BOT 401

Cell Biology
Unit I .[Link] and eukaryotic Cell: The ultra-structural details and comparative
assessment.
Unit II i. Plasma membrane: Molecular organization, current models and functions. Cell
wallarchitecture, biosynthesis, assembly, growth and cell expansion.
iiPlasmodesmata:Structure and role in movement of molecules andmacromolecules.
Unit III. i. Cytoskeleton: Organization and role of microtubules and
[Link] in flagellate and other movements.
ii. Plant vacuole:Tonoplast membrane, ATPases, transporters, as storageorganelle.
Unit IV. Chloroplast and Mitochondria: Ultrastructure, function and biogenesis.
Theorganization of genome and patterns of gene expression.
Unit V. Nucleus: Microscopic and submicroscopic organization. Structure and function
ofnuclear Envelope. The ultrastructure of nucleolus and its role in rRNA
biosynthesis.
Unit VI. Ribosomes: Structure and site of protein synthesis. Mechanism of translation,details
of initiation, elongation and termination. The structure and role of RNA.

Practicals based on Bot-401

1. To determine mitotic Index in different plant materials.
2. Karyomorpholpgical studies from slide/photograph.
3. Induction of mitotic abnormalities through chemical treatment.
4. Determination of chiasma Frequency in plants.
5. Fluorescence staining with FDA for cell viability and cell wall staining with calcoflour.
6. Demonstration of-SEM and TEM organelles.
7. Demonstration of acid phosphataes and succinic dehydrogenase activity in plants.
8. Localization of nuclear DNA by using Feulgen as a DNA specific stain.
 BOT-402
Molecular Biology
Unit I. Cell signaling: Signal transduction, signaling pathways, second messengers, cAMP,
genetic disorders ; due to the G protein defect. Lipid derived second
[Link] tyrosine kinase and signaling pathway. Molecular biology of
signaling.
Unit II. Other cellular organelles:Structure and functions of micro bodies,Golgi apparatus,
Lysosomes and Endoplasmic reticulum.
Unit III. Proteinsorting: Targeting of proteins to organelles. Translocation of
secretaryproteins across the ER membrane. The post translational modifications in
RER.
Unit IV. Cell Cycle and its molecular aspects: Control mechanism, the role of cycline and
cycline dependent kinases, Retinoblastoma and E2F proteins. Cytokinesis and cell
plateformation. Mechanism of programmed cell death (Apoptosis) and Senescens.
Unit V. Molecular Cytogenetics
i. Nuclear DNA Content: The C-value paradox, the COT value curve & its
significance
ii. Restriction mapping: Concept and techniques, multigene families and their
evolution.
iii. Computer assisted chromosome analysis, chromosome micro-dissection and
micro cloning.

Practicals based on BOT-402

1. Demonstration of native and SDS PAGE profiles of seed proteins.
2. Isolation of plant DNA and its quantitation by spectrophotometric method.
3. Isolation of DNA and preparation of Cot curve.
4. Restriction digestion of plant DNA, its separation by agarose gel electrophoresis and
visualization by ethidium bromide staining.
5. Isolation of RNA and its quantitation by spectrophotometric method.
6. Separation of plant RNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualization by ethidium
bromide staining,
7. Demonstration of Western blotting.
8. Estimation of seed proteins by Lowry's method.
 Suggested Readings (For BOT-401 & 402 Theory)
1. Lewin, B. 2000, Genes VII, Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D.I [Link]
Biology of the cell. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.
3. Wolfe, S.L. 1993. Molecular and cellular biology. WodsworthPublishing Company,
California, U.S. A.
4. De, D.N. 2000. Plant cell vacuoles. An introduction. CSIRO Publication,Collingwood,
Australia.
5. Kleinsmith, I.J. and Kish, V.M. 1995. Principles of Cell and MolecularBiology (End
Edition). Harper Collins College publishers, New York, U.S.A.
6. Lpdish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.Z., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell,J., 2000.
Molecular Cell Biology. (4thEdition). W.H. Freeman and company, New York, U.S.A.
Review Journals
1. Annual review of plant physiology and molecular biology.
2. Current advances in Plant Sciences.
3. Trends in Plant Sciences.
4. Nature reviews: Molecular and Cell Biology.
Suggested Readings (For Course BOT401and 402 Practicals)
1. Click, B.R. and Thompson, J.E. 1998. Methods in Plant Molecular biology and
biotechnology. CRCPress, BOCA RBTON Florida.
2. Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D. (Eds.) 1995. DNA cloning I: A practical approach, Core
techniques,first edition, TASIRL Press al Oxford University Press, Oxford.
3. Gunning B.E.S. and Steer, M.W. 1996. Plant cell biology, structure and function. Jones and
BartletPublishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
4. Hackett, P.B., Funchs, J.A. and Messing, J.W. 1998. An Introduction to recombinant
DNAtechniques: Basic experiments in gene manipulation. The Benjamin Cummings
PublishingCompany, Inc. Memno Park, California.
5. Hall, J.L. and Moore, A.L. 1983. Isolation of membranes and organelles from plant cells.
AcademicPress, London, U.K,
6. Harris, N. and Opataks, K. J. 1994. Plant Cell Biology: A practical approach. IRL Press at
OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, U.K.
7. Shaw, C.H. (Ed.) 1988. Plant Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach. IRL Press,
Oxford.
 BOT 403
(Biology and Diversity of Algae, Fungi and microbes)
UNIT- I. Algae:
- Introduction of phycology with special reference to Indian work.
- Algae in diversified habitats (Terrestrial, fresh water, marine)
- Criteria used in classification of algae, pigments, reserve food and flagella; and
important systems of classification of algae.
- A general account of thallus organization, reproduction and life history of algae.
- Study of important groups of algae with reference to General account, cell structure
and method of reproduction in
o Cyanophyta - Nostoc and Oscillatoria.
o Chlorophyta- salient features of Volvocales, Oedogonials and zygnematales
(Desmids)
o Xanthophyta - Botridiuim, vaucheria.
o Bacillariopyta - Diatoms.
o Phaeophyta - Ectocarpus.
o Rhodophyta - Batrachospermum.
- Algal blooms, Role of Algae in human welfare, bio fertilizer.
UNIT- II. Fungi:
General Characters, Classification.
- Economic importance of fungi in medicine, Agriculture ( Biopesticide andbiofertilizers),
food (SCP. Mushrooms)
- Fungi as plant pathogen – General account of different groups and type study of fungi
as pathogen.
o Mastigomycotina - Phytophora, albugo,
o Zygomycotina –Rhizopus,
o Ascomycotina – Claviceps, Erysiphae,
o Basidiomycotina – Puccinia, Ustilago,
o Deuteromycotina – Alternaria, Fusarium, Cercospora, Helminthosporium.
UNIT- III. Bacteria:
General characters, ultrastcture, classification, koch’s postulates, archaebacteria and
eubacteria.
 o Role of agrobacterium in GM crops.
o Citus canker.
o Angular leaf spot of cotton.
UNIT- IV. Phytoplasma: General Account, ultrastructure and economic importance
o Grassy shoot of sugarcane.
o Little leaf of brinjal.
UNIT- V. Viruses: General account, ultrasturcture and economic importance of viruses.
o TMV
o Papaya leaf curl.

Practicals: Based On BOT 403

(Biology and Diversity of Algae, Fungi and microbes)
Algae:
01. Collection and study of algae from different localities, Identification up to generic
level.
02. Morphological study of algal forms: Microsystis, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Nostoc,
Anabacna,Scytonema, Tolypothrix, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia, Cahthrix,
Chlamydomonas, Pandorina, Eudorina, Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Scenedesmus,
Pedistruium, Ulothrix, Ulva, Odeogonium, Cladophora, Pithophora, Draparnaldia,
Draparnidiopsis, Coleochaete, Cosmarium, Closterium, Caulerpa, Acetabularia,
Chara, Nitella, Botrydium, Vaucheria, Pinnularia, Navicula, Fragillaria, Ectocarpus,
Diciyota, Fucus, Batrachospermum, Polysiphonia, Corallina.

Fungi and microbes:

01. Principal and working of instruments.
02. Preparation of Media, strains and Isolation of Bacteria and Fungi from soil and
infected plant tissues and pure culture.
03. Gram staining of bacteria.
04. Morphology and Taxonomy of following fungi - Albugo, Phytophthora, Mucor,
Rhizopus, Plasmopara, Sclerospora, Taphrina, Phyllochora, ClavicepsChaetomium,
Puccinia, Ustilago, Sphacelotheca, Agaricus, Polyporus,Volveriella, Cyaihus,
Lycoperdon, Geaster, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicilliuin, Helminthosporium,
Cercospora, Curvularia, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Coltetotrichutn, Phoma.
05. Growth of Fungi on liquid and solid media — Fusarium and Helminthosporium.
06. Study of bacterial plant diseases - Citrus canker, Angular leaf spot of cotton, soft rot of
fruits.
07. Study of Phytoplasma diseases - Little leaf of brinjal, Sesamumphyllody, Grassy shoot
of sugarcane.
08. Study of viral plant diseases - Papaya mosaic, Tomato leaf curl, Yellow vein mosaic of
Bhindi.
09. Collection and submission of fungal, viral, phytoplasma and bacterial diseases of
plants.

Suggested Readings on BOT 403 Algae:

1. Chapman V.J. & DJ. Chapman (1983) The Algae, The MacMillan Press Ltd., London.
2. Desikachary T.V. (1959) Cyanophyta, 1CAR, New Delhi.
3. Fritsch F.E. (1961) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, Vol. I & H,
CambridgeUniversity Press, London.
4. KumarH.D. (1988) Introductory Phycology, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
5. Prescott G. W. (1969) The Algae: A Review, Thomas Nelson .and Sons Ltd.,
Melbourne.
6. Round F.E. ( 1981) The Ecology of Algae, Cambridge University Press, London.
7. Smith G.M. (1950) The fresh water algae of the United states, McGrawIIill Hoc Co.,
New York.
8. Vijayraghavan&SunitaKumari (1995) Chlorophyta, Bisen Singh M. P. Singh, Dehra
Dun.
Suggested Readings — (Fungi and microbes)
1. U. Sinha and SheelaShrivastava (1985) An Introduction to Bacteria, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Burgey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 1-4(1986-1989) Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore.
3. J.P, Verma (1992) The Bacteria, Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi,
4. A.J. Salle (1974) Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. [Link] (1987) Plasmids - a Practical Approach, 1RL Press, Oxford, Washington
D.C.
6. Bruce A. Voyles (2002) The Biology of Viruses, McGraw Hill, Boston.
7. LuriaS.E., J.E. Darnel!, D. Baltimore & A. Campbell (1978) General Virology, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
8. E.W. Mester, C.E. Roberts, M.M. Pearsall and B. [Link]- General Microbiology,
Holt, Renehart& Winston, New York.
9. Powar&Daginawala (2004) General Microbiology Vol. II, Himalaya Publishing House,
Mumbai.
10. R,F. Boyd (1984) General Microbiology, Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing St.
Louis.
11. S.B. Biswas & .Amrita Biswas (1993) An Introduction to Viruses, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
12. V.K. Gupta & M,K. Behl (1994) Indian Plant Viruses & Mycoplasma, Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana.
13. S.P. Raychoudhari& T. K. Nariani (1977) Virus & Mycoplasma Diseases of plants in
India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
14. K.B. Deshpande& P.B, Papadiwal (1979) A Laboratory course in Bacteriology, COSIP-
ULP - Botany Publication, Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
15. P.B. Papdiwal (1980) Biotechniques, COSIP- ULP - Botany Publication, Marathwada
University, Aurangabad.
16. Alexopoulous C.J., [Link]& M. Blakwel (1996) - Introductory Mycology, John
Wiley & Sons Inc.
17. Dube H.C. (1994) - An Introduction to Fungi ,Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
18. Sharma P.O. (2000) - Microbiology and plant pathology, Rastogi Publication, New
Delhi.
19. Mukadam D.S. (1997) ‘The Illustrated Kingdom of Fungi’, Aksharganga Publication,
Aurangabad.
20. Mukadam D. S. (2004) - Modern Topics in Fungi, Saraswati Printing Press,
Aurangabad.
21. Rangaswaini G. & A. Mahadevan (2001) - Diseases of Crop Plants in India., Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
 BOT 404
(Taxonomy of Angiosperms)
UNIT- I: Angiosperms: Definition, its characteristic features and probable causes of
theirevolutionary success. Taxonomy: Definition, scope, principles, aims and
objectives of taxonomy. History of Botanical Explorations in Maharashtra with
special reference to Marathwada.
UNIT- II: Phylogeny of Angiosperms: A general account of origin of Angiosperms with
reference to timeand place and possible ancestors: euanthial theory (Bennettitales,
Caytoniales, Cycadales) and pseudanthial theory (Pentoxylales, Glossopteridae).
UNIT- III: Criteria used for classification; phases of plant classification and brief history on
account of artificial, natural, phylogenetic systems of classifications with special
reference to Bentham and Hooker, Cronquist’s system, Takhtajan’s system and
Broad outline of APG III (2009) system of classification and its merits and
demerits.
UNIT-IV: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept of nomenclature, Binomial nomenclature and
itsadvantages, formation of code, Melbourne Code 2011, Principles of International
Code of Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICN), ending of taxa names,
[Link] literature: Flora, manuals, monographs, periodicals,
dictionaries, indices,journals, pictorial encyclopedias and books.
UNIT-V: Taxonomic evidences: Morphology, anatomy, embryology, palynology, cytology,
phyto-chemistry and numerical taxonomy. Taxonomic tools: Serological and
molecular techniques, GIS, GPS, Use of computers in angiosperms taxonomy (Use
of computer and data bases for identification of plants with the help of website).
Herbarium Techniques, Major herbaria of the World and India. Contributions of
Herbarium BAMU.
UNIT-VI: Causes of variations in population; Speciation, Species Concepts; Taxonomic
Hierarchy.
UNIT-VII: Angiosperm Families: Nymphaeaceae, Hydatellaceae, Magnoliaceae,
Papaveraceae, Malvaceae, Sapotaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Arecaceae and
Poaceae.
 Practicals Based on BOT-404
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
1. Morphology: Terminologies related to Habit and life span, root, stem, leaves,
inflorescence,Flower, fruits.
2. Phytography: preparation of scientific botanical description of a plant specimen.
3. Study of at least 20 locally available families of flowering plants.
4. Identification of genus and species of locally available wild plants.
5. Preparation of botanical keys at generic level by locating key characters.
6. Knowledge of at least 10 medicinal plant species.
7. Demonstration of the utility for secondary metabolites in the taxonomy of someappropriate
genera.
8. Field trips within and around the University Campus, compilation of field notes
andpreparation of herbarium sheets of plants.
9. Botanical excursion of about one week duration to any botanically rich location
preferableoutside the State.
Suggested Readings
1. Cole, A.J. 1969. Numerical Taxonomy. Academic Press. London.
2. Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. 1973. Principles of AngiospermsTaxonomy. Robert
[Link]. Co. New York.
3. Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation, Columbia, University Press, New York.
4. Grant, W.F. 1984. Plant Biosystematics, Academic Press, London.
5. Harrison, H.J. 1971. New concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Hieman Educational
Book Ltd.,London.
6. Heslop-Harrison, J. 1967. Plant Taxonomy. English Language Book Soc. & Edward
Arnold [Link]. U.K.
7. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M. [Link] in Plant Taxonomy, Academic
Press,London.
8. Jones, A.D. and Wilbins, A.D. 1971. Variations and Adaptions in Plant species.
Hieman&[Link] Ltd. London.
9. Jones S.B. Jr. &Luchsinger,A.E. 1986. Plant Systematics, (2ndEdition) McGraw-Hill Book
Co. NewYork.
10. Radford, A.E. 1986 Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & RawPublications,
U.S.A.
11. Solbrig. O.T. &S olbrig D.J. 1979. Population Biology andEvolution. Addison wesley
Publication Co. Inc.U.S.A.
12. Stebbins, G.L. 1974 Flowering Plant- EvolutionAbove Species Level. EdwardArnold
Ltd,.London.
13. Stace,C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystamatics. (2ndEdition)Edward Arnold,,
London.
14. Takhtajan A. L. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia
University Press,New York.
15. Woodland D.W. 1991. Contemporary Plant [Link] Hall, New Jersey.
 BOT-405
Indian Constitution