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Contents
1 Introduction
Chapter One 2 Building Classification
Building 3 Components of a Building
Classification 4 Design And Performance Requirements
Contents
Building: is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the
Constraints to Choosing Building Systems ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for
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machines, processing equipment, performance of human
activities, storage of human possessions, or any
6 The project life cycle of a building combination of these.
Building construction: is the process of assembling materials
7 Participants in building construction to form a building based on the building design.
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INTRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
A Building can be generally considered as a structure consisting Requirements which must be satisfied for the construction of a
of floors, walls and roofs erected to provide covered space . modern house are:
Buildings serve several needs of society – A plot of land
As shelter from weather(sun, rain ,wind snow) Permission from local authorities
As general living working space ( dry , convenient ) Materials for building
To provide privacy Skilled labourers for the erection
To store belongings Finance
The initial causes which forced man to look for shelter were: Professionals, such as architects and engineers
Fear of wild animals
Seeking protection against the cold and the heat
Seeking shelter against the rain and wind
The desire for a place where everything belonging to the
family could be gathered
BUILDING CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON OCCUPANCIES
Buildings can be generally classified in different groups 1. Residential buildings: include houses
depending upon their occupancy of use or types of construction. occupied by persons where living
accommodations are provided.
Classification Based On Classification Based On Ex. private residences, apartments,
Occupancy Types Of Construction dormitories, hotels, etc.
• Residential buildings • Type1: Fire-resisting 2. Educational buildings: include any
• Educational buildings construction
building used for educational instructions.
• Type 2: Non-combustible
• Assembly buildings construction Ex. schools
• Business buildings • Type 3: Heavy timber
• Mercantile buildings construction 3. Assembly buildings: include any building
• Industrial buildings • Type 4: Ordinary where group of people gather for
• Institutional buildings construction amusement, recreation, social, political,
• Storage buildings • Type 5: Wood frame religious and similar purposes.
construction
• Hazardous buildings Ex. theatres, halls, places of worship, etc.
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CLASSIFICATION BASED CLASSIFICATION BASED
ON OCCUPANCIES (CONT…) ON OCCUPANCIES (CONT…)
4. Business buildings: any building which is 7. Institutional buildings: any building which is
used for the transaction of business, for used for purposes such as medical or other
professional services and for keeping treatment or care or for penal or correctional
accounts & records for similar purpose. detention.
Ex. City halls, barbershops ,court houses, e Ex. hospitals, prisons, etc
5. Mercantile buildings: any building which 8. Storage buildings: any building which is used
is used as shops, stores, market, and for for storage or sheltering of goods,
display and sale of merchandise. merchandise, agricultural products, raw
Ex. Shopping malls materials etc.
6. Industrial buildings: any building or Ex. ware houses, barns, etc
structure in which products or materials of 9. Hazardous buildings: any building used for
all kinds are fabricated, assembled, storage, handling, manufacturing or
finished or processed. processing of highly inflammable(flammable)
Ex. Assembly plants , combustible or explosive materials.
Ex. explosive storage
CLASSIFICATION BASED BASED ON TYPE OF
ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION (CONT…)
Buildings are classified on the basis of resistance to fire of the
elements of the buildings. Type-2 Non-combustible construction:
Construction in which the walls, partitions, structural elements etc. are
non-combustible with less fire resistance than Type 1.
Type-3 Heavy timber construction:
Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.
Interior structural members, floors and roofs are constructed out of
timber either in solid or laminated forms.
Type-4 Ordinary construction:
Type-1 Fire-resisting construction: Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.
Type of construction in which the elements of the building, Interior structural members could be partially or wholly out of wood
which include the floors, walls, columns and the roof itself, are of relatively smaller sections unlike Type 3.
non-combustible. Type-5 Wood frame construction:
The building is sufficiently fire resistance that it withstands the Type of construction in which practically the whole of the building is
effect of fire and prevents its spread to other rooms. out of wood or other combustible materials.
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COMPONENTS COMPONENTS OF
OF A BUILDING A BUILDING (CONT…)
A building has two basic parts:
Sub-structure
Super structure
Sub-structure: is the lower portion of the building, usually located
below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-
structure to the supporting soil.
Super-structure: is that part of the structure which is above the
ground level, and which serves the purpose of its intended use.
The basic component of a building include:
Sub-structure
♦ Foundations ♦ Walls ♦ floor
♦ structures ♦ Roof structures ♦ Building finishes Super-structure and sub-structure
♦ Doors, windows and other openings ♦ Vertical transportation
COMPONENTS OF
A BUILDING (CONT…) BUILDING DESIGN
Building design: is the process of providing all information
necessary for construction of a building that will meet its owner’s
requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare, and safety
requirements
The main considerations in architectural design of buildings for
all purpose are:
Climate and its effect
People and their requirements
Materials for construction and method of construction
Regulations and building codes
3D-model
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DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS (CONT...)
A building structure should satisfy the following basic design and To accommodate the basic functional requirements, a building
performance requirements should satisfy the following requirements in its design and
construction works:
A. The structure should have adequate margin of safety (factor
of safety) in addition to that necessary to support its normal 1. Strength and stability
loading. Any structural component of a building should be strong
enough to carry or support all possible types of loads to
B. It must have sufficient stiffness so that its distortion does not which it is likely to be subjected.
offend the eye or reduce the efficiency of the structure for its The Loads in a building are commonly classified as: dead
normal purpose. loads, super imposed or live loads and wind loads.
Dead loads: are static loads due to the weight of the respective
C. The building should be planned to provide sufficient comfort
structural members, i.e. The wall partitions, roofs, slabs and
and convenience to the occupants of the building.
all other permanent fixtures in the building.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS (CONT...) REQUIREMENTS (CONT...)
Live loads: also called as super-imposed loads, consist of moving 3. Comfort and convenience
or variable loads, due to people or occupants, their furniture, Should be satisfied by proper planning of the buildings and its
temporary stores, machinery, etc. units.
Optimum utilization of space
Wind loads: are loads, which can cause uplift on a building and Lighting considerations
reduce the pressure on the foundation on the windward side Orientation
and increase pressure on the leeward side. The effect of wind 4. Resistance to moisture penetration
pressure increases with the height of the building.
The presence of moisture in any building structure deteriorates
2. Dimensional stability the materials strength, reduces durability and could cause partial
Refers to the resistance to dimensional changes in building or total failure of the structure.
materials and structures caused due to: 5. Fire protection
elastic and plastic deformations as a result of applied loads A building structure should not ignite easily
expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature A building should provide means of fire escape
and moisture content.
A building should be designed to reduce the spread of fire
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DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS (CONT...) REQUIREMENTS (CONT...)
6. Heat insulation 9. Durability
The building should be designed in such a way to maintain The durability of a building is defined as the time over which a
fairly constant temperature of the internal environment building remains serviceable and depends mainly on
independently of the varying climatic conditions externally. Type of building materials
7. Day light and ventilation Environmental exposure
Day lighting is essential to promote the activities carried in the Quality of workmanship
building and to create pleasant inside environment. Degree of maintenance, etc
Ventilation is essential to prevent undue concentration of 10. Security
odours, fumes, dust, etc and maintain suitable condition for Due considerations should be given in designing and
the user of the building. constructing external walls and openings to protect a building
8. Sound insulation against burglary or theft
The insulation of noise is a very important requirement for 11. Economy
buildings such as hospitals, educational institutions, offices The designer must exercise economy at every stage of planning,
and residential building located in noisy areas. design, construction, maintenance and operation.
CONSTRAINTS TO CHOOSING CONSTRAINTS TO CHOOSING
BUILDING SYSTEMS BUILDING SYSTEMS
General physical limitations: Land area available for building, Building Codes:
weight of building and soil strength, structural dimensions,
material performance under exposure conditions, contractual Establish minimum construction standards for the
arrangements regarding building construction. protection of life, health, and welfare of the public .
Material selection dependent on: Designer/Architect with Regulate the building activities - Define user groups,
inputs from owner (for appearance and performance) and construction types, fire resistance ratings, materials,
contractor (for cost, availability & constructability) natural light, ventilation, emergency exits, structural
Budget - Permitted and overruns design, construction methodology, fire protection systems,
accessibility to disabled persons, energy efficiency, etc
Zoning ordinances: Imposed by local authorities (Planning Material selection dependent on:
Department - Residential or industrial, area covered by and
offsets required for building, parking spaces, floor area, height
of building, center-city fire zones, etc
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THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE PARTICIPANTS IN
OF A BUILDING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
The project life cycle of a building may be viewed as a process The practice of planning, designing, constructing, and operating
through which a building project is implemented from cradle to buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of
Market
grave. demand or
perceived
professionals and trades.
needs
Conceptual Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular
Disposal of planning and building project, the project team may include:
Facility feasibility
study A client or an owner: Individuals, government, real estate
developers etc.
Project Life Cycle of a Building financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
Local planning and code authorities
Operation and Design and
maintenance engineering Consultants or Licensed architects and engineers who provide
building design and prepare construction documents
Contractors who provide construction services and install
building systems
Procurement
Start up for
and Facility managers who are responsible for operating the
occupancy
construction building.