SOIL MECHANICS
CIVIL ENGINEERING VIRTUAL LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION
INTRODUCTION:
The specific gravity of a substance, designated as Gs , is defined as the ratio of the
density of that substance to the density of distilled water at a specified temperature.
Since it is a ratio, the value of Gs does not depend on the system of units used and is a
numerical value having no units. In soil mechanics, the specific gravity of soil solids is
an important parameter and is a factor in many equations involving weight-volume
relationships. Remember that the specific gravity of soil solids refers only to the solid
phase of the three phase soil system, it does not include the water and air phases
present in the void space. For soil solids, Gs may be written as:
OBJECTIVE:
Determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm I.S sieve by
density bottle.
THEORY:
The specific gravity of soil solids is determined by either (a) density bottle or (b)
specific gravity flask or (c) pycnometer. The density bottle is suitable for all types of soil
and it is the accrutate method. Whereas the specific gravity flask or pycnometer
methods are only suitable for coarse grained soils.
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
APPRATURS REQUIRED:-
i. Density bottle of 50 ml with stopper having capillary hole.
ii. Balance to weigh the materials (accuracy 10gm).
iii. Wash bottle with distilled water.
iv. Alcohol and ether.
v. Constant temperature water bath
FIGURES:-
TEST PROCEDURE:-
1. Clean and dry the density bottle
a. wash the bottle with water and allow it to drain.
b. Wash it with alcohol and drain it to remove water.
c. Wash it with ether, to remove alcohol and drain ether.
2. Weigh the empty bottle with stopper (W 1)
3. Take about 10 to 20 gm of oven soil sample which is cooled in a desiccator. Transfer
it to the bottle. Find the weight of the bottle and soil (W 2).
4. Put 10ml of distilled water in the bottle to allow the soil to soak completely. Leave it
for about 2 hours.
2
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
5. Again fill the bottle completely with distilled water put the stopper and keep the
bottle under constant temperature water baths (Tx 0 ).
6. Take the bottle outside and wipe it clean and dry note. Now determine the weight of
the bottle and the contents (W3).
7. Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it. Fill the bottle with only distilled water
and weigh it. Let it be W4 at temperature (Tx 0 C).
8. Repeat the same process for 2 to 3 times, to take the average reading of it.
CALCULATIONS
INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
Unless or otherwise specified specific gravity values reported shall be based on water
at 270C. So the specific gravity at 27 0C = K Sp. gravity at Tx 0C.
The specific gravity of the soil particles lie with in the range of 2.65 to 2.85. Soils
containing organic matter and porous particles may have specific gravity values below
2.0. Soils having heavy substances may have values above 3.0.
3
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
Sample Calculation:
Specimen number 1 2
Pycnometer bottle number 96 37
WP = Mass of empty, clean pycnometer (grams) 37.40 54.51
W PS= Mass of empty pycnometer + dry soil (grams) 63.49 74.07
WB= Mass of pycnometer + dry soil + water (grams) 153.61 165.76
WA = Mass of pycnometer + water (grams) 137.37 153.70
Specific gravity (GS) 2.65 2.61
WP = 37.40 g, WPS = 63.49 g, WB = 153.61 g, WA = 137.37
Wo = 63.49 – 37.40 = 26.09 g
Gs = (26.09) / [26.09 + (137.37 -153.61)] = 2.65
Empty Table:
Specimen number
Pycnometer bottle number
WP = Mass of empty, clean pycnometer (grams)
W PS= Mass of empty pycnometer + dry soil (grams)
WB= Mass of pycnometer + dry soil + water (grams)
WA = Mass of pycnometer + water (grams)
Specific gravity (GS)
WP = ____ g, WPS = ____ g, WB = ____ g, WA = ____
Wo = ____ g
Gs =
4
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
REFERENCES:-
i. IS : 2720 (Part II) – 1973, Method of Test for soil : Part II
ii. Soil Mechanics and Foundations.
QUIZ:
i. Which method is mostly used to determine the water content in field?
ii. What is water content for loss soil?
iii. On which factor cater content is depends?
5
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
PART – 2
ANIMATION STEPS
It consists of step wise animation.
STEP – 1 STEP – 2
Step – 1: Weight of empty pycnometer.
Step – 2: Weight of sample soil with container.
STEP – 3 STEP – 4
Step – 3: Weight with both water and Soil sample.
Step – 4: Weight with full container of water.
6
EXPERIMENT: 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATION SM-CEVL
PART – 3
VIRTUAL LAB FRAME
LABORATORY ROOM CONSISTS:
1. Table
2. Sample Soil
3. Pycnometer Heater
4. Weight Balance
INPUT:
1. Type of Soil
2. Weight of Sample Soil
OUTPUT:
1. Specific Gravity
