Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
Introduc)on
to
Linux
and
Unix
and
the
command
line
10th
August
2016
@AmelGhouila,
PhD
LABORATORY
OF
TRANSMISSION,
CONTROL
AND
IMMUNOBIOLOGY
OF
INFECTIONS
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Learning
Objec)ves
①
Introduc+on
to
UNIX
and
Linux
②
The
UNIX
files
structure
③
Crea+ng
directories
and
naviga+ng
through
the
file
structure
④
Some
useful
shortcuts
and
Links
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Learning
Outcomes
①
Understand
the
Unix
file
structure
②
Learn
how
to
create
and
access
files
and
directories
and
navigate
through
them
③
Understand
full
and
rela+ve
file
paths,
when
and
how
to
use
them
④
Useful
shortcuts
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Part
1
Introduc)on
to
UNIX
and
Linux
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
What
is
UNIX?
• UNIX
is
an
Opera+on
System
(OS)
ini+ally
developed
in
the
1960.
• There
are
many
different
versions
of
UNIX,
that
share
common
similari+es.
• The
most
popular
varie+es
of
UNIX
are
Solaris,
Linux
and
MacOS.
• UNIX
systems
have
a
graphical
user
interface
(GUI)
making
easier
the
environment.
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Why
Linux
• Linux
is
free
and
the
most
popular
distribu+ons
are
Ubuntu,
Fedora/Red
Hat,
Mandriva,
etc.
• Very
stable
system
• Fast
developing
OS
(many
developers)
• Most
secure
OS
• Best
mul+-‐user
and
mul+
tasking
OS
Very
popular
as
servers
OS
• The
world’s
fastest
super
computers
run
Linux
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Linux
distribu)ons
• Different
Linux
distribu+ons
are
available
h\p://[Link]/
• Ubuntu
distro
is
easy
and
convenient
to
use
for
beginners
• A
simple
guide
to
install
Ubuntu
in
your
machine:
h\p://[Link]/download/desktop/
install-‐ubuntu-‐desktop
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Linux
VS
Unix
• Linux
is
the
open
source
clone
of
UNIX
• Because
Linux
is
freely
available
it
has
a
cost
advantage
against
UNIX
• All
command
lines
work
the
same
on
both
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
The
core
opera)ng
system
Accessible
via
the
Terminal
Programs
and
soXwares
Adapted
from:
[Link]
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
The
terminal
Even
though
the
shell
is
a
User
name
command
line
interface,
the
Shell
prompt
Machine
name
mouse
is
s+ll
handy
(scroll,
copy,
paste,
etc.)
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
[Link]
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Set
your
Webminal
account
1. Open
[Link]
2. Go
to
register
to
create
an
account
3. Make
sure
you
note
your
user
name
and
password,
you
will
need
these
info
to
be
able
to
work
online
for
the
whole
module
4. Note
that
both
username
and
password
is
case-‐
sensi+ve
5. Ac+vate
your
account
using
the
link
you
receive
via
email
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Part
2
The
UNIX
files
structure
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
UNIX
files
structure
Root
directory
of
the
User
home
en+re
file
system
directories
home
dev
bin
etc
Configura+on
files
Device
Essen+al
user
files
commands
binaries
Crick
Watson
Sanger
Desktop
Documents
IBT2016
Wastson’s
files
Genomics
Linux
Session
1
Session
2
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
UNIX
files
structure
(2)
home
Watson
Desktop
Documents
IBT2016
Genomics
Linux
Directories
Session
1
Session
2
file1
file2
Ordinary
files
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Home
directory
and
working
directory
• When
you
first
log
in
on
a
UNIX
system,
the
working
directory
is
your
home
directory.
• While
working
you
will
be
associated
to
one
directory
called
the
working
directory
or
the
current
directory
• An
abbrevia+on
of
the
working
directory
is
displayed
as
part
of
the
prompt
on
your
terminal
• The
command
pwd
gives
the
absolute
path
of
the
working
directory
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
What
is
a
path
or
a
pathname?
• A
path
locates
a
given
file
in
the
system
hierarchy
• An
absolute
path
in
the
file
system
hierarchy
for
a
given
file
or
folder
describes
the
parents
all
the
way
up
to
the
root
• A
rela+ve
path
describes
the
path
to
the
file
star+ng
from
the
current
working
directory
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Absoulte
path?
/
home
Watson
The
full
path
to
file1
is:
/home/Watson/IBT2016/Linux/Session1/file1
Desktop
Documents
IBT2016
Genomics
Linux
Session
1
Session
2
file1
file2
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Absoulte
path?
/
/
home
/home
Watson
/home/Watson
Desktop
Documents
IBT2016
/home/Watson/IBT2016
Genomics
Linux
/home/Watson/IBT2016/Linux
/home/Watson/IBT2016/Linux/Session1
Session
1
Session
2
/home/Watson/IBT2016/Linux/Session1/file1
file1
file2
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Refer
to
the
parent
and
current
directories
Every
directory
has
two
special
sub-‐ IBT2016
director:
Genomics
Linux
.
..
u .
(dot):
the
current
Session
1
Session
2
directory
u . .
(dot-‐dot):
the
parent
directory
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Rela)ve
path?
/
home
Current
working
Watson
directory
Desktop
Documents
IBT2016
.
refers
to
the
current
directory
Genomics
Linux
./Linux
./Linux/Session1
Session
1
Session
2
file1
.
file2
/Linux/Session1/file1
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
First
test
of
the
terminal
• Open
the
Terminal
on
the
webminal
website
• Login
to
your
account
• The
shell
prompt
will
appear
Ok,
let’s
try
some
typing
!
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Part
3
Crea)ng
directories
and
naviga)ng
through
the
file
structure
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Commands
for
manipula)ng
directories
Command
Acronym
&
Output
mkdir
MaKe
DIRectory
Creates
a
new
directory
rmdir
ReMove
DIRectory
Removes
a
directory
pwd
Print
Working
Directory
Displays
the
absolute
path
of
the
current
working
directory
cd
Change
Directory
Allows
moving
from
one
directory
to
another
ls
LiS/ng
Lists
a
directory
content
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
pwd
command
• pwd:
print
working
directory
• Displays
the
absolute
path
of
your
current
loca+on
in
the
file
system
• Try
pwd
on
your
terminal
• You
should
see:
/home/YourUsername
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
ls
command
• ls
:
lists
the
content
of
the
current
directory
by
default
• Command
structure
ls
[OPTION]
[dirname]
• Some
useful
op+ons:
• -‐l:
shows
sizes,
modified
date
and
+me,
file
or
folder
name
and
owner
of
file
and
permissions
• -‐
a:
List
all
files
including
hidden
file
star+ng
with
‘.’
• -‐lh:
shows
sizes
in
easier
readable
format
• -‐R:
recursively
lists
sub-‐directories
• -‐lS:
sor+ng
by
file
sizes
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
ls
-‐l
example
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Create
a
directory
• mkdir:
makes
a
directory
• Command
structure:
mkdir
dirname
[path]
• mkdir
dirname:
would
create
a
directory
with
the
specified
dirname
• The
new
created
directory
will
be
created
in
your
current
working
directory
• If
you
want
to
create
it
elsewhere,
you
have
to
specify
the
path:
mkdir
dirname
path
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
What
you
should
know
about
file
names
in
Linux
• No
real
dis+nc+on
between
the
names
of
ordinary
files
and
the
names
of
directory
files.
• No
two
files
in
the
same
directory
can
have
the
same
name.
• Files
in
different
directories
can
have
the
same
name.
• Linux
is
case-‐sensi+ve:
Sanger,
sanger
and
SANGER
are
different
and
would
represent
three
dis+nct
files.
• In
most
cases,
file
extensions
are
op+onal
(.txt,
.exe,
etc…)
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Move
in
the
files
system
• cd:
change
the
working
directory
• Command
structure:
cd
<path>
• The
path
name
of
the
directory
you
want
to
move
to
should
be
specified
• You
can
specify
either
the
absolute
path
or
the
rela+ve
path
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Move
in
the
files
system:
example
/
• Move
to
Watson
directory
1. cd
/home/Watson
home
2. cd
../..
3. cd
..
+
cd
..
Watson
• Move
to
Genomics
directory
Current
working
IBT2016
directory
1. cd
/home/Watson/IBT2016/Genomics
2. cd
../Genomics
3. cd
..
+
cd
Genomics
Genomics
Linux
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Remove
a
directory
• rmdir:
removes
a
directory
• Command
structure:
rmdir
dirname
[path]
• It
would
remove
the
dirname
directory
• The
directory
should
be
in
your
current
working
directory
• If
you
want
to
remove
it
from
elsewhere,
you
have
to
specify
the
path:
rmdir
dirname
path
• rmdir
works
if
there
is
no
contents
in
the
directory
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Remove
a
directory
• rmdir
works
if
there
is
no
contents
in
the
directory
• If
the
directory
contains
files
or
sub-‐
directories,
an
error
message
will
appear:
“Directory
not
empty”
• There
is
an
op+on
that
will
recursively
remove
a
directory
and
its
contents:
-‐r
(which
stands
for
recursive)
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
How
to
get
help
for
a
command
from
the
terminal?
• man
commandname
displays
manual
pages
for
that
specific
command
• commandname
–h
or
commandname
–help
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Part
4
Some
useful
shortcuts
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Commands
basic
structure
command
[–op+ons]
[arguments]
Example:
ls
–lh
/home/Watson/IBT2016
pwd
mkdir
Test1
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Useful
shortcuts
• cd
~
takes
you
to
your
home
directory
• cd:
cd
alone
(nothing
following)
will
change
your
loca+on
from
the
working
directory
to
your
home
directory
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Linux,
some
useful
CLI
key
combina)ons
• Ctrl+A:
remove
the
cursor
to
the
beginning
of
the
command
line
• Ctrl+C:
end
a
running
program
and
return
to
the
prompt
• Ctrl+D:
logout
from
the
current
shell
session:
equivalent
to
exit
• Tab:
autocomplete
a
file
name
• Tab
Tab:
displays
command
comple+on
possibli+es
• Ctrl+L:
clear
the
terminal
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Part
5
Prac)ce:
try
the
different
commands
via
your
terminal
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Create
these
directories
under
your
home
yourhome
IBT2016
Genomics
Linux
Session1
Session2
Introduc+on
tIntroduc)on
o
Bioinforma+cs
to
BW orkshop
-‐
Module
ioinforma)cs
course:
Name
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila
Thanks
• Dr
Sumir
Panji
(UCT)
• Dr
Fatma
Guerfali
(IPT)
Introduc)on
to
Bioinforma)cs
course:
IBT_2016
Linux
–
Session
1
–
Amel
Ghouila