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A PROJECT WORK ON

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

[Link] J .PAVAN KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TEAM MEMBERS:
[Link] VARMA
[Link] [Link] NARAYANA RAJU
SWENEESHA [Link] JYOTHI
[Link] KRISHNAM RAJU
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CONTENTS

[Link] 1:
INTRODUCTION...................................1-24
[Link] 2:
PROCEDURE........................................25-26
[Link] 3:
ANALYSIS..............................................27-34
[Link] 4:
CONCLUSION......................................35-36
[Link] 5:
BIBILOGRAPHY.................................37-38
[Link] 6:
PERSONAL INFORMATION...........38-40
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CHAPTER -1
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INTRODUCTION
Vocabulary:
A Vocabulary is defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person".
However, the words known and used by a particular person do not constitute all the
words a person is exposed to. By definition, a Vocabulary includes the last two
categories of this list:
[Link] encountered the word.
[Link] the word, but cannot define it.
[Link] the word due to context or tone of voice.
[Link] to use the word but cannot clearly explain it.
[Link] with the word – its use and definition.

Types of Vocabulary:
1)Listening Vocabulary

2)Speaking Vocabulary
3)Reading Vocabulary
4)Writing Vocabulary

5)Focal Vocabulary

1)Listening Vocabulary:

A person's listening Vocabulary is all the words he or she can

recognize when listening to speech. This Vocabulary is aided in size by context
and tone of voice.
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2)Speaking Vocabulary:

A person's speaking Vocabulary is all the words he or she can use in

speech. Due to the spontaneous nature of the speaking Vocabulary, words are
often misused. This misuse – though slight and unintentional – may be
compensated by facial expressions, tone of voice, or hand gestures

3)Reading Vocabulary:

A person’s reading Vocabulary is all the words he or she recognize

when reading . This is the largest type of Vocabulary. Simply because it includes
the other three.

4)Writing Vocabulary:

A person's writing Vocabulary is all the words he or she can employ in

writing. Contrary to the previous two Vocabulary types, the writing Vocabulary is
stimulated by its user.

5)Focal Vocabulary :

"Focal Vocabulary" is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is

particularly important to a certain group; those with a particular focus of
experience or activity. A lexicon, or Vocabulary, is a language's dictionary, its set
of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon
influences people's perception on things, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. For
example, the Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate Vocabulary to describe cattle. The
Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattle's particular histories,
economies, and environments. This kind of comparison has elicited some
linguistic controversy, as with the number of "Eskimo words for snow". English
speakers can also elaborate their snow and cattle vocabularies when the need
arises.
 5

Vocabulary growth:
Initially, in the infancy phase, Vocabulary growth requires no effort.
Infants hear words and mimic them, eventually associating them with objects and
actions. This is the listening Vocabulary. The speaking Vocabulary follows, as a
child's thoughts become more reliant on its ability to express itself without
gestures and mere sounds. Once the reading and writing vocabularies are
attained – through questions and education – the anomalies and irregularities of
language can be discovered.

In first grade, an advantaged student (i.e. a literate student) knows about

twice as many words as a disadvantaged student. Generally, this gap does not
tighten. This translates into a wide range of Vocabulary size by age five or six, at
which time an English-speaking child will know about 2,500–5,000 words. An
average student learns some 3,000 words per year, or approximately eight words
per day.

After leaving school, Vocabulary growth reaches a plateau. People may

then expand their vocabularies by engaging in activities such as reading, playing
word games, and participating in Vocabulary programs.

Passive vs Active Vocabulary:

Even if we learn a word, it takes a lot of practice and context connections for us to
learn it well. A rough grouping of words we understand when we hear them
encompasses our "passive" Vocabulary, whereas our "active" Vocabulary is made
up of words that come to our mind immediately when we have to use them in a
sentence, as we speak. In this case, we often have to come up with a word in the
timeframe of milliseconds, so one has to know it well, often in combinations with
other words in phrases, where it is commonly used.
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Importance of Vocabulary:
1. An extensive Vocabulary aids expressions and communication.

2. Vocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.

3. Linguistic Vocabulary is synonymous with thinking Vocabulary.

4. A person may be judged by others based on his or her Vocabulary.

Native- and foreign-language Vocabulary :

Native-language Vocabulary:
Native speakers' vocabularies vary widely within a language, and are
especially dependent on the level of the speaker's education. A 1995 study
estimated the Vocabulary size of college-educated speakers at about 17,000 word
families[clarification needed], and that of first-year college students (high-school
educated) at about 12,000.

Foreign-language Vocabulary:
The effects of Vocabulary size on language comprehension

Francis and Kucera studied texts totaling one million words and found that if one
knows the words with the highest frequency, they will quickly know most of the
words in a text:
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Vocabulary Size(in words) Written Text Coverage

1000 72.0%

2000 79.7%

3000 84.0%

4000 86.8%

5000 88.7%

6000 89.9%

15,851 97.8%

By knowing the 2000 words with the highest frequency, one would know 80% of
the words in those texts. The numbers look even better than this if we want to
cover the words we come across in an informally spoken context. Then the 2000
most common words would cover 96% of the Vocabulary. These numbers should
be encouraging to beginning language learners, especially because the numbers
in the table are for word lemmas and knowing that many word families would
give even higher coverage.

Vocabulary differences between social classes in the U.S.A:

James Flynn reports the remarkable differences in Vocabulary
exposure of pre-schoolers between different classes in the U.S.A. Apparently, pre-
schoolers of professional families are typically exposed to 2,150 different words,
pre-schoolers from working class families to 1,250 words, while those from
households on welfare just 620.
 8

Basic English Vocabulary:

Several word lists have been developed to provide people with a limited
Vocabulary either quick language proficiency or an effective means of
communication. In 1930, Charles Kay Ogden created Basic English (850 words).
Other lists include Simplified English (1000 words) and Special English (1500
words). The General Service List, 2000 high frequency words compiled by Michael
West from a 5,000,000 word corpus, has been used to create a number of
adapted reading texts for English language learners. Knowing 2000 English words,
one could understand quite a lot of English, and even read a lot of simple material
without problems.

Synonyms and Antonyms:

What is a Synonym?

A synonym is a word or expression that has the same or almost the same
meaning as another word or expression. In English, a language known for its
enormous Vocabulary, most words have synonyms. For example, the word
“enormous” has many synonyms: Huge, massive, giant, immense, and the list
goes on. The word “synonym” is a composite of two Greek words: The prefix
“syn” means “with” and “onym” is “name.” Synonyms — together naming the
same thing.

Example:

Academic : Educational, Scholarly, Theoretical

Contaminate : Pollute, Infect, Adulterate, Corrupt

Crude : Raw, Refined, Coarse, Uncouth

Effervescence : Bubbling, Vivacious, Ebullient

Equilibrium : Stability, Balance, Symmetry, Equipoise

Honest : Honorable, Fair, Sincere, Trustworthy

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Introverted : Shy, Bashful, Quiet, Withdrawn

Fair : Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased

Outgoing : Friendly, Sociable, Warm, Extroverted

Kind : Thoughtful, Considerate, Amiable, Gracious

What is an Antonym?
A word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in
which case the two words are antonyms of each other. While to fabricate is to
assemble , to destroy is the antonym.

Example:

Advance : retreat, retire

Acquire : relinquish, give up, abdicate

Fabricate : destroy, raze, demolish

Bold : timid, meek

Blaze : mute, stifle, murmur, whisper

Desert : support, succor, assist

Feeble : sturdy, strong, powerful

Captivity : freedom, liberty

Polite : impolite, rude

Rigid : pliable, soft

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[Link] ROOTS:
It is the form of a word after all affixes are removed.

[Link] WORD ROOT MEANING

1. Aster star

Astronomy scientific study of stars

Astronaut one who travels in a space ship

Asterisk star like symbol

2. Chronos time

Chronology arranged in order of time occurrence

Chronicle recording things in order of time

Chronometer an instrument to measure time

Synchronize to occur at the same time

3. Formal in accordance with recognized forms or

rules

Formality a thing done simply to comply with a rule

Formalize give a definite shape or legal formality to

Former a person or thing that forms

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4. Hatred intense dislike or ill will

Hatter maker or seller of hats

Haughty arrogantly self-admiring and disdainful

Haulage the commercial transport of goods

5. Ingest take in or absorb

Inglenook a space within the opening on either side

of a large fire place.

Inglorious not famous

Ingot oblong piece of cast metal

6. Norm a standard or pattern or type

Normal conforming to a standard

Nosebag a bag containing fodder

Notary a person authorized to perform certain

legal formalities

7. Reign have power or predominance

Reinfect infect again

Reinstate replace in a former position

Relapse fall back or sink again

 12

8. Swab a mop or other absorbent device for

clearing

Swain young lover or suitor

Swag the booty carried off by burglars

Swaddle garments or bandages

9. Titter laugh in a furtive

Tizzy a state of nervous agitation

Titled having a title of nobility or rank

Titian bright golden auburn

Tinder a dry substance such as wood that

readily catches fire from spark

10. Uppish self-assertive or arrogant

Uppercut an upward blow delivered with the arm

bent

Up rate increase the value of

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[Link] Word Substitutes:

Brevity is the soul of wit. One word substitutes help us to be brief and succinct.
Here we use a word in place of a phrase.

Autocracy : rule by one person who holds unlimited power

Soporific : a drug or substance that induces sleep

Omniscient : a person who knows everything

Eloquence : the art of elegant speech

Epitaph : inscription on a tombstone

Etiquette : established rules of conduct

Fastidious : a person difficult to please

Matricide : the act of murdering one's own mother

Misogamist : one who hates marriage

Widow : a woman whose husband has died

Panacea : a supposed cure for all diseases or problems

hypocrite :one who pretends to be what he is not

Omnivorous : an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food

Illiterate : a person who cannot read or write

Infanticide : the killing of an infant

Idolatry : the worship of idols or false gods

Misogynist : a person who hates women

 14

4. Study of word origin:

Knowing the etymology of a word i.e. the word origin helps us to understand
many of the words. English is a cosmopolitan language which incorporates
Vocabulary from different languages of the world. Knowing the etymology helps
us to understand and learn the words easily.

The word scope is a Greek word which means watcher. Knowing this we can
identify the words, telescope (tele means distance and scope is watcher).Similarly
we have bronchoscope where broncho means windpipe, stethoscope where steth
means chest, microscope and so on.

Photo is a Greek word which means light. Based on this we can easily identify the
words photon, photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic, photoreading and so on.

Here some of the words of different origins are given below:

[Link] words

[Link] words

[Link] words

[Link] words

[Link] words
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LATIN WORDS ENGLISH MEANING

annus year

antemeridiem before noon

caput head

corpus body

deus god

equus horse

hortus garden

latex liquid

librarium library

magnus great, very good

nilhil nothing

mens mind

orbus world

primus first

sanus healthy

tacete be silent

vito to avoid, shun

vulnus wound

vulgaris common, ordinary, usual

 16

GREEK WORDS ENGLISH MEANING

adonia greek goddess

adonis beautiful

agatha virtuous , good

bahari seaman

baina sparkling

ballard brave

cache storage place

caden fighter

earlene pledge

fadey courageous

gada lucky

kagami mirror

sabah morning

ugo intelligence,spirit

walden mighty

walta shield

yama mountain

zagiri flower

saber sword
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FRENCH WORDS ENGLISH MEANING

propos regarding

accouchement confinement during childbirth

adieu farewell

belle a beautiful woman or girl

bonjour good day

calque a copied term/thing

chic stylish

decor the layout and furnishing room

escargot snail

glissade slide down or slope

hauteur arrogance

impasse a deadlock

maison house

marque a model or brand

pomme apple

rapport to be in someone’s good graces

sabotage subversive destruction

prix fixe fixed price

poseur a person who pretends to be something

he is not
 18

BRITISH WORDS ENGLISH MEANING

abseil to descend on a rope

advert advertisement

barney a small quarrel or fight

bloke man, fellow

bogroll toilet paper

chancer an oppurtunist

draughts the board game

estate car a station wagon

fag end cigarette butt

fiver five pound note

gen information

gump an idiot

hob the hot surface on stove

boffin scientist or engineer

clanger a big mistake or blunder

jitty an alley way connecting two streets

kip sleep

mong disgusting or foul

scrumping action of stealing apples from an

orchard
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SPANISH WORDS ENGLISH MEANING

lunes monday

viernes friday

domingo sunday

enero january

abril april

agua water

leche milk

vino wine

huevos eggs

carne meat

sal salt

te tea

fruta fruit

supermercado supermarket

azucar sugar

pan bread

pescado fish

vino wine

jueves thursday
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5. Prefixes and suffixes

Affixation is one of the methods of Vocabulary enrichment. Affixes include both
prefixes and suffixes.

Prefixes:
A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly
indicates its meaning. Common prefixes include anti- (against), co- (with), mis-
(wrong, bad), and trans- (across). See also:

Prefix Meaning Example

a- without amoral

asymmetrical

circum- around circumference

circumvent

homo- same homogenous

homophone

neo- new neoclassical

neologism

post- after postpone

postnatal

im- not immature

improvable

inter- between intercede

interface
 21

re- again removable

renewable

mono- single monocarbonic

monocarpil

anti- opposite anticrack

anticultural

Suffixes:
A letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning.
For example, adding the suffix -ter to the adjective hot turns it into the
comparative adjective hotter , and adding the suffix -ly to the adjective quick
turns it into the adverb quickly . Other examples of words with suffixes are: “will
ing ,” “manage ment ,” “service able ,” “harmon ize ,” and “joy ful “ and also:

Suffix Meaning Example

-able capable of, worthy advisable

analyzable

-age act of ,state of blindage

damage

-acy,-isy quality accuracy

noisy

-ant quality of one who aberrant

absorbant
 22

-dom state, condition of freedom

kingdom

-ent having the quality of abandonment

absent

-en made of, to make antigen

baleen

-est highest of comparision achiest

aridest

-ify, -ize to make acidify

recognize

-itis pertaining to adenitis

ephalasitis

[Link]:
It is generally accepted that students learn Vocabulary more effectively when
they are directly involved in constructing meaning rather than in memorizing
definitions or synonyms. Analogy is one such way of encouraging thoughtful
discussion about relationships among meanings of words.

Analogy means similarity. Here a student will be able to identify the similarities
between words and recognize the relationships between words.
 23

[Link] : SPECTRUM

tone :scale

sound :waves

dimension :space

cell :organism

verse :poem

In this instance, the best answer must be selected from a group of fairly close
choices. The relationship between color and spectrum is not merely that of part
to whole, in which case(E) or even(C) might be defended as correct. A spectrum is
made up of a progressive, graduated series of colors, as a scale is a progressive,
graduated sequence of tones. Thus (A) is the correct answer choice.

[Link] : DROWSINESS

Epidemic : contagiousness

vaccine : virus

Laxative : drug

anesthetic : numbness

Therapy :psychosis

A sedative causes drowsiness and so does an anesthetic.

 24

7. Idioms and Phrases:

Idioms and phrases are groups of words or expressions that have a special
meaning of their own.

Idioms:
A speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself
grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its
elements, as in keep tabs on.

Phrases:
A sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and
acting as a unit in a sentence.

Here are some examples of idioms and phrases:

[Link] and sundry

Meaning: This idiom is a way of emphasising all, like saying ‘each’ and ‘every one’.

Usage: I am talking all and sundry along to see what has been acheived.

[Link] your own trumpet

Meaning: If someone blows their own trumpet they boast about their talents and
achievements.

Usage: He always bore us by blowing his trumpet.

[Link] courage

Meaning: pretended bravety

Usage: The poor man behaved as a rich man under dutch courage.
 25

[Link] leave

Meaning: To take leave without permission

Usage: Many students take French leave to see IPL matches.

[Link] of the gab

Meaning: Powerof eloquence

Usage: A professor without the gift of the gab is a failour in the class.

[Link] nut to crack

Meaning: A difficult problem to solve

Usage: To teach a boy like you is a hard nut to crack.

[Link] Task

Meaning: Tough task

Usage: It is a herculean task for the government to eliminate poverty from the
country.

[Link] keep the ball rolling

Meaning: To keep the coversation going on

Usage: When she comes to the club,she keeps the ball rolling.

[Link] goose chase

Meaning: Useless search

Usage: pursuit of materialistic satisfaction in life is a wild goose chase.

[Link] on the fence

Meaning: Harting between two opinions, hesitating which side to join.

Usage: He is accured of sitting on the fence.

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CHAPTER-2
 27

Procedure
Effective communication is possible through a rich repertoire of
Vocabulary. So we have conducted an exercise in different levels of
sections i.e synonyms ,antonyms, word roots, one word substitutes,
prefixes, suffixes, idioms and phrases for two different groups from
different levels of education. Inorder to estimate the knowledge in
Vocabulary .

Objects required:

1)Chair

2)Room

3)Table
 28

CHAPTER-3
 29

Analysis
As we know that in Vocabulary we have different levels of sections i.e synonyms,
antonyms, word roots, one word substitutes, prefixes, suffixes, idioms and
[Link] have conducted an exercise in all these sections inorder to find out
the levels of Vocabulary we have asked then five words of each section of
Vocabulary so that we can estimate the standard of each student in Vocabulary.

Group 1

Synonyms:

[Link] Synonym Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1. amicable Friendly friendly

2. equilibrium Balance balance

3. altercation Changing exchange

4. relinquish Clear give up

5. outrageous Disgraceful disgraceful

 30

Antonyms:

[Link] Antonym Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1 accurate Inaccurate inaccurate

2 admit Deny deny

3 dismal Cheerful cheerful

4 vacant Occupied occupied

5 guilty Innocent innocent

[Link] Roots:

[Link] Word root Their Answer Actual Answer

1. aqua Water water

2. auto Self self

3. bio Two life

4. chrono Multiple time

5. graph Write write

 31

[Link] Word Substitutes:

[Link] Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1. the branch of biology dealing with plant botany botany

life.

2. a contagious disease which spread over epidemic epidemic

a huge area

3. that which cannot be heard inaudible inaudible

4. the act of killing an infant infanticide infanticide

5. incapable of being dissolved in liquid insoluble insoluble

[Link] And suffixes:

[Link] Word Their Answer Actual Answer

1. dis- Negation negation

2. over- More excessively

3. -en to make to make

4. -ize Access to make

5. ante- Opposing opposing

 32

[Link] and Phrases:

[Link] Sentence Their Answer Actual Answer

1. palmy days hot climate days of happiness

2. put on airs thinking as superior pretend to be superior

3. man of straw Useless useless

4. wild goose chase useless search useless search

5. spick and span speed neat and clean

Group 2

[Link]:

[Link] Synonym Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1 abstract Summary summary

2 ardour Passion passion

3 contrary Busy opposite

4 disgrace Shame shame

5 infantile Child childish

 33

[Link]:

[Link] Antonym Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1 antique Modern modern

2 prohibit Allow allow

3 reluctant Common enthusiastic

4 genuine Fake fake

5 harmony Easy discord

[Link] Roots:

[Link] Word root Their Answer Actual Answer

1. omni Unique all

2. vac Empty empty

3. homo Single single

4. tele Far far

5. intra Within within

 34

[Link] word substitutes:

[Link] Name Their Answer Actual Answer

1. a person who is selfish egoist egoist

2. a person who does not believe in god atheist atheist

3. somebody who eats human flesh carnivorous cannibal

4. a person who cannot read or write illierate illierate

5. a person who knows everything omniscient omniscient

[Link] And suffixes:

[Link] word Their Answer Actual Answer

1. circum- circle around

2. commun- sharing to share

3. -cide to kill to kill

4. -less without without

5. -ial referring relating

 35

[Link] and Phrases:

[Link] Sentence Their Answer Actual Answer

1. give a cold shoulder nice talking to treat in cold and

distant manner

2. maiden speech a persons first speech a persons first speech

3. thin edge of the wedge Beginning begining

4. make one’s mark dead end to earn respect

5. fail- weather friend selfish friend selfish friend

 36

CHAPTER -4
 37

CONCLUSION
We have conducted a Vocabulary questionnaire session to two different level of
students, one from [Link] and another from [Link] courses. By observing the
answering given by them we can conclude that they are not best in Vocabulary.
i.e they are good but not perfect. By considering the graduation levels they must
have better Vocabulary since they are professional students and they have to
work in software companies in other countries. so they have to build their
Vocabulary.

By reading English newspapers regularly and using the words they have learned
in their daily life. i.e conversation with their friends practicing the Vocabulary
building exercises given in the internet they can improve their Vocabulary. Finally
we conclude that by practicing more words one can develop one’s Vocabulary, as
more words we know mere we can express our ideas thoughts to others than
they can understand or grasp our ideas.
 38

CHAPTER-5
 39

BIBILOGRAPHY

Referrence Text Books:

1) Effective Technical Communication, M. Ashraf Rizvi, Tata Mc. Graw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd.

2)Communication Skills by Leena Sen, Prentice-Hall of India, 2005.

Websites :

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
 40

CHApTER-6
 41

Personal Information

Group 1:

Name: J. Kiran Kumar

Qualification: B. TECH

SRKR Engineering college, Bhimavaram

Group 2:

Name: L. Srinivasa Rao

Qualification: [Link]

SRKR Engineering college, Bhimavaram