen rich blood the sperm
from lungs  Converge to form the tubulus
rectus
Epididymis- where sperm are  To receive male gametes
temporarily stored and matured  Site of fertilization and
 Coiled tube system located on development of zygote
testis  Larger cell is the secondary
 20 days for sperm to travel oocyte
through the end of 6m  At birth a baby girl has about 2
epididymis million immature egg cells
 Nonmotile sperm enters  At puberty the primary oocytes
through the tubes and become and cluster of cells surrounding
motile the oocyte develop top form a
 Upon ejaculation epididymis follicle
contracts expelling sperm into Ovaries- paired organs on each
the ductus deferens side of uterus held in place by
Ductus Deferens- runs from several ligaments
epididymis through inguinal canal  Ovum is produced here
into abdominal cavity Fallopian tube-extend from
 Propels the sperm from ovaries to uterus
epididymis to urethra  Muscular contractions and cilia
Ejaculatory duct- blocks the move the oocyte trough the
passageway from the bladder to uterine tube
prevent mixing with urine Uterus- thick walled muscular
Urethra- the passageway of sperm organs where embryonic
and urine to the external development takes place
environment Endometrium- inner wall of
Penis- copulatory organ designed uterus
to deliver sperm into the female Cervix- narrow opening of the
reproductive tract uterus
 Ends with glans penis  Also called as the neck of the
Prepuce or foreskin- cuff at skin uterus or birth canal
covering the glans penis Vagina- acts as the passageway of
Circumcision- surgical removal of the baby outside of the body
the foreskin Hymen- covers the vagina orifice
Seminal Vesicle- 60% of volume External Genetalia
of the semen which contains a  Vestibule- space which the
fructose rich fluid nourishes the vagina and urethra open
sperm  Clitoris-erectile tissue
Prostate gland- below the bladder associated with vestibule
secretes alkaline that neutralizes  Labia minora-folds that cover
acids present in the female the vestibule
reproductive organ  Labia majora- cover the labia
Bulbourethral gland or cowper’s minora
gland- also secrets fluids that
neutralizes acid in urethra
Testosterone- male sex hormone
 Secreted by lydig cells Macromolecules
 Influences male reproductive Macromolecule building block
organ
protein amino acids
carbohydrates
monosaccharides
lipids glycerol + fatty
acids
nucleic acids nucleotides

Carbohydrates- better known as

Female Reproductive sugars and starches
 To produce ovum
[Link]- simple sugars Buiret test blue liquid that changes
such as glucose and fructose to purple when proteins
[Link]- composed of 2
monosaccharides joined together. Micronutrients
Example Sucrose(table sugar) Groups of Heterotrophic
[Link]- Starches Organisms
 Animals and humans store [Link]
excess glucose in form of [Link]
glycogen in the liver and [Link]
muscles. Bacteria and Fungi- are either
 Liver breaks down glycogen to saprophytic
glucose and releases it in the Parasites- survive in other
blood stream organisms and procure food from
Cellulose-makes up cell wall of their host
plants Animals-maybe herbivores,
Chitin- provides structure to fungi carnivores, and omnivores
Lipids- long term energy storage Carbohydrate- chief energy source
 Fatty acid “tails” long chains of in animals
carbon and hydrogen Proteins- also needed to build
Proteins-complexed, specialized muscles and are source of energy
molecules composed of carbon, Fats- serves as energy storage
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and Vitamins- substances organic in
sometimes sulfur nature and needed in small
 There are 20 different amino amounts. Obtained from other food
acids combine to form source
polypeptides  Fat Soluble Vitamins
 Enzymes  Water soluble Vitamins
 Structural proteins
 Antibodies
 hemoglobin
Nucleic Acids- each is made of a
sugar molecule phosphate
molecule and a nitrogenous base
 DNA sugar is deoxyribose and
the nitrogenous bases are
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
uracil
 RNA sugar is ribose and the
nitrogenous bases are adenine,
guanine, cytosine, and uracil
 Carry the genetic info within
the cells
Testing
 Carbohydrates- starch
Lugol’s reagent (iodine potassium
solution/ I.K.I test) changes from
yellowish-brown to dark
purple/black
 Carbohydrates- simple
Benedict’s solution blue colored
liquid solution when heated the
solution turns to orange red/brick
red.
 Lipids
Ethanol Emulsion Test- layer of
cloudy white suspension
 Proteins
Mineral- Defined as inorganic
elements
 Macrominerals and
microminerals
 Used by animals in their
inorganic state