Scribd
Upload
16 views1 page

Causes of Material Deformation

Deformation refers to changes in the shape or size of an object due to applied forces or changes in temperature. Applied forces such as tension, compression, shear, bending, or torsion can cause deformation through transferring energy via work. Changes in temperature can also cause deformation by increasing the mobility of structural defects in solids, transferring energy through heat. Deformation occurs as internal forces within the material resist the applied forces or changes causing it to distort, and larger forces may lead to permanent deformation or failure of the object. In the example, compressive loading on a cylinder causes it to bulge out laterally as the material deforms but does not fail under the load.

Uploaded by

nitesh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views1 page

Causes of Material Deformation

Deformation refers to changes in the shape or size of an object due to applied forces or changes in temperature. Applied forces such as tension, compression, shear, bending, or torsion can cause deformation through transferring energy via work. Changes in temperature can also cause deformation by increasing the mobility of structural defects in solids, transferring energy through heat. Deformation occurs as internal forces within the material resist the applied forces or changes causing it to distort, and larger forces may lead to permanent deformation or failure of the object. In the example, compressive loading on a cylinder causes it to bulge out laterally as the material deforms but does not fail under the load.

Uploaded by

nitesh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Deformation

In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to

 an applied force (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work) or
 a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat).
The first case can be a result of tensile (pulling) forces, compressive (pushing)
forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting).
In the second case, the most significant factor, which is determined by the temperature, is the
mobility of the structural defects such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line and screw
dislocations, stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline solids. The movement or
displacement of such mobile defects is thermally activated, and thus limited by the rate of atomic
diffusion.[1][2]
Deformation is often described as strain.
The concept of deformation is also linked to the study of the stability of an elastic material by using
the method of incremental deformations, based on a superposed small deformation on an
equilibrium solution.
As deformation occurs, internal inter-molecular forces arise that oppose the applied force. If the
applied force is not too great, these forces may be sufficient to completely resist the applied force
and allow the object to assume a new equilibrium state and to return to its original state when the
load is removed. A larger applied force may lead to a permanent deformation of the object or even to
its structural failure.
In the figure it can be seen that the compressive loading (indicated by the arrow) has caused
deformation in the cylinder so that the original shape (dashed lines) has changed (deformed) into
one with bulging sides. The sides bulge because the material, although strong enough to not crack
or otherwise fail, is not strong enough to support the load without change. As a result, the material is
forced out laterally. Internal forces (in this case at right angles to the deformation) resist the applied
load.

You might also like