Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/; born June 28, 1971) is a technology entrepreneur,
Elon Musk
investor, and engineer.[9][10][11] He holds South African, Canadian, and U.S.
FRS
citizenship and is the founder, CEO, and lead designer of SpaceX;[12] co-founder,
CEO, and product architect ofTesla, Inc.;[13] co-founder and CEO of Neuralink; and
co-founder of PayPal. In December 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of
The World's Most Powerful People.[14] As of October 2018, he has a net worth of
$22.8 billion and is listed byForbes as the 54th-richest person in the world.[15]

Born and raised in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk moved to Canada when he was 17
to attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two
years later, where he received an economics degree from the Wharton School and a
degree in physics from the College of Arts and Sciences. He began a Ph.D. in
applied physics and material sciences atStanford University in 1995 but dropped out
after two days to pursue an entrepreneurial career
. He subsequently co-foundedZip2,
a web software company, which was acquired by Compaq for $340 million in 1999.
Musk then founded [Link], an online bank. It merged with Confinity in 2000 and
later that year became PayPal, which was bought by eBay for $1.5 billion in October
2002.[20] Musk in 2016
Born Elon Reeve Musk
In May 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport
June 28, 1971
services company, of which he is CEO and lead designer. He helped fund Tesla, Inc.,
Pretoria, Transvaal,
an electric vehicle and solar panel manufacturer, in 2003, and became its CEO and
South Africa
product architect. In 2006, he inspired the creation of SolarCity, a solar energy
services company that is now a subsidiary of Tesla, and operates as its chairman. In Residence Bel Air, Los Angeles,
2015, Musk co-foundedOpenAI, a nonprofit research company that aims to promote California, United
friendly artificial intelligence. In July 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a States[1][2]
neurotechnology company focused on developing brain–computer interfaces, and is Citizenship South Africa (1971–
its CEO. In December 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company, an infrastructure present)
and tunnel-construction company. Canada (1989–
present)
In addition to his primary business pursuits, Musk has envisioned a high-speed
transportation system known as the Hyperloop, and has proposed a vertical take-off United States (2002–
and landing supersonic jet electric aircraft with electric fan propulsion, known as the present)
Musk electric jet.[21][22] Musk has stated that the goals of SpaceX, Tesla, and Alma mater Queen's University
SolarCity revolve around his vision to change the world and humanity.[23] His goals
University of
include reducing global warming through sustainable energy production and
Pennsylvania[3][4]
consumption, and reducing the risk of human extinction by establishing a human
colony on Mars.[24] Occupation Entrepreneur ·
investor · engineer
Years active 1995–present

Contents Net worth US$22.1 billion

(December 2018)[5]
Early life
Early childhood Title Founder, CEO, Lead
Education Designer of SpaceX
 Career CEO, Product
Zip2
Architect of Tesla, Inc.
[Link] and PayPal
SpaceX Co-founder, CEO of
Tesla Neuralink
SolarCity Founder of The
Gigafactory Boring Company
Hyperloop
Co-founder of Zip2
OpenAI
Neuralink Founder of [Link]
The Boring Company (later became
[Link] PayPal)
Tham Luang cave rescue
Co-founder of OpenAI
Device viability
Media coverage and Musk's behavior Chairman of SolarCity
Teslaquila Political Independent
Views party
Political
Spouse(s) Justine Wilson
Lobbying
(m. 2000; div. 2008)
Subsidies
Talulah Riley
Destiny and religion (m. 2010; div. 2012)
Extraterrestrial life
(m. 2013; div. 2016)[6]
Artificial intelligence
Public transport Partner(s) Amber Heard (2016–
Personal life 2018)[7]
Philanthropy Grimes (2018–
Family present)[8]
Zolpidem usage
Joe Rogan podcast appearance Children 6 (1 deceased)

Awards and recognition Parent(s) Maye Musk (mother)

In popular media Errol Musk (father)
References Relatives Kimbal Musk
Further reading (brother)
External links
Tosca Musk (sister)
Lyndon Rive (cousin)

Early life Awards Fellow of the Royal

Society
Signature
Early childhood
Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa,[25] the son of
Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian from Regina, Saskatchewan,
Canada,[26] and Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, and sailor. He has a younger brother, Kimbal (born
1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974).[30] His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch
ancestry.[31][32] His maternal grandfather Joshua Haldeman was American, from Minnesota.[33] After his parents divorced in 1980,
Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria,[31] which Musk chose two years after his parents split up, but now says
was a mistake.[34] As an adult, Musk has severed relations with his father
.[34] He has a half-sister[35] and a half-brother.[36]

During his childhood, Musk was an avid reader.[37] At age 10, he developed an interest in computing with the Commodore VIC-
20.[38] He taught himself computer programming at the age of 10, and by the age of 12 sold the code of a BASIC-based video game
he created called Blastar, to a magazine calledPC and Office Technology, for approximately $500.[39][40] A web version of the game
is available online.[39][41] His childhood reading included Isaac Asimov's Foundation series from which he drew the lesson that "you
should try to take the set of actions that are likely to prolong civilization, minimize the probability of a dark age and reduce the length
of a dark age if there is one."[34]

Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood[34] and was once hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of
stairs and then beat him until he lostconsciousness.[37][42]

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School and Bryanston High School[42] before graduating from Pretoria Boys High
School. Although Musk's father insisted that Elon go to college in Pretoria, Musk became determined to move to the United States.
As he states, "I remember thinking and seeing that America is where great things are possible, more than any other country in the
world."[43] Knowing it would be easy to get to the United States from Canada, he moved to Canada against his father's wishes in
June 1989, just before his 18thbirthday,[44] after obtaining a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother
.[45][46]

Education
At age 17, in 1989, Elon Musk moved to Canada to attend Queen's University, avoiding mandatory service in the South African
military. He left in 1992 to study business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated with an undergraduate degree
in economics and stayed for a second bachelor's degree in physics.

After leaving Penn, Elon Musk headed to Stanford University in California to pursue a PhD in energy physics. However, his move
was timed perfectly with the Internet boom, and he dropped out of Stanford after just two days to become a part of it, launching his
first company, Zip2 Corporation.[47]

Career

Zip2
In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, a web software company, with money raised from a small group of angel
investors.[34] The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry.[48] Musk obtained
contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune[49] and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger
with CitySearch.[50] While at Zip2, Musk wanted to become CEO; however, none of the board members would allow it.[37] Compaq
acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash[37]:109 and US$34 million in stock options in February 1999.[51] Musk received
US$22 million for his 7 percent share from the sale.[49][37]:109

[Link] and PayPal

In March 1999, Musk co-founded [Link], an online financial services and e-mail payment company, with US$10 million from the
sale of Zip2.[44][48][50] One year later, the company merged with Confinity,[49][52] which had a money-transfer service called
PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. PayPal's early growth was driven
mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service.[53] Musk
was ousted in October 2000 from his role as CEO (although he remained on the board) due to disagreements with other company
leadership, notably over his desire to move PayPal's Unix-based infrastructure to Microsoft Windows.[54] In October 2002, PayPal
was acquired by eBay for US$1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk received US$165 million.[55] Before its sale, Musk, who was the
company's largest shareholder, owned 11.7% of PayPal's shares.[56]

In July 2017, Musk purchased the domain [Link] from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it has sentimental value to
him.[57]

SpaceX
In 2001, Musk conceptualized Mars Oasis, a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars, containing food crops
growing on Martian regolith, in an attempt to regain public interest in space exploration.[58][59] In October 2001, Musk travelled to
Moscow with Jim Cantrell (an aerospace supplies fixer), and Adeo Ressi (his best friend from college), to buy refurbished Dnepr
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the envisioned payloads into space. The group met with companies such
as NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, according to Cantrell, Musk was seen as a novice and was consequently spat on by one
of the Russian chief designers,[60] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to
Russia to look for three ICBMs, bringing along Mike Griffin. Griffin had worked for the CIA's venture capital arm, In-Q-Tel, as well
as NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and was just leaving Orbital Sciences, a maker of satellites and spacecraft. The group met
again with Kosmotras, and were offered one rocket for US$8 million; however, this was seen by Musk as too expensive; Musk
consequently stormed out of the meeting. On the flight back from Moscow, Musk realized that he could start a company that could
build the affordable rockets he needed.[60] According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor Steve Jurvetson,[61] Musk calculated that
the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time. It was concluded that
theoretically, by applying vertical integration and the modular approach from software engineering, SpaceX could cut launch price by
a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70-percent gross margin.[62] Ultimately, Musk ended up founding SpaceX with the long-term goal of
creating a true spacefaring civilization.[63]

With US$100 million of his early fortune,[64] Musk

founded Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, in
May 2002.[65] Musk is chief executive officer (CEO) and
chief technology officer (CTO) of the Hawthorne,
California-based company. SpaceX develops and
manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on
advancing the state of rocket technology. The company's
first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9
rockets (a nod to Star Wars' Millennium Falcon), and its
first spacecraft is the Dragon (a nod to Puff the Magic
Musk and President Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch Dragon).[66] In seven years, SpaceX designed the family
site in 2010 of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multipurpose
spacecraft. In September 2008, SpaceX's Falcon 1 rocket
became the first privately funded liquid-fueled vehicle to
put a satellite into Earth orbit.[37] On May 25, 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, making history as the first
commercial company to launch andberth a vehicle to the International Space Station.[67]

In 2006, SpaceX was awarded a contract from NASA to continue the development and test of the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle
and Dragon spacecraft in order to transport cargo to the International Space Station,[68] followed by a US$1.6 billion NASA
Commercial Resupply Services program contract on December 23, 2008, for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft
to the Space Station, replacing the US Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011.[69] Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled
solely by the Soyuz, but SpaceX is one of two companies awarded a contract by NASA as part of the Commercial Crew
[70]
Development program, which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability by 2018.

Musk believed that the key to making space travel affordable is to make rockets reusable, Though most experts in the space industry
did not believe that reusable rockets were possible or feasible.[71] On December 22, 2015, SpaceX successfully landed the first stage
of its Falcon rocket back at the launch pad. This was the first time in history such a feat had been achieved by an orbital rocket and is
a significant step towards rocket reusability lowering the costs of access to space.[72] This first stage recovery was replicated several
times in 2016 by landing on an autonomous spaceport drone ship, an ocean-based recovery platform,[73] and by the end of 2017,
SpaceX had landed and recovered the first stage on 16 missions in a row where a landing and recovery were attempted, including all
14 attempts in 2017. 20 out of 42 first stage Falcon 9 boosters have been recovered overall since the Falcon 9 maiden flight in
2010.[74] In the most recent full year—2017—SpaceX launched 18 successful Falcon 9 flights, more than doubling their highest
previous year of 8.[75]
On February 6, 2018, SpaceX successfully launched the Falcon Heavy, the fourth-highest
capacity rocket ever built (after Saturn V, Energia and N1) and the most powerful rocket in
operation as of 2018. The inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster belonging to Musk as a
dummy payload.[76]

SpaceX is both the largest private producer of rocket engines in the world and holder of the
record for the highest thrust-to-weight ratio for a rocket engine (the Merlin 1D).[77][78]
SpaceX has produced more than 100 operational Merlin 1D engines. Each Merlin 1D engine
can vertically lift the weight of 40 average family cars. In combination, the 9 Merlin engines
in the Falcon 9 first stage produce anywhere from 5.8 to 6.7 MN (1.3 to 1.5 million pounds)
of thrust, depending onaltitude.[79]

Musk was influenced by Isaac Asimov's Foundation series[80] and views space exploration
as an important step in preserving and expanding the consciousness of human life.[81] Musk
said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human NASA Administrator Charles
species. Bolden congratulates Musk in
front of the Dragon capsule in
2012
An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us, and we face risks the
dinosaurs never saw: an engineered virus, inadvertent creation of a micro
black hole, catastrophic global warming or some as-yet-unknown technology
could spell the end of us. Humankind evolved over millions of years, but in
the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish
ourselves. Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond this green and blue
ball—or go extinct.

Musk's goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 10.[82] In a 2011 interview, he said he hopes to send humans to
Mars' surface within 10–20 years.[83] In Ashlee Vance's biography, Musk stated that he wants to establish a Mars colony by 2040,
with a population of 80,000.[38] Musk stated that, since Mars' atmosphere lacks oxygen, all transportation would have to be electric
(electric cars, electric trains, Hyperloop, electric aircraft).[84] Musk stated in June 2016 that the first unmanned flight of the larger
Mars Colonial Transporter (MCT) spacecraft is aimed for departure to the red planet in 2022, to be followed by the first manned
MCT Mars flight departing in 2024.[85] In September 2016, Musk revealed details of his architecture to explore and colonize
Mars.[86] By 2016, Musk's private trust holds 54% of SpaceX stock, equivalent to 78% of voting shares.
[87]

In late 2017, SpaceX unveiled the design for its next-generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system—BFR—that would support all
SpaceX launch service provider capabilities with a single set of very large vehicles: Earth-orbit, Lunar-orbit, interplanetary missions,
and even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth, and totally replace the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and Dragon vehicles in the
2020s. The BFR will have a 9-meter (30 ft) core diameter. Significant development on the vehicles began in 2017, while the new
rocket engine development began in 2012.[88][89]

Tesla
Tesla, Inc. (originally Tesla Motors) was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the
company until the Series A round of funding.[90]

Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Elon Musk's involvement.[91] Musk led the Series A round
of investment in February 2004, joining Tesla's board of directors as its chairman.[92] Musk took an active role within the company
[93]
and oversaw Roadster product design at a detailed level, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.

Following the financial crisis in 2008 and after a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[71][94]
Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect, positions he still holds today. Tesla Motors first built an
electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster in 2008, with sales of about 2,500 vehicles to 31 countries. Tesla began delivery of its four-door
Model S sedan on June 22, 2012. It unveiled its third product, the Model X, aimed at the SUV/minivan market, on February 9, 2012;
however, the Model X launch was delayed until September 2015.[95][96][97] In addition to its own cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain
systems to Daimler for the Smart EV, Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive and Mercedes A Class, and to Toyota for the RAV4 EV.
T [98]
Musk was able to bring in both companies as long-term investors in esla.

Musk observing an Musk and Senator Dianne Feinstein next to Musk standing in front of a Tesla
assembly demo at the a Tesla Model S (2010) Model S in 2011
reopening of the NUMMI
plant, now known as the
Tesla Factory (Fremont,
California) in 2010

Musk has favored building a sub-US$30,000 compact Tesla model and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components
so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in-house; this led
to the Model 3 that is planned to have a base price of US$35,000.[99] Several mainstream publications have compared him with
Henry Ford for his work on advanced vehicle powertrains.[100]

In a May 2013 interview with All Things Digital, Musk said that to overcome the range limitations of electric cars, Tesla is
expanding its network of supercharger stations, tripling the number on the East and West coasts of the U.S. that June, with plans for
more expansion across North America, including Canada, throughout the year.[101] As of January 29, 2016, Musk owns about
.[102][103]
28.9 million Tesla shares, which equates to about 22% of the company

As of 2014, Musk's annual salary is one dollar, similar to that of Steve Jobs and other CEOs; the remainder of his compensation is in
the form of stock and performance-based bonuses.[104][105]

In 2014, Musk announced that Tesla would allow its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith in a bid to entice
automobile manufacturers to speed up development of electric cars. "The unfortunate reality is electric car programs (or programs for
any vehicle that doesn't burn hydrocarbons) at the major manufacturers are small to non-existent, constituting an average of far less
than 1% of their total vehicle sales," Musk said.[106]

In February 2016, Musk announced that he had acquired the [Link] domain name from Stu Grossman, who had owned it since
1992, and changed Tesla's homepage to that domain.[107]

In January 2018, Musk was granted an option to buy up to 20.3 million shares if Tesla's market value were to rise to $650 billion.
Majority shareholder approval was pending As of 5 March 2018.[108] The grant was also meant to end speculation about Musk's
potential departure from Tesla to devote more time to his other business ventures.[109] A report by advisory firm Glass Lewis & Co.
to its clients argued against granting the options.[108]

The New York Post described the pending stock option grant as an "astronomical deal" in pay when it reported that Tesla accepted
$750 million in public funds from New York Governor Andrew Cuomo as part of the Buffalo Billion project, a plan to invest money
to help the economy of the Buffalo, New York area. The money was used to build a factory and infrastructure for solar panel maker
SolarCity, which Tesla acquired. As of March 2018, the plant employed "just a few hundred workers and its future remains
[110]
uncertain." (The Buffalo area actually lost nearly5,000 jobs between December 2016 and December 2017).
In September 2018, Musk was charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for a tweet claiming that funding had been
secured for taking Tesla private. The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to
bar Musk from serving as CEO on publicly traded companies.[111][112] Two days later, Musk reached a settlement with the SEC. As
a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down as Tesla chairman within 45 days while
remaining Tesla's CEO.[113] Musk also proclaimed in several interviews since that he does not regret sending the tweet that triggered
the SEC investigation. According to Reuters, Musk said the tweet that cost him and the company $20 million in fines was "Worth
It".[114] Musk also went on to tweet on October 1, 2018 a link to "O.P.P." by Naughty by Nature as a take on what had happened
between him and the SEC.

According to ABC News, "As recently as Oct. 4, Musk issued a sarcastic tweet, describing the agency [SEC] as the “Shortseller
Enrichment Commission,” despite having agreed to settlement terms a week earlier that his company
, Tesla, would monitor his tweets
and other communications."[115]

Following Musk's resignation as chairman, Tesla named Robyn Denholm to replace Elon Musk as the acting chairman. This decision
esla would nominate James Murdoch.[116]
came after weeks of speculation on whether T

SolarCity
Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which was then co-founded in 2006 by his cousins Lyndon and
Peter Rive.[117][118] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[119] SolarCity
T [120][121][122]
was acquired by Tesla, Inc. in 2016 and is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of esla.

The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla was to help combat global warming.[123] In 2012, Musk announced
that SolarCity and Tesla are collaborating to use electric vehicle batteries to smooth the impact of rooftop solar on the power grid,
with the program going live in 2013.[124]

Gigafactory
On June 17, 2014, Musk committed to building a SolarCity advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, that would triple the
size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Musk stated the plant will be "one of the single largest solar panel production
plants in the world," and it will be followed by one or more even bigger facilities in subsequent years.[125] The Tesla Gigafactory 2 is
a photovoltaic (PV) cell factory, leased by Tesla subsidiary SolarCity in Buffalo, New York. Construction on the factory started in
2014 and was completed in 2017.[126]

Hyperloop
On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled a concept for a high-speed transportation system incorporating reduced-pressure tubes in which
pressurized capsules ride on an air cushion driven by linear induction motors and air compressors.[127] The mechanism for releasing
the concept was an alpha-design document that, in addition to scoping out the technology, outlined a notional route where such a
transport system might be built: between theGreater Los Angeles Areaand the San Francisco Bay Area.[128]

After earlier envisioning Hyperloop, Musk assigned a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX who worked for nine months,
establishing the conceptual foundations and creating the designs for the transportation system.[129][130] An early design for the
system was then published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[131][132][133] Musk's proposal, if technologically
feasible at the costs he has cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances. The
alpha design was proposed to use a partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamic drag, which it is theorized would allow for high-speed
travel with relatively low power, with certain other features like air-bearing skis and an inlet compressor to reduce freestream flow.
The document of alpha design estimated the total cost of an LA-to-SF Hyperloop system at US$6 billion, but this amount is
speculative.[134]
In June 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX-
sponsored mile-long track in a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also started
building a tunnel.[135]

Hyperloop One, a company unaffiliated with Musk, had announced that it had done its first successful test run on its DevLoop track
[136]
in Nevada on July 13, 2017. It was on May 12, 2017, at 12:02 a.m. and had lasted 5.3 seconds, reaching a top speed of 70 mph.

On July 20, 2017, Elon Musk announced that he had gotten verbal government approval to build a hyperloop from New York City to
Washington, D.C., stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[137] However, the New York City Transit Authority, Southeastern
Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, Maryland Transit Administration, United
States Department of Homeland Security, as well as the mayors of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington D.C. stated
that they are unaware of any such agreement.[138]

OpenAI
In December 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company. OpenAI
.[139]
aims to develop artificial general intelligencein a way that is safe and beneficial to humanity

By making AI available to everyone, OpenAI wants to "counteract large corporations who may gain too much power by owning
super-intelligence systems devoted to profits, as well as governments which may use AI to gain power and even oppress their
citizenry."[140] Musk has stated he wants to counteract the concentration of power.[34] In 2018 Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid
esla as Tesla increasingly becomes involved in AI.[141]
possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of T

However, in an interview with Joe Rogan in September 2018, Musk warned about the dangers of developing artificial intelligence
indiscriminately.

Neuralink
In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence.
The company is centered on creating devices that can be implanted in the human brain, with the eventual purpose of helping human
beings merge with software and keep pace with advancements in artificial intelligence. These enhancements could improve memory
or allow more direct interfacing with computing devices.[142] Musk sees Neuralink and OpenAI as related: "OpenAI is a nonprofit
dedicated to minimizing the dangers of artificial intelligence, while Neuralink is working on ways to implant technology into our
brains to create mind-computer interfaces."[34]

The Boring Company

On December 17, 2016, while stuck in traffic, Musk tweeted "Am going to build a
tunnel boring machine and just start digging ..." The company was named 'The
Boring Company'.[143] On January 21, 2017, Musk tweeted "Exciting progress on
the tunnel front. Plan to start digging in a month or so."[144] The first tunnel will
start on the SpaceX campus,[145] The Boring Test Tunnel runs underneath West
120th Street. As of January 26, 2017, discussions with regulatory bodies had
begun.[146]

In February 2017, the company began digging a 30-foot-wide, 50-foot-long, and 15-
foot-deep "test trench" on the premises of Space X's offices in Los Angeles, since Musk discussing The Boring
the construction requires no permits.[147][148] Musk had said in early 2017 that a 10- Company at TED 2017
fold decrease in tunnel boring cost per mile is necessary for economic feasibility of
the proposed tunnel network.[149] By late 2018, TBC had active construction,
approved plans in place, or an operational tunnel in several areas of the United States: Baltimore,[150] Chicago[151] and Los Angeles.
TBC provided an update on the state of their technology and product line when they opened to the public their first mile-long test
tunnel in Hawthorne, California, on 18 December 2018, stating that it has been a proof-of-concept for the technology.[152][153]
Design is complete for the third-generation Boring TBM, Prufrock, slated to support a 15x improvement in tunneling speed over the
[152]:15:18–15:45
existing state of the art, and the machine will be assembled and begin engineering testing in 2019.

[Link]
After a string of negative press targeting Tesla caused Musk to become frustrated,[154] specifically articles published by Reveal News
criticizing Tesla for its factory safety procedures,[155] Musk announced on Twitter that he is planning on creating a website where
users could rate the truthfulness of specific articles in addition to the credibility of journalists and publications.[156] He suggested
calling it "Pravda" after aSoviet Union-era Communist Party newspaper of the same name
.

This caused backlash from many journalists, claiming that a platform where any user could freely vote on an article's or a journalist's
credibility could be prone to abuse.[157][158]

After realizing the site "[Link]" is used by the Ukrainian Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda, Musk bought the site
[Link] on May 25, 2018.[159]

Tham Luang cave rescue

In July 2018, Musk attempted to provide assistance to rescuers during the Tham Luang cave rescue by ordering his employees to
build a small rescue pod.

Musk, responding to requests for help from Twitter users,[160] contacted James Yenbamroong, CEO of Thailand-based satellite
company mu Space Corp, to get him connected with the Thai government.[161] He then ordered engineers from two of his companies
to design a child-sized submarine to help the rescue effort and publicised the process via Twitter.[162][163] Engineers at Musk's
companies SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube[164] and
personally delivered it to Thailand.

Named "Wild Boar" after the children's soccer team,[165] its design, a five-foot (1.5 m)-long, twelve-inch (300 mm)-inch wide sealed
tube weighing about 90 pounds (41 kg) propelled manually by divers in the front and back,[166] was intended to solve the problem of
safely transporting the children, who might have had difficulty learning the scuba skills required to exit the cave on their own without
panicking.[167] In case the mini-submarine could not fit through the cave system, Elon Musk also requested Wing Inflatables, a
California-based inflatable boat manufacturer, to build inflatable escape pods. The pods were designed, fabricated, and tested in one
day before being flown to Thailand.[168][169]

By this time, eight of the twelve children had already been rescued and Thai authorities decided not to use the submarine, describing
it as technologically impressive but impractical.[170][171][172]

Device viability
The supervisor of the rescue operation Narongsak Osatanakorn dismissed the submarine as impractical under the current
circumstances. A rescue caver who had been exploring the cave for the past six years and who had originally located the trapped
football team, said that Musk's idea "had absolutely no chance of working ... the submarine, I believe, was about five foot six long,
rigid, so it wouldn't have gone round corners or round any obstacles. It wouldn't have made the first 50 metres into the cave from the
dive start point."[173][174] Musk tweeted that Richard Stanton, leader of the international diving team, had earlier urged Musk to
[175]
continue construction of the mini-submarine as a back-up, in case the flooding worsened.

Although the device could safely hold an occupant, there were concerns that its rigid body was only slightly smaller than the
[165]
narrowest passages in the cave, making it risky to get it through the tighter turns.

Media coverage and Musk's behavior

As media coverage of the event grew, some were skeptical of Musk's intentions, claiming the submarine was mainly built for
[176][177][178]
publicity for Tesla and Musk, citing the apparent uselessness of the device.

One of the divers said to have played a major role in the rescue criticized the submarine as amounting to nothing more than a public
relations effort with no chance of success, and that Musk "had no conception of what the cave passage was like";[179] and said that
Musk "can stick his submarine where it hurts". Musk reasserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to the
diver as "pedo guy" without offering any evidence to support the claim, causing backlash against Musk.[180][181] He subsequently
deleted the tweets, along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device "Stay tuned jackass".[181] On 16 July, the
[182][183]
diver stated that he was considering legal action in relation to Musk's comments.

After Musk's Tweets, Tesla shares fell 4% as some investors worried about his erratic behavior.[184] Tesla investors subsequently
demanded that Musk apologize.[185] Two days later, Musk issued an apology for his remarks:[186][187] "The fault is mine and mine
alone"[188] and "my words were spoken in anger".[189]

On August 28, 2018, in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter regarding how Musk had handled the diver's criticism, Musk
circled back to the pedophilia accusation tweeting "You don't think it's strange he hasn't sued me? He was offered free legal services.
...".[190] The following day, a letter from L. Lin Wood, the rescuer's attorney, dated August 6, emerged, showing that he had been
making preparations for a libel lawsuit.[191][192]

On 5 September 2018, a reporter from Buzzfeed News published an email written by Musk on August 30 marked "off the record",
saying "I suggest that you call people you know in Thailand, find out what's actually going on and stop defending child rapists, you
fucking asshole. As for this alleged threat of a lawsuit, which magically appeared when I raised the issue ... I fucking hope he sues
me." Musk confirmed that he had sent the email.[193] The diver subsequently filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court in
mid-September 2018, with plans to also file a similar case in the United Kingdom. The lawsuit contends that "Musk embarked on a
PR campaign to destroy [the diver]'s reputation by publishing false and heinous accusations of criminality against him to the public",
and seeks upwards of US$75,000 in damages.[194][195]

Teslaquila
Musk first mentioned Teslaquila in an April Fools tweet in 2018.[196] The proposed Tesla-branded tequila become closer to a reality
in October 2018 as Tesla filed an 'intent to use' trademark application with theU.S. Patent and Trademark Office.[197] The trademark
is for distilled agave liquor. Musk reaffirmed his intention to release the product with a tweet, featuring a mockup of the bottle, on
October 12.[198]

Mexico's Tequila Regulatory Council (CRT) has publicly denounced the proposed product, arguing, "If it wants to make Teslaquila
viable as a tequila it would have to associate itself with an authorized tequila producer, comply with certain standards and request
[199]
authorization from Mexico's Industrial Property Institute".

Views

Political
Politically, Musk has described himself as "half Democrat, half Republican" and "I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and
fiscally conservative."[200] Prompted by the emergence of self-driving cars and artificial intelligence, Musk has voiced support for a
universal basic income;[201] he additionally backs direct democracy.[202] He has described himself as a socialist, but "not the kind
that shifts resources from most productive to least productive, pretending to do good, while actually causing harm" - arguing instead,
"true socialism seeks greatest good for all."[203] He supports targeting an inclusive tax rate of 40%, prefers consumption taxes to
income taxes, and supports the estate tax, as the "probability of progeny being equally excellent at capital allocation is not high."[204]
 Musk has described the United States as "[inarguably] the greatest
country that has ever existed on Earth," describing it as "the greatest
force for good of any country that's ever been." Musk believes
democracy would not exist any longer if not for the United States,
saying that it prevented this disappearance on three occasions
through its participation in World War I, World War II and the Cold
War. Musk also stated that he thinks "it would be a mistake to say the
United States is perfect, it certainly is not. There have been many
foolish things the United States has done and bad things the United
States has done."[205]
Musk speaking alongside former IrishTaoiseach
Before the election of Donald Trump as President of the United
(Prime Minister) Enda Kenny in 2013
States, Musk criticized candidate Trump by saying: "I feel a bit
stronger that he is probably not the right guy. He doesn't seem to
have the sort of character that reflects well on the United States."[206] Following Donald Trump's inauguration, Musk expressed
approval of Trump's choice of Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State and accepted an invitation to appear on a panel advising President
Trump. Regarding his cooperation with Trump, Musk has subsequently commented: "The more voices of reason that the President
hears, the better."[207] He subsequently resigned from both in June 2017, in protest at Trump's decision to withdraw the United States
from the Paris Agreement on climate change.[208][209]

Lobbying
In an interview with The Washington Post, Musk stated he was a "significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats," but that he
also gives heavily to Republicans. Musk further stated that political contributions are a requirement in order to have a voice in the
United States government.[210][211]

A 2012 report from the Sunlight Foundation, a nonpartisan group that tracks government spending, found that since 2002, SpaceX
had spent more US$4 million on lobbying the United States Congress and more than US$800,000 in political contributions to
Democrats and Republicans. The same report said that "SpaceX's campaign to win political support has been systematic and
sophisticated," and that "unlike most tech-startups, SpaceX has maintained a significant lobbying presence in Washington almost
since day 1." and that "Musk himself has donated roughly US$725,000 to various campaigns since 2002. In 2004, he contributed
US$2,000 to President George W. Bush's reelection campaign, maxing out (over US$100,000)[212] to Barack Obama's reelection
campaign and donated US$5,000 to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who represents Florida, a state critical to the space industry. (...)
All told, Musk and SpaceX gave out roughly US$250,000 in the 2012 election cycle."[210][213] Additionally, SpaceX hired former
Republican Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott to represent the company, via the Washington-based lobbying group Patton Boggs
[214]
LLP. Alongside Patton Boggs LLP, SpaceX uses several other outside lobbying firms, who work with SpaceX's own lobbyists.

Musk had been a supporter of the U.S. political action committee (PAC) [Link], which was started by fellow high-profile
entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg and advocates for immigration reform. However, in May 2013, Musk publicly withdrew his support in
protest of advertisements the PAC was running that supported causes like the Keystone Pipeline. Musk and other members, including
David O. Sacks, pulled out, criticizing the strategy as "cynical."[215] Musk further stated, "we shouldn't give in to the politics. If we
[216]
give in to that, we'll get the political system we deserve."

In December 2013, Sean Becker of the media/political website Mic called Musk a "complete hypocrite," stating that "[for] the 2014
election cycle, Musk has contributed to the Longhorn PAC and the National Republican Congressional Committee – both of which
have funded the campaigns of anti-science, anti-environment candidates such as Rep. Michelle Bachman (R-Minn.)."[216] Musk has
directly contributed to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who has been accused of holding similar positions regarding climate
change.[213]

Subsidies
Musk has stated that he does not believe the U.S. government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon
tax to price in the negative externality of air pollution and discourage poor behavior. Musk says that the free market would achieve
[217]
the best solution, and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences.

Musk's statements have been widely criticized, with Stanford University Professor Fred Turner noting that "if you're an entrepreneur
like Elon Musk, you will take the money where you can get it, but at the same time believe as a matter of faith that it's
entrepreneurship and technology that are the sources of social change, not the state. It is not quite self-delusion, but there is a habit of
thinking of oneself as a free-standing, independent agent, and of not acknowledging the subsidies that one received. And this goes on
all the time in Silicon Valley."[218] Author Michael Shellenberger argued that "in the case of Musk, it is hard not toread that as a kind
of defensiveness. And I think there is a business reason for it. They are dealing with a lot of investors for whom subsidies are not the
basis for a long-term viable business, and they often want to exaggerate the speed with which they are going to be able to become
independent." Shellenberger continues, "we would all be better off if these entrepreneurs were a bit more grateful, a bit more
humble." While journalist and author Jim Motavalli, who interviewed Musk for High Voltage, his 2011 book about the electric
vehicle industry, speculated that "Elon is now looking at it from the point of view of a winner, and he doesn't want to see other people
win because they get government money – I do think there is a tendency of people, once they have succeeded, to want to pull the
ladder up after them."[219]

In 2015, Musk's statements were subject to further scrutiny when an LA Times article claimed that SpaceX, Tesla, SolarCity and
buyers of their products had or were projected to receive together an estimated US$4.9 billion in government subsidies over twenty
years. One example given is New York state, which is spending $750 million to build a solar panel factory in Buffalo which will be
leased to SolarCity for $1 a year. The deal also includes no property taxes for a decade, an estimated $260 million valuation. Musk
employs a former U.S. State Department official as the chief negotiator for Tesla.[220]

Destiny and religion

When asked whether he believed "there was some kind of destiny involved" in humanity's transition to a multi-planetary species,
rather than "just physics," Musk responded:

Well, I do. Do I think that there's some sort of master intelligence architecting all of this stuff? I think probably not
because then you have to say: "Where does the master intelligence come from?" So it sort of begs the question. So I
think really you can explain this with the fundamental laws of physics. You know it's complex phenomenon from
simple elements.[221]

Musk has stated that he does not pray, or worship any being, although he asked "any entities that [were] listening" to "bless [the]
launch" before an important Falcon 1 launch. When asked whether he believed that religion and science could co-exist, Musk said
most likely not.[222]

Extraterrestrial life
Although Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, he is unsure whether other intelligent life is likely.[222] Musk
later said that he "hope[s] that there is other intelligent life in the known universe," and stated that it is "probably more likely than
not, but that's a complete guess."[223]

Musk has also considered thesimulation hypothesis as a potential solution to theFermi paradox:

The absence of any noticeable life may be an argument in favour of us being in a simulation ... Like when you're
playing an adventure game, and you can see the stars in the background, but you can't ever get there. If it's not a
simulation, then maybe we're in a lab and there's some advanced alien civilization that's just watching how we
 develop, out of curiosity, like mould in a Petri dish ... If you look at our current technology level, something strange
has to happen to civilizations, and I mean strange in a bad way. ... And it could be that there are a whole lot of dead,
one-planet civilizations.[224]

Artificial intelligence
Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence, calling it "the most serious threat to the survival of
the human race." During a 2014 interview at the MIT AeroAstro Centennial Symposium, Musk described AI as humanity's largest
existential threat, further stating, "I'm increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight, maybe at the
national and international level, just to make sure that we don't do something very foolish." Musk described the creation of artificial
intelligence as "summoning the demon".[225][226]

Despite this, Musk has previously invested in DeepMind, an AI firm, and Vicarious, a company working to improve machine
intelligence. In January 2015, he donated $10 million to the Future of Life Institute, an organization focused on challenges posed by
advanced technologies.[227] He is the co-chairman ofOpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company
.[228]

Musk has said that his investments are, "not from the standpoint of actually trying to make any investment return ... I like to just keep
an eye on what's going on with artificial intelligence." Musk continued, "There have been movies about this, you know, like
[229]
Terminator – there are some scary outcomes. And we should try to make sure the outcomes are good, not bad."

In June 2016, Musk was asked whether he thinkshumans live in a computer simulation, to which he answered:

The strongest argument for us probably being in a simulation I think is the following: 40 years ago we had Pong –
two rectangles and a dot. That's where we were. Now 40 years later we have photorealistic, 3D simulations with
millions of people playing simultaneously and it's getting better every year. And soon we'll have virtual reality, we'll
have augmented reality. If you assume any rate of improvement at all, then the games will become indistinguishable
from reality, just indistinguishable.[230]

Musk's dark warnings over artificial intelligence have brought him some controversy. He and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg
have clashed, with the latter calling his warnings irresponsible. Musk responded to Zuckerberg's censure by saying that he had
discussed AI with Zuckerberg and found him to have only a limited understanding of the subject. In 2014, Slate's Adam Elkus argued
that current AIs were as intelligent as a toddlers, and only in certain fields, going on to say that Musk's "summoning the demon"
[231]
analogy may be harmful because it could result in significant cuts to AI research budgets.

The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation(ITIF), a Washington D.C. think-tank, awarded its Annual Luddite Award to
"alarmists touting an artificial intelligence apocalypse"; its president, Robert D. Atkinson, complained that Musk and others say AI is
the largest existential threat to humanity. Atkinson stated "That's not a very winning message if you want to get AI funding out of
Congress to the National Science Foundation."[232][233][234] Nature sharply disagreed with the ITIF in an April 2016 editorial, siding
instead with Musk, and concluding: "It is crucial that progress in technology is matched by solid, well-funded research to anticipate
the scenarios it could bring about ... If that is a Luddite perspective, then so be it."[235] In a 2015 Washington Post editorial,
researcher Murray Shanahan stated that human-level AI is unlikely to arrive in the near future, but that nevertheless "the time to start
thinking through the consequences is now."[236]

Public transport
At a Tesla event on the sidelines of theConference on Neural Information Processing Systemsin December 2017, Musk stated that:

I think public transport is painful. It sucks. Why do you want to get on something with a lot of other people, that
doesn't leave where you want it to leave, doesn't start where you want it to start, doesn't end where you want it to end?
And it doesn't go all the time. ... It's a pain in the ass. That's why everyone doesn't like it. And there's like a bunch of
 random strangers, one of who might be a serial killer, OK, great. And so that's why people like individualized
[237]
transport, that goes where you want, when you want.

Afterwards, he dismissed an audience member's response that public transportation functioned fectively
ef in Japan.[238][239]

His comment sparked widespread criticism from both the public and transit experts. Urban planning expert Brent Toderian started the
hashtag #GreatThingsThatHappenedonTransit which was widely adopted by Twitter users in order to dispel Musk's notion that
everybody hated public transport.[238][240][241] Yonah Freemark, an urbanist and journalist specialising in planning and
transportation, summarised Musk's views on public transport as "It's terrible. You might be killed. Japanese trains are awful.
[237]
Individualized transport for everyone! Congestion? Induced demand? Climate change impacts? Unwalkable streets? Who cares!"

Jarrett Walker, a known public transport expert and consultant from Portland, said that "Musk's hatred of sharing space with strangers
is a luxury (or pathology) that only the rich can afford," referring to the theory that planning a city around the preferences of a
minority yields an outcome that usually does not work for the majority.[242][243][244] Musk responded with "You're an idiot," later
saying "Sorry ... Meant to say 'sanctimonious idiot.'"[245][246][247] The exchange received a significant amount of media attention
and prompted Nobel laureate Paul Krugman to comment on the controversy, saying that apparently, "You're an idiot" is Musk's idea
of a cogent argument.[242][248]

Personal life
The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking was registered to Musk (N900SX),[249]
and Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his plane, opening the door for Robert Duvall and escorting Aaron Eckhart aboard. Musk owns
Wet Nellie, the Lotus Esprit from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. He plans to convert it into the functional car-
submarine from the film.[250]

Philanthropy
Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which focuses its philanthropic efforts on providing solar-power energy systems in
disaster areas. In 2010, the Musk Foundation collaborated with SolarCity to donate a 25-kW solar power system to the South Bay
Community Alliance's hurricane response center in Coden, Alabama.[251] In July 2011, the Musk Foundation donated US$250,000
[252]
towards a solar power project inSōma, Japan, a city that had been recently devastated by a tsunami.

In July 2014, Musk was asked by cartoonist Matthew Inman and William Terbo, the grandnephew of Nikola Tesla, to donate
US$8 million toward the construction of the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe.[253] Ultimately, Musk agreed to donate
US$1 million toward the project and additionally pledged to build a eTsla Supercharger in the museum car park.[254]

Musk donated US$10 million to the Future of Life Institute in January 2015, to run a global research program aimed at keeping
artificial intelligence beneficial to humanity.[255][227][256]

As of 2015, Musk is a trustee of theX Prize Foundation[257] and a signatory of The Giving Pledge.[258]

In October 2018, in an effort to help solve the Flint water crisis, Musk and the Musk Foundation donated over $480,000 to install
new water fountains with filtration systems for access to clean water at allFlint, Michigan schools.[259]

Family
[260]
Tosca Musk, Elon's sister, is a filmmaker. She is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced various movies.

Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, while both were students at Ontario's Queen's University. They married in
2000 and separated in 2008.[261] Their first son, Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) at the age of
10 weeks.[262] They later had five sons through in vitro fertilization[263] – twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006. They share
custody of all five sons.[264]
In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In January 2012, Musk announced that
he had ended his four-year relationship with Riley,[29][265] tweeting to Riley, "It was an amazing four years. I will love you forever.
You will make someone very happy one day."[266] In July 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a
second divorce from Riley; however, the action was withdrawn.[267] The media announced in March 2016 that divorce proceedings
[268] The divorce was finalized in late 2016.[269]
were again under way, this time with Riley filing for divorce from Musk.

Musk began dating American actress Amber Heard in 2016 but the two split up after one year due to their conflicting schedules.[270]
On May 7, 2018, Musk and Canadian musicianGrimes revealed that they had begun dating.[271]

Zolpidem usage
In an apparent admission of mixing zolpidem (Ambien) and alcohol, Musk tweeted in June 2017: "A little red wine, vintage record,
some Ambien ... and magic!"[272] Musk gained media attention for mentioning the dangerous drug combination publicly on his
social media.[273][274]

Joe Rogan podcast appearance

In mid-September 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for 2 12 hours.[275]
Within five days, the appearance had registered 10 million YouTube views.[276] One of the highest profile and controversial aspects
of the program was Musk's puffing from a cannabis-laced cigarette offered by Rogan. The Washington Post observed, "In the media's
hands, it became a story about Musk's growing instability ..."[277] Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the
confirmation of the departure of Tesla's Vice President of Worldwide Finance earlier that day.[278] Fortune wondered if the cannabis
use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with theUnited States Air Force, though a USAF spokesperson toldThe Verge that
[279][280]
there was no investigation being carried out and that the Air Force is still processing the situation.

Awards and recognition

In 2006, Musk served as a member of theUnited States National Academy of SciencesAeronautics and Space
Engineering Board.[281]
Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 forhis work on Tesla and SpaceX.[282]
2007 Index Design award for his design of the e Tsla Roadster.[283] Global Green 2006 product design award for his
design of the Tesla Roadster, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.[284]
American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsGeorge Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the
field of space transportation in 2007/2008. Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1, the first privately
developed liquid-fuel rocket to reach orbit.[285]
National Wildlife Federation2008 National Conservation Achievement award for eTsla and SolarCity. Other 2008
recipients include journalistThomas Friedman, U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and Florida GovernorCharlie
Crist.[286]
National Space Society's Von Braun Trophy in 2008/2009, given for leadership of the most significant achievement in
space. Prior recipients includeBurt Rutan and Steve Squyres.[287]
Listed as one of Time's 100 people who most affected the world in 2010.[288]
The world governing body for aerospace records,Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, presented Musk in 2010
with the highest award in air and space, the F AI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately developed rocket
to reach orbit. Prior recipients includeNeil Armstrong, Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn.[289]
Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century byEsquire magazine.[81]
Recognized as a Living Legend of Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the
Space Shuttle (Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft). Other recipients include
Buzz Aldrin and Richard
Branson.[290]
."[291]
In February 2011, Forbes listed Musk as one of "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under
[292]
In June 2011, Musk was awarded theUS$250,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization
In 2012, Musk was awarded theRoyal Aeronautical Society's highest award: a Gold Medal.[293]
, and Tesla.[294]
In 2013, Musk was named theFortune Businessperson of the year for SpaceX, SolarCity
In 2015, he was awardedIEEE Honorary Membership.[295]
 In June 2016, Business Insider named Musk one of the "Top 10 Business Visionaries Creating Value for the World"
along with Mark Zuckerberg and Sal Khan.[296]
In December 2016, Musk was ranked 21st onForbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.[14]
In May 2017, Musk was awarded theOslo Business for Peace Award.[297][298][299][300][301][302]
Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[303][304]

In popular media
In Iron Man 2 (2010), Musk met Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) in a restaurant, and had some brief lines regarding an "idea for an
electric jet."[305]

In January 2015, Musk made a guest appearance playing himself on The Simpsons in an episode titled "The Musk Who Fell to
Earth"; the episode poked fun at many of Musk's ideas.[306]

In November 2015, Musk appeared in an episode of The Big Bang Theory, playing himself, volunteering at a soup kitchen with
Howard.[307]

Musk was featured in the 2015 environmental documentary Racing Extinction, in which a custom Tesla Model S was designed to
Empire State Buildingand the Vatican.[308]
help project images of critically endangered species onto public buildings, including the

In 2016, Musk appeared as himself in the romantic comedy film Why Him? where he was briefly met by one of the main characters,
Ned Flemming played byBryan Cranston, in a bar at a party.[309]

Also in 2016, Musk was referenced by Dr. Martin Stein on The CW time-travel TV show DC's Legends of Tomorrow. During time
.[310]
travel to the past, Stein meets his younger self and introduced himself as Elon Musk, to disguise his own identity

In October 2017, Musk was prematurely immortalized as a historic pioneer on the CBS All Access series Star Trek: Discovery. Set in
the year 2256, CaptainGabriel Lorca attempts to motivate a scientist on his ship by asking him "How do you want to be remembered
in history? Alongside the Wright Brothers, Elon Musk, Zefram Cochrane? Or as a failed fungus expert. A selfish little man who put
[311][312] According to an article in [Link] published the day after the
the survival of his own ego before the lives of others?"
episode aired, this mention is "also interesting because of its notable omission of Amazon and Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos: This
other space entrepreneur is such a big fan of Star Trek that he pitched and succeeded in landing a cameo in Star Trek Beyond as an
[313]
alien being, but he doesn't rate a mention from Lorca among the spaceflight pantheon."

Musk is significantly referenced numerous times inHat Films' 2017 album, Neon Musk.[314]

In November 2017, Musk appeared as himself in season 1, episode 6 of The Big Bang Theory spin-off prequel series Young Sheldon.
The successful first landing of a SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage on a drone ship on April 8, 2016, is shown being covered by CNN. This
is followed by a scene where Musk is shown alone in his office reading the notebook that young Sheldon mailed NASA in 1989 (a
[315]
scene shown earlier in the episode) containing calculations detailing how this feat could be accomplished.

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Further reading
Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos .
PublicAffairs (2018). ISBN 978-1610398299
Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race
. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
(2018). ISBN 978-1-328-66223-1
Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and eTsla is Shaping our Future. Virgin Books
(2015). ISBN 9780753555620. Afterthoughts by Ashlee Vance

External links
Elon Musk on IMDb
Gimien, Mark (August 17, 1999)."Fast Track". Salon.
Statement of Elon Musk at House Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee Hearings on the Future Market for
Commercial Space (2005)
History of PayPal, [Link] (2007)
Bailey, Brandon (2010). "Elon Musk: Will his Silicon Valley story have a Hollywood ending?". San Jose Mercury
News.
"Science Fiction Books That Inspired Elon Musk" , [Link], March 19, 2013.
"Elon Musk’s Space Dream Almost Killed Tesla" (Bloomberg, 2015)
Appearances on C-SPAN
"An interview with Elon Musk". HobbySpace. August 5, 2003.
"Lift off with Elon Musk". Carte Blanche. September 4, 2005. Archived fromthe original on September 28, 2007.
Bergin, Chris (January 20, 2006)."SpaceX's Musk and Thompson Q and A". [Link].
Video interview of Elon Musk by Zadi Diaz ofEPIC FU, June 17, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2014
Gray, Sadie (January 4, 2009)."Forget the bungalow, retire to Mars". Sunday Times. London, UK. Retrieved
April 27, 2014.
Musk profile [Link]. Retrieved April 27, 2014
An interview at the Founders Showcase, August 5, 2010
 Elon Musk: 'I'm planning to retire to Mars', video interview for The Guardian, August 1, 2010
60 Minutes interview; March 18, 2012.
A 20 minute interview about sending humans to Marswith BBC's Jonathan Amos, March 20, 2012
Elon Musk: The mind behind Tesla, SpaceX, SolarCity, [Link]. Retrieved April 27, 2014
Musk, Elon (January 6, 2015)."I am Elon Musk, CEO/CTO of a rocket company, AMA!". [Link]. Retrieved
January 7, 2015.
Elon Musk Powers Up: Inside Tesla's Billion Gigafactory Fast Company, November 2015
Elon Musk Profiled, Bloomberg Risk Takers (45min) - same video on YouTube
Elon Musk: The future we're building — and boring , [Link]. Retrieved May 7, 2017

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