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Private Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

In accordance with EN1997-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated February 2009 and the recommended values
Tedds calculation version 2.6.11

Retaining wall details

Stem type; Cantilever
Stem height; hstem = 2000 mm
Stem thickness; tstem = 300 mm
Angle to rear face of stem;  = 90 deg
Stem density; stem = 25 kN/m3
Toe length; ltoe = 1000 mm
Heel length; lheel = 1000 mm
Base thickness; tbase = 350 mm
Key position; pkey = 1950 mm
Key depth; dkey = 200 mm
Key thickness; tkey = 350 mm
Base density; base = 25 kN/m3
Height of retained soil; hret = 1500 mm
Angle of soil surface;  = 0 deg
Depth of cover; dcover = 500 mm
Depth of excavation; dexc = 200 mm
Retained soil properties
Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Moist density; mr = 21 kN/m3
Saturated density; sr = 23 kN/m3
Characteristic effective shear resistance angle; 'r.k = 30 deg
Characteristic wall friction angle; r.k = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil density; b = 19.5 kN/m3
Characteristic cohesion; c'b.k = 0 kN/m2
Characteristic effective shear resistance angle; 'b.k = 30 deg
Characteristic wall friction angle; b.k = 15 deg
Characteristic base friction angle; bb.k = 20 deg

Loading details
Permanent surcharge load; SurchargeG = 7 kN/m2
Variable surcharge load; SurchargeQ = 4 kN/m2
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1000 300 1000

12.2 kN/m 2

5 kN/m 2
1500
2000

2550
200
500
3 50

25.2 kN/m 2
200

45.2 kN/m2 45.2 kN/m 2

1950 350

2300

General arrangement

Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length; lbase = ltoe + tstem + lheel = 2300 mm
Base height; hbase = tbase + dkey = 550 mm
Moist soil height; hmoist = hsoil = 2000 mm
Length of surcharge load; lsur = lheel = 1000 mm
- Distance to vertical component; xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 1800 mm
Effective height of wall; heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 2550 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xsur_h = heff / 2 - dkey = 1075 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key; xsur_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 2 = 1175 mm
Area of wall stem; Astem = hstem  tstem = 0.6 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 1150 mm
Area of wall base; Abase = lbase  tbase + dkey  tkey = 0.875 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xbase = (lbase2  tbase / 2 + dkey  tkey  (pkey + tkey / 2)) / Abase = 1228 mm
Area of moist soil; Amoist = hmoist  lheel = 2 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist  lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 1800 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xmoist_h = heff / 3 - dkey = 650 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key; xmoist_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 3 = 783 mm
Area of base soil; Apass = dcover  ltoe = 0.5 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xpass_v = lbase - (dcover  ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Apass = 500 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3- dkey = 150 mm
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Private Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Area of excavated base soil; Aexc = hpass  ltoe = 0.3 m2

- Distance to vertical component; xexc_v = lbase - (hpass  ltoe (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Aexc = 500 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xexc_h = (hpass + hbase) / 3- dkey = 83 mm
Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 1
Permanent unfavourable action; G = 1.35
Permanent favourable action; Gf = 1.00
Variable unfavourable action; Q = 1.50
Variable favourable action; Qf = 0.00

Partial factors for soil parameters – Table A.4 - Combination 1

Angle of shearing resistance; ' = 1.00
Effective cohesion; c' = 1.00
Weight density;  = 1.00

Retained soil properties

Design moist density; mr' = mr /  = 21 kN/m3
Design saturated density; sr' = sr /  = 23 kN/m3
Design effective shear resistance angle; 'r.d = atan(tan('r.k) / ') = 30 deg
Design wall friction angle; r.d = atan(tan(r.k) / ') = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Design soil density; b' = b /  = 19.5 kN/m3
Design effective shear resistance angle; 'b.d = atan(tan('b.k) / ') = 30 deg
Design wall friction angle; b.d = atan(tan(b.k) / ') = 15 deg
Design base friction angle; bb.d = atan(tan(bb.k) / ') = 20 deg
Design effective cohesion; c'b.d = c'b.k / c' = 0 kN/m2

Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + 'r.d)2 / (sin()2  sin( - r.d)  [1 + [sin('r.d + r.d)  sin('r.d - )
/ (sin( - r.d)  sin( + ))]]2) = 0.333
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - 'b.d)2 / (sin(90 + b.d)  [1 - [sin('b.d + b.d)  sin('b.d) / (sin(90
+ b.d))]]2) = 4.977

Sliding check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Gf  Astem  stem = 15 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Gf  Abase  base = 21.9 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Gf  Amoist  mr' = 42 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = Gf  Aexc  b' = 5.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 84.7 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  heff = 13.1 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  heff2 / 2 = 30.7 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fsur_h = 43.9 kN/m
Check stability against sliding
Base soil resistance; Fexc_h = Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = 33.9 kN/m
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Base friction; Ffriction = Ftotal_v  tan(bb.d) = 30.8 kN/m

Resistance to sliding; Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 64.7 kN/m
Factor of safety; FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.475
PASS - Resistance to sliding is greater than sliding force
Overturning check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Gf  Astem  stem = 15 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Gf  Abase  base = 21.9 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Gf  Amoist  mr' = 42 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = Gf  Aexc  b' = 5.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 84.7 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  (heff - dkey) = 12.1 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 26.1 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_h = -Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = -33.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fsur_h = 4.3 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall
Surcharge load; Msur_OT = Fsur_h  xsur_h_a = 14.2 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h  xmoist_h_a = 20.4 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_OT = Mmoist_OT + Msur_OT = 34.7 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem_R = Fstem  xstem = 17.3 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_R = Fbase  xbase = 26.9 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v = 75.6 kNm/m
Base soil; Mexc_R = Fexc_v  xexc_v - Fexc_h  xexc_h = 5.7 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R = 125.5 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 3.62
PASS - Maximum restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Bearing pressure check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = G  Astem  stem = 20.3 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = G  Abase  base = 29.5 kN/m
Surcharge load; Fsur_v = (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  lheel = 15.5 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = G  Amoist  mr' = 56.7 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_v = G  Apass  b' = 13.2 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fsur_v = 135.1 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  (heff - dkey) = 12.1 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 26.1 kN/m
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Private Section Sheet no./rev.

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Base soil; Fpass_h = max(-Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (dcover + hbase)2 / 2, -(Fmoist_h +

Fsur_h)) = -38.2 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = max(Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fsur_h - Ftotal_v  tan(bb.d), 0 kN/m) = 0 kN/m

Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem  xstem = 23.3 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase  xbase = 36.3 kNm/m
Surcharge load; Msur = Fsur_v  xsur_v - Fsur_h  xsur_h_a = 13.6 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v - Fmoist_h  xmoist_h_a = 81.6 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = Fpass_v  xpass_v - Fpass_h  xpass_h = 12.3 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Mmoist + Mpass + Msur = 167.1 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure
Distance to reaction; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 1237 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = 87 mm
Loaded length of base; lload = 2  (lbase - x) = 2127 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = 0 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = Ftotal_v / lload = 63.5 kN/m2
Effective overburden pressure; q = (tbase + dcover)  b' = 16.6 kN/m2
Design effective overburden pressure; q' = q /  = 16.6 kN/m2
Bearing resistance factors; Nq = Exp(  tan('b.d))  (tan(45 deg + 'b.d / 2))2 = 18.401
Nc = (Nq - 1)  cot('b.d) = 30.14
N = 2  (Nq - 1)  tan('b.d) = 20.093
Foundation shape factors; sq = 1
s = 1
sc = 1
Load inclination factors; H = Fsur_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h = 0 kN/m
V = Ftotal_v = 135.1 kN/m
m=2
iq = [1 - H / (V + lload  c'b.d  cot('b.d))]m = 1
i = [1 - H / (V + lload  c'b.d  cot('b.d))](m + 1) = 1
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc  tan('b.d)) = 1
Net ultimate bearing capacity; nf = c'b.d  Nc  sc  ic + q'  Nq  sq  iq + 0.5  b'  lload  N  s  i
nf = 721.6 kN/m2
Factor of safety; FoSbp = nf / max(qtoe, qheel) = 11.359
PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure
Partial factors on actions - Table A.3 - Combination 2
Permanent unfavourable action; G = 1.00
Permanent favourable action; Gf = 1.00
Variable unfavourable action; Q = 1.30
Variable favourable action; Qf = 0.00

Partial factors for soil parameters – Table A.4 - Combination 2

Angle of shearing resistance; ' = 1.25
Effective cohesion; c' = 1.25
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Weight density;  = 1.00

Retained soil properties

Design moist density; mr' = mr /  = 21 kN/m3
Design saturated density; sr' = sr /  = 23 kN/m3
Design effective shear resistance angle; 'r.d = atan(tan('r.k) / ') = 24.8 deg
Design wall friction angle; r.d = atan(tan(r.k) / ') = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Design soil density; b' = b /  = 19.5 kN/m3
Design effective shear resistance angle; 'b.d = atan(tan('b.k) / ') = 24.8 deg
Design wall friction angle; b.d = atan(tan(b.k) / ') = 12.1 deg
Design base friction angle; bb.d = atan(tan(bb.k) / ') = 16.2 deg
Design effective cohesion; c'b.d = c'b.k / c' = 0 kN/m2

Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + 'r.d)2 / (sin()2  sin( - r.d)  [1 + [sin('r.d + r.d)  sin('r.d - )
/ (sin( - r.d)  sin( + ))]]2) = 0.409
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - 'b.d)2 / (sin(90 + b.d)  [1 - [sin('b.d + b.d)  sin('b.d) / (sin(90
+ b.d))]]2) = 3.473

Sliding check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Gf  Astem  stem = 15 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Gf  Abase  base = 21.9 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Gf  Amoist  mr' = 42 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = Gf  Aexc  b' = 5.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 84.7 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  heff = 12.7 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  heff2 / 2 = 27.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fsur_h = 40.7 kN/m
Check stability against sliding
Base soil resistance; Fexc_h = Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = 23.9 kN/m
Base friction; Ffriction = Ftotal_v  tan(bb.d) = 24.7 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Frest = Fexc_h + Ffriction = 48.6 kN/m
Factor of safety; FoSsl = Frest / Ftotal_h = 1.195
PASS - Resistance to sliding is greater than sliding force
Overturning check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Gf  Astem  stem = 15 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Gf  Abase  base = 21.9 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Gf  Amoist  mr' = 42 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_v = Gf  Aexc  b' = 5.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fexc_v = 84.7 kN/m
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  (heff - dkey) = 11.7 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 23.7 kN/m
Base soil; Fexc_h = -Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (hpass + hbase)2 / 2 = -23.9 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fexc_h + Fsur_h = 11.5 kN/m
Overturning moments on wall
Surcharge load; Msur_OT = Fsur_h  xsur_h_a = 13.8 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_OT = Fmoist_h  xmoist_h_a = 18.6 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_OT = Mmoist_OT + Msur_OT = 32.4 kNm/m
Restoring moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem_R = Fstem  xstem = 17.3 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_R = Fbase  xbase = 26.9 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist_R = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v = 75.6 kNm/m
Base soil; Mexc_R = Fexc_v  xexc_v - Fexc_h  xexc_h = 4.9 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal_R = Mstem_R + Mbase_R + Mmoist_R + Mexc_R = 124.6 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Factor of safety; FoSot = Mtotal_R / Mtotal_OT = 3.851
PASS - Maximum restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Bearing pressure check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = G  Astem  stem = 15 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = G  Abase  base = 21.9 kN/m
Surcharge load; Fsur_v = (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  lheel = 12.2 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = G  Amoist  mr' = 42 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_v = G  Apass  b' = 9.8 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v + Fsur_v = 100.8 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA  (G  SurchargeG + Q  SurchargeQ)  (heff - dkey) = 11.7 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = G  KA  mr'  (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 23.7 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_h = max(-Gf  KP  cos(b.d)  b'  (dcover + hbase)2 / 2, -(Fmoist_h +
Fsur_h)) = -35.5 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = max(Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fsur_h - Ftotal_v  tan(bb.d), 0 kN/m) = 0 kN/m

Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem  xstem = 17.3 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase  xbase = 26.9 kNm/m
Surcharge load; Msur = Fsur_v  xsur_v - Fsur_h  xsur_h_a = 8.2 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v  xmoist_v - Fmoist_h  xmoist_h_a = 57 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = Fpass_v  xpass_v - Fpass_h  xpass_h = 10.2 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Mmoist + Mpass + Msur = 119.5 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure
Distance to reaction; x = Mtotal / Ftotal_v = 1185 mm
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Private Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = 35 mm

Loaded length of base; lload = 2  (lbase - x) = 2230 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = 0 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = Ftotal_v / lload = 45.2 kN/m2
Effective overburden pressure; q = (tbase + dcover)  b' = 16.6 kN/m2
Design effective overburden pressure; q' = q /  = 16.6 kN/m2
Bearing resistance factors; Nq = Exp(  tan('b.d))  (tan(45 deg + 'b.d / 2))2 = 10.431
Nc = (Nq - 1)  cot('b.d) = 20.418
N = 2  (Nq - 1)  tan('b.d) = 8.712
Foundation shape factors; sq = 1
s = 1
sc = 1
Load inclination factors; H = Fsur_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h = 0 kN/m
V = Ftotal_v = 100.8 kN/m
m=2
iq = [1 - H / (V + lload  c'b.d  cot('b.d))]m = 1
i = [1 - H / (V + lload  c'b.d  cot('b.d))](m + 1) = 1
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc  tan('b.d)) = 1
Net ultimate bearing capacity; nf = c'b.d  Nc  sc  ic + q'  Nq  sq  iq + 0.5  b'  lload  N  s  i
nf = 362.3 kN/m2
Factor of safety; FoSbp = nf / max(qtoe, qheel) = 8.011
PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with EN1992-1-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum dated January 2008 and the recommended values
Tedds calculation version 2.6.11

Concrete details - Table 3.1 - Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete
Concrete strength class; C30/37
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength; fck = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic compressive cube strength; fck,cube = 37 N/mm2
Mean value of compressive cylinder strength; fcm = fck + 8 N/mm2 = 38 N/mm2
Mean value of axial tensile strength; fctm = 0.3 N/mm2  (fck / 1 N/mm2)2/3 = 2.9 N/mm2
5% fractile of axial tensile strength; fctk,0.05 = 0.7  fctm = 2.0 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete; Ecm = 22 kN/mm2  (fcm / 10 N/mm2)0.3 = 32837 N/mm2
Partial factor for concrete - Table 2.1N; C = 1.50
Compressive strength coefficient - cl.3.1.6(1); cc = 1.00
Design compressive concrete strength - exp.3.15; fcd = cc  fck / C = 20.0 N/mm2
Maximum aggregate size; hagg = 20 mm
Reinforcement details
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fyk = 500 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement; Es = 200000 N/mm2
Partial factor for reinforcing steel - Table 2.1N; S = 1.15
Design yield strength of reinforcement; fyd = fyk / S = 435 N/mm2
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

9
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Cover to reinforcement
Front face of stem; csf = 40 mm
Rear face of stem; csr = 50 mm
Top face of base; cbt = 50 mm
Bottom face of base; cbb = 75 mm

Loading details - Combination No.1 - kN/m 2 Shear force - Combination No.1 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.1 - kNm/m

3.15
2
Stem

26.3
20.1
56.7

56.7
13.16

13.16
11.81

11.81
11.81

11.81

-9.8
69.45

9.45
6.75

6.75

3.15
2
18.9
6

79.67
18.9
3.15
2
Key

-29.2 -22.6 22.9 2.3

45.45

57

Toe Heel
60.47

72.02

98.42
18.9
3.15
2
X 12.2

Check stem design at base of stem

Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 6.1
Design bending moment combination 1; M = 22.9 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - csr - sr / 2 = 244 mm
K = M / (d2  fck) = 0.013
K' = 0.196
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 + 0.5  (1 - 3.53  K)0.5, 0.95)  d = 232 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5  (d – z) = 31 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; [Link] = M / (fyd  z) = 227 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; [Link] =   sr2 / (4  ssr) = 565 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; [Link] = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  d = 368 mm2/m
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.[Link](3); [Link] = 0.04  h = 12000 mm2/m
max([Link], [Link]) / [Link] = 0.65
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Deflection control - Section 7.4
Reference reinforcement ratio;  = (fck / 1 N/mm2) / 1000 = 0.005
Required tension reinforcement ratio;  = [Link] / d = 0.001
Required compression reinforcement ratio; ' = [Link] / d2 = 0.000
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

10
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Structural system factor - Table 7.4N; Kb = 0.4

Reinforcement factor - exp.7.17; Ks = min(500 N/mm2 / (fyk  [Link] / [Link]), 1.5) = 1.5
Limiting span to depth ratio - exp.7.16.a; Ks  Kb  [11 + 1.5  (fck / 1 N/mm2)  0 /  + 3.2  (fck / 1 N/mm2)  (0 /
 - 1)3/2] = 149
Actual span to depth ratio; hstem / d = 8.2
PASS - Span to depth ratio is less than deflection control limit
Crack control - Section 7.3
Limiting crack width; wmax = 0.3 mm
Variable load factor - EN1990 – Table A1.1; 2 = 0.6
Serviceability bending moment; Msls = 15.6 kNm/m
Tensile stress in reinforcement; s = Msls / ([Link]  z) = 119 N/mm2
Load duration; Long term
Load duration factor; kt = 0.4
Effective area of concrete in tension; [Link] = min(2.5  (h - d), (h – x) / 3, h / 2) = 89833 mm2/m
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; [Link] = fctm = 2.9 N/mm2
Reinforcement ratio; [Link] = [Link] / [Link] = 0.006
Modular ratio; e = Es / Ecm = 6.091
Bond property coefficient; k1 = 0.8
Strain distribution coefficient; k2 = 0.5
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; [Link] = k3  csr + k1  k2  k4  sr / [Link] = 494 mm
Maximum crack width - exp.7.8; wk = [Link]  max(s – kt  ([Link] / [Link])  (1 + e  [Link]), 0.6  s) / Es
wk = 0.176 mm
wk / wmax = 0.588
PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width
Rectangular section in shear - Section 6.2
Design shear force; V = 29.2 kN/m
CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120
k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.905
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; l = min([Link] / d, 0.02) = 0.002
vmin = 0.035 N1/2/mm  k3/2  fck0.5 = 0.504 N/mm2
Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; VRd.c = max(CRd.c  k  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck)1/3, vmin)  d
VRd.c = 123 kN/m
V / VRd.c = 0.237
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force
Horizontal reinforcement parallel to face of stem - Section 9.6
Minimum area of reinforcement – cl.9.6.3(1); [Link] = max(0.25  [Link], 0.001  tstem) = 300 mm2/m
Maximum spacing of reinforcement – cl.9.6.3(2); ssx_max = 400 mm
Transverse reinforcement provided; 10 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; [Link] =   sx2 / (4  ssx) = 393 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

11
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Check base design at toe

Depth of section; h = 350 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 6.1
Design bending moment combination 1; M = 12.2 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cbb - bb / 2 = 269 mm
K = M / (d2  fck) = 0.006
K' = 0.196
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 + 0.5  (1 - 3.53  K)0.5, 0.95)  d = 256 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5  (d – z) = 34 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; [Link] = M / (fyd  z) = 109 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; [Link] =   bb2 / (4  sbb) = 565 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; [Link] = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  d = 405 mm2/m
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.[Link](3); [Link] = 0.04  h = 14000 mm2/m
max([Link], [Link]) / [Link] = 0.716
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Crack control - Section 7.3
Limiting crack width; wmax = 0.3 mm
Variable load factor - EN1990 – Table A1.1; 2 = 0.6
Serviceability bending moment; Msls = 7.5 kNm/m
Tensile stress in reinforcement; s = Msls / ([Link]  z) = 51.9 N/mm2
Load duration; Long term
Load duration factor; kt = 0.4
Effective area of concrete in tension; [Link] = min(2.5  (h - d), (h – x) / 3, h / 2) = 105458 mm2/m
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; [Link] = fctm = 2.9 N/mm2
Reinforcement ratio; [Link] = [Link] / [Link] = 0.005
Modular ratio; e = Es / Ecm = 6.091
Bond property coefficient; k1 = 0.8
Strain distribution coefficient; k2 = 0.5
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; [Link] = k3  cbb + k1  k2  k4  bb / [Link] = 635 mm
Maximum crack width - exp.7.8; wk = [Link]  max(s – kt  ([Link] / [Link])  (1 + e  [Link]), 0.6  s) / Es
wk = 0.099 mm
wk / wmax = 0.33
PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width
Rectangular section in shear - Section 6.2
Design shear force; V = 26.3 kN/m
CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120
k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.862
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; l = min([Link] / d, 0.02) = 0.002
vmin = 0.035 N1/2/mm  k3/2  fck0.5 = 0.487 N/mm2
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

12
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; VRd.c = max(CRd.c  k  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck)1/3, vmin)  d
VRd.c = 131.1 kN/m
V / VRd.c = 0.200
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force
Check base design at heel
Depth of section; h = 350 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 6.1
Design bending moment combination 1; M = 9.8 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cbt - bt / 2 = 294 mm
K = M / (d2  fck) = 0.004
K' = 0.196
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 + 0.5  (1 - 3.53  K)0.5, 0.95)  d = 279 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5  (d – z) = 37 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; [Link] = M / (fyd  z) = 81 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; [Link] =   bt2 / (4  sbt) = 565 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; [Link] = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  d = 443 mm2/m
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.[Link](3); [Link] = 0.04  h = 14000 mm2/m
max([Link], [Link]) / [Link] = 0.783
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Crack control - Section 7.3
Limiting crack width; wmax = 0.3 mm
Variable load factor - EN1990 – Table A1.1; 2 = 0.6
Serviceability bending moment; Msls = 5 kNm/m
Tensile stress in reinforcement; s = Msls / ([Link]  z) = 31.4 N/mm2
Load duration; Long term
Load duration factor; kt = 0.4
Effective area of concrete in tension; [Link] = min(2.5  (h - d), (h – x) / 3, h / 2) = 104417 mm2/m
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; [Link] = fctm = 2.9 N/mm2
Reinforcement ratio; [Link] = [Link] / [Link] = 0.005
Modular ratio; e = Es / Ecm = 6.091
Bond property coefficient; k1 = 0.8
Strain distribution coefficient; k2 = 0.5
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; [Link] = k3  cbt + k1  k2  k4  bt / [Link] = 547 mm
Maximum crack width - exp.7.8; wk = [Link]  max(s – kt  ([Link] / [Link])  (1 + e  [Link]), 0.6  s) / Es
wk = 0.051 mm
wk / wmax = 0.171
PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width
Rectangular section in shear - Section 6.2
Design shear force; V = 20.1 kN/m
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

13
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120

k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.825
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; l = min([Link] / d, 0.02) = 0.002
vmin = 0.035 N1/2/mm  k3/2  fck0.5 = 0.473 N/mm2
Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; VRd.c = max(CRd.c  k  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck)1/3, vmin)  d
VRd.c = 138.9 kN/m
V / VRd.c = 0.145
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force
Check key design
Depth of section; h = 350 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 6.1
Design bending moment combination 1; M = 2.3 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cbb - k / 2 = 269 mm
K = M / (d2  fck) = 0.001
K' = 0.196
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm; z = min(0.5 + 0.5  (1 - 3.53  K)0.5, 0.95)  d = 256 mm
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5  (d – z) = 34 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; [Link] = M / (fyd  z) = 21 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; [Link] =   k2 / (4  sk) = 565 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N; [Link] = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  d = 405 mm2/m
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.[Link](3); [Link] = 0.04  h = 14000 mm2/m
max([Link], [Link]) / [Link] = 0.716
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Crack control - Section 7.3
Limiting crack width; wmax = 0.3 mm
Variable load factor - EN1990 – Table A1.1; 2 = 0.6
Serviceability bending moment; Msls = 1.3 kNm/m
Tensile stress in reinforcement; s = Msls / ([Link]  z) = 9.3 N/mm2
Load duration; Long term
Load duration factor; kt = 0.4
Effective area of concrete in tension; [Link] = min(2.5  (h - d), (h – x) / 3, h / 2) = 105458 mm2/m
Mean value of concrete tensile strength; [Link] = fctm = 2.9 N/mm2
Reinforcement ratio; [Link] = [Link] / [Link] = 0.005
Modular ratio; e = Es / Ecm = 6.091
Bond property coefficient; k1 = 0.8
Strain distribution coefficient; k2 = 0.5
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425
Maximum crack spacing - exp.7.11; [Link] = k3  cbb + k1  k2  k4  k / [Link] = 635 mm
Maximum crack width - exp.7.8; wk = [Link]  max(s – kt  ([Link] / [Link])  (1 + e  [Link]), 0.6  s) / Es
wk = 0.018 mm
 Project Job Ref.

Private Section Sheet no./rev.

14
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
L 2/1/2017

wk / wmax = 0.059
PASS - Maximum crack width is less than limiting crack width
Rectangular section in shear - Section 6.2
Design shear force; V = 22.6 kN/m
CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.120
k = min(1 + (200 mm / d), 2) = 1.862
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; l = min([Link] / d, 0.02) = 0.002
vmin = 0.035 N1/2/mm  k3/2  fck0.5 = 0.487 N/mm2
Design shear resistance - exp.6.2a & 6.2b; VRd.c = max(CRd.c  k  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck)1/3, vmin)  d
VRd.c = 131.1 kN/m
V / VRd.c = 0.173
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force
Secondary transverse reinforcement to base - Section 9.3
Minimum area of reinforcement – cl.[Link](2); [Link] = 0.2  [Link] = 113 mm2/m
Maximum spacing of reinforcement – cl.[Link](3); sbx_max = 450 mm
Transverse reinforcement provided; 10 [Link] @ 200 c/c
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; [Link] =   bx2 / (4  sbx) = 393 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required

40 50

10 [Link] @ 200 c/c

horizontal reinforcement
parallel to face of stem

10 [Link] @ 200 c/c 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c

12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
50
150

75
12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
10 [Link] @ 200 c/c
transverse reinforcement 12 [Link] @ 200 c/c
in base

Reinforcement details