Exercise 4.
1: Antenna gain
A
G= (1)
AISO
where A is the effective area of the antenna, and AISO is the effective area of an isotropic
antenna which is1 .
λ2
AISO = (2)
4π
This leads to the antenna gain in linear scale, compared to the isotropic antenna.
4π 4π πr 2
G = 2 A = 2 0.55 · Aphysical = 2.2 (3)
λ λ λ
Exercise 4.2: Satellite link
The free-space path loss, Lfree , between to isotropic antennas separated a distance d is
2
4πd 2 4π35 · 106
Lfree (d) = = ≈ 2.6 · 1020 = 204 dB. (4)
λ 3 · 108 /11 · 109
See link budget in figure 1
• Satellite antenna gain: Gsat = 20 dB
• Earth antenna gain: Gearth = 60 dB
min = −120 dBm
• Minimum received power: Psat
Friis’ law in linear scale
GRx GTx
PRx = PTx (5)
Lfree (d)
Friis’ law in logarithmic scale
PRx = GRx + GTx − Lfree (d) + PTx (6)
−120 = 20 + 60 − 204 + PTx (7)
PTx = 204 − 20 − 60 − 120 = 4 dBm (8)
1
[Link]
Aperture
1
Link Budget
50
EIRP
P Tx
20 dB
0
-50 -204 dB
dB
-100
P Rx
-150 60 dB
-200
Figure 1: Link budget for exercise 4.2.
Exercise 4.3: Antenna gain calculations
Friis’ law is only valid in the far field of the antennas, i.e. far beyond the Rayleigh
distance
L2
dR = 2 a (9)
λ
where La is the largest dimension of the antenna.
152
dR = 2 = 1500 m. (10)
3 · 108 /109
2
b
The antenna gains are
2
πr 2 π · 15/2
GRX = GTX = 2.2 = 2.2 = 13, 570.7 = 41.3 dB. (11)
λ 3 · 108 /109
4π
G= 0.55πr2 (12)
λ2
Gλ2
2
= r2 (13)
4
r · 0.55π
G λ
=r (14)
0.55 2π
r
G λ
2 = 2r (15)
0.55 2π
r
G λ
2r = La = (16)
0.55 π
Insert into the equation for the Rayleigh distance:
q 2
G λ
L2 0.55 π 2
dR = 2 a = 2 = λG = 0.37λG (17)
λ λ 0.55π 2
Exercise 4.9: Exposure to electromagnetic waves
Eq. (4.24) in the book (derived in Appendix 4.A) states
hTx hRx 2
PRx (d) ≈ PTx GTx GRx (18)
d2
and is valid for distances d > dbreak where
4hTx hRx
dbreak = (19)
λ
It can also be stated as in the slides from the lecture: The propagation loss over a ground
plane is: (for d > dbreak )
2
d2
Lground (d) ≈ (20)
hTx hRx
3
Which makes sense since the loss is only the inverse of the gain.
The three propagation losses needed are
d2
LBS,MS = Lground (d) = 20 log10 (21)
hTx hRx
= 40 log10 (d) − 20 log10 (10 · 1.5) (22)
= 40 log10 (d) − 23.5 dB (23)
!
(d − 3)2
LBS,ref = Lground (d − 3) = 20 log10 (24)
hTx hRx
= 40 log10 (d − 3) − 20 log10 (10 · 1.5) (25)
= 40 log10 (d − 3) − 23.5 dB (26)
4π · 3
LMS,ref = Lfree (3) = 20 log10 (27)
3 · 10 /900 · 106
8
= 20 log10 (36π) = 41.1 dB. (28)
Parameters we need for the link budget calculations:
• Antenna gain base station: GBS = 6 dB
• Antenna gain mobile station: GMS = 2 dB
min
• Minimum required received power at MS: PRX,MS dB
min
• Minimum required received power at BS: PRX,BS min
= PRX,MS − 10 dB
min
PTX,BS = PRX,MS + LBS,MS − GBS − GMS (29)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 23.5 − 6 − 2 (30)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 31.5 dB (31)
4
ii
min
PTX,MS = PRX,BS + LBS,MS − GBS − GMS (32)
min
= PRX,MS − 10 + 40 log10 (d) − 23.5 − 6 − 2 (33)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 41.5 dB (34)
iii
BS
PRX,ref = PTX,BS − LBS,ref + GBS + Gref (35)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 31.5 − LBS,ref + GBS + Gref (36)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 31.5 − 40 log10 (d − 3) + 23.5 + 6 + Gref (37)
min
= + 40 log10 (d) − 40 log10 (d − 3) − 2 + Gref
PRX,MS (38)
min d
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 − 2 + Gref (39)
d−3
iv
MS
PRX,ref = PTX,MS − LMS,ref + GMS + Gref (40)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 41.5 − LMS,ref + GMS + Gref (41)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 41.5 − 41.1 + 2 + Gref (42)
min
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 80.6 + Gref (43)
b
MS
The difference (in dB) between PRX,ref BS
and PRX,ref as a function of distance is
MS BS
PRX,ref − PRX,ref (44)
min min d
= PRX,MS + 40 log10 (d) − 80.6 + Gref − PRX,MS − 40 log10 + 2 − Gref (45)
d−3
d
= 40 log10 (d) − 40 log10 − 78.6 (46)
d−3
= 40 log10 (d − 3) − 78.6 (47)
5
If distances are beyond about 100 meters the ”exposure” to electromagnetic waves from
the MS is higher than from the BS. At 5000 meter the ”esposure” from the MS is about 7
orders of magnitude higher than from the BS, c.f. figure 2.
P MS
RX,ref
- P BS
RX,ref
80
70
60
50
40
[dB]
30
20
10
-10
-20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Distance d [m]
Figure 2: Exercise 4.9.