Ring counters (Johnson Ring Counter)
Ring counter is a sequential logic circuit that is constructed using shift register. Same data
recirculates in the counter depending on the clock pulse.
Ring counters are of two types
1) Ordinary Ring counters
2) Johnson counters
Table of Contents
4 bit Ring Counter
Operation of Ring Counter
Circulation of data in Ring counters
Truth table of ring counter
Timing diagram of Ring Counter
State diagram of ring counter
Advantages
Disadvantages
Johnson Counter
Operation of johnson counter
Truth table of johnson counter
Timing diagram of johnson counter
Applications of Ring counters
4 bit Ring Counter
The ring counter is a cascaded connection of flip flops, in which the output of last flip flop is
connected to input of first flip flop. In ring counter if the output of any stage is 1, then its
reminder is 0. The Ring counters transfers the same output throughout the circuit.
That means if the output of the first flip flop is 1, then this is transferred to its next stage i.e. 2nd
flip flop. By transferring the output to its next stage, the output of first flip flop becomes 0. And
this process continues for all the stages of a ring counter. If we use n flip flops in the ring
counter, the ‘1’ is circulated for every n clock cycles.
The circuit diagram of the ring counter is shown below.
Here we design the ring counter by using D flip flop. This is a Mod 4 ring counter which has 4 D
flip flops connected in series. The clock signal is applied to clock input of each flip flop,
simultaneously and the RESET pulse is applied to the CLR inputs of all the flip flops.
Operation of Ring Counter
Initially, all the flip flops in ring counter are reset to 0 by applying CLEAR signal. Before
applying the clock pulse, we apply the PRESET pulse to the flip flops which assigns the value
‘1’ to the ring counter circuit. For each clock signal, the data circulates among all the 4 flip flop
stages of ring counter.
This 4 staged ring counter is called Mod 4 ring counter or 4 bit ring counter. To circulate the data
correctly in the ring counter, we must load the counter with required values like all 0’s or all 1’s.
Circulation of data in Ring counters
We know that the ring counter is similar to that of the shift registers connected in series. The
above diagram shown the four stages of flip flops as the parallel in serial our shift registers, with
data inputs D0, D1, D2 and D3.
The data circulation in ring counter is explained below. By passing the reset signal, initially the
flip flops are at RESET state. When the PRESET is applied to the ring counter the input of the
circuit becomes 1.
This input is connected to the first flip flop in the series, so that the flip flop QA is set to 1 and all
other outputs of remaining flip flops will be low.
If we make the data input of the flip flop ‘A’ to low, this gives us the data pulse as 0 1 0. Then
for the second clock signal, the output of first flip flop will again change and then the output of
‘B’ will become high. This means the data pulse 0 0 1 occurs.
In this way, as the clock signal and input of first flip flop changes, the output of the other flip
flops changes. As the output of last flip flop in series is connected to the input of the first flip
flop, the data sequence rotates or circulates in the ring counter.
Truth table of ring counter
The truth table of the 4 bit ring counter is explained below.
When CLEAR input CLR = 0, then all flip flops are set to 1. When CLEAR input CLR = 1, the
ring counter starts its operation. For one clock signal, the counter starts its operation. On next
clock signal, the counter again resets to 0000. Ring counter has 4 sequences: 0001, 0010, 0100,
1000, 000.
Timing diagram of Ring Counter
The timing diagram of the Ring counter will explain that the clock signal changes the output of
every stage of the counter, so that CLK signal will help the data to circulate from one flip flop to
another. As the 4 bit ring counter (4 stages or 4 flip flops) circulates the preset digit within one
clock signal, the output frequency of each flip flop is ¼ th of the main clock frequency.
State diagram of ring counter
The state diagram of the 4 bit ring counter is shown in above picture. It denotes that the position
of the preset digit (in this case preset digit is 1) is changing its position from LSB to MSB, for
one clock signal.
Advantages
Can be implemented using D and JK flip-flops. It is a self-decoding circuit.
Disadvantages
Only four of the 15 states are being utilized.
Johnson Counter
The Johnson counter is a modification of ring counter. In this the inverted output of the last stage
flip flop is connected to the input of first flip flop. If we use n flip flops to design the Johnson
counter, it is known as 2n bit Johnson counter or Mod 2n Johnson counter.
This is an advantage of the Johnson counter that it requires only half number of flip flops that of
a ring counter uses, to design the same Mod.
The main difference between the 4 bit ring counter and the Johnson counter is that , in ring
counter , we connect the output of last flip flop directly to the input of first flip flop. But in
Johnson counter, we connect the inverted output of last stage to the first stage input.
The Johnson counter is also known as Twisted Ring Counter, with a feedback. In Johnson
counter the input of the first flip flop is connected from the inverted output of the last flip flop.
The Johnson counter or switch trail ring counter is designed in such a way that it overcomes the
limitations of ring counter. Mainly it reduces the number of flip flops required for designing the
circuit.
Similar to the ring counter, the clock signal in Johnson counter is connected to the clock input of
each flip flop simultaneously.
Operation of Johnson counter
The Johnson counter designed with D flip flop is shown below. It has four stages i.e. four flip
flops connected in series type or cascaded. Initially zero / Null is fed to the Johnson counter and
on applying the clock signal, outputs will change to “1000”, “1100”, “1110”, “1111”, “0111”,
“0011”, “0001”, “0000” in a sequence and the sequence will repeat for next clock signal.
The Johnson counter produces a special pattern by passing four 0’s and then four 1’s and thus it
produces a special pattern by counting up down.
Truth table of Johnson counters
The truth table of the 4 bit ring counter is explained below.
The state diagram indicates that how the data transfers from one flip flop to another for every
clock pulse. The4 stage Johnson ring counters are used as frequency dividers, by varying their
feedback connections. So they can be used as frequency divider circuits also.
Timing diagram of Johnson counter
The timing diagram of the johnson counter will explain that the clock signal changes the output
of every stage of the counter, so that CLK signal will help the data to circulate from one flip flop
to another.
State diagram of Johnson counter
When CLR = 0, all outputs and inputs of flip flops are preset to 0 (cleared) except the data input
of right most FF which sets to 1.
When CLR = 1, Johnson counter starts its operation. On every clock edge, the output of last flip
flop (1) shifts left to the third flip flop. As the first flip flop is connected to serial input i.e. 1, the
input of third flip flop is 1.
In next cycle, QA = 0 so 0 rotates in ring form in second half cycle. Johnson counter has 8
sequences: 0001, 0011, 0111, 1111, 1110, 1100, 1000, and 0000.
Advantage of Johnson counter is that, it has more outputs than ring counter.
Disadvantage of Johnson counter is that, only out of 15 states are only 8 are used.
Applications of Ring counters
Ring counters are used to count the data in a continuous loop.
They are also used to detect the various numbers values or various patterns within a set of
information, by connecting AND & OR logic gates to the ring counter circuits.
2 stage, 3 stage and 4 stage ring counters are used in frequency divider circuits as divide
by 2 and divide by 3 and divide by 4 circuits, respectively.
The 3 stage Johnson counter is used as a 3 phase square wave generator which produces
1200 phase shift.
The 5 stage Johnson counter circuit is generally used as synchronous decade (BCD)
counter and also as divider circuit.
The 2 stage Johnson counters are also known as “Quadrature oscillator” which is used to
produce 4 level individual outputs which are out of phase with 900 with each other. This
quadrature generator is used to produce 4 phase timing signal.
