BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI UNTUK MURID

TINGKATAN LIMA

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

2012
 MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT

1. FUNCTIONS

Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.

1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.

3 9
2 5
1 4

-2 3

-3 1

Set P Diagram 1 Set Q

a. State the following:

i. Domain =  ……………………………………… 
ii. Codomain =  ……………………………………… 
iii. Objects = …………………

iv. Images =……………………

v. Range =…………………...

vi. Object of 9 = ………………....

vii. Image of 2 = …………………

b. Represent the above relation using

i. a set of ordered Pairs

……………………………………………

ii. a Cartesian graph

2
Classifying the types of relations

State the type of the following relations

a) x b) x x
X
3
4
4 2
2 9
16 -2
4
36 -3
6

……………………………….. …………………………….

Type of number
c) x x2 d)
2 Prime
3 9
4 Even
2 -3
Odd
-3 9

………………………………….. ..……………………………

e) { ( 3 , 1 ) , (9 , 1 ) , (12 , 2 ) , (15 , 2) }. f)
Set Q

5 
4 
3 
2 
1
Set P
0 1 2 3 4

………………………………….. ………………………………

3
Inverse function

1. Given f (x) = 2x + 5 , find f -1 (x) x

2. Given g (x) =  2 , find g -1 (x)
3

x4 3
3. Given that f ( x)  , find f -1 (2) 4. Given g (x) = x , find i. g -1 (x)
4 4

ii. g -1 (4)

5. Given f (x) = 3 - 2x , find f -1 (x) x

6. Given that g ( x)  2  , find g (3)
5

4
7. Given that f (x) = 2 - 3x , find f -1 (1) x3
8. Given that f ( x)  , find f (1)
2

2x 1 10. Given that f -1 (x) = 2 - 3x , find f (1)

9. Given that g 1 ( x)  , find g(x)
3

5
2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

To express a given quadratic equation in general form ax2 + bx + c = 0 and stating the
value of a , b and c.

Example 1 Example 2

x2 = 5x – 9 x 2  2x
x2 – 5x + 9 = 0 4x =
x
Compare with the general form 4x(x) = x2 – 2x
ax2 + bx – c = 0 4x2 - x2 – 2x = 0
3x2 – 2x = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9 Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises
i. Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c.
ii. Use the values of a, b and c in the formula x   b  b  4ac
2

2a

5 7
1. 3x = 2. (2x + 5) =
2x x

6
3. x( x + 4 ) = 3 4. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3

4 x3 6. x2 + px = 2x - 6
5. =
x 5 x

7. px (2 – x) = x – 4m 8. (2x – 1)(x + 4) = k(x – 1) + 3

7
 x 1 x 2  2x
9. (7 – 2x + 3x2) = 10. 7x – 1 =
3 x

Forming quadratic equations from given roots

Example 1 x=3 , x=2

3 , 2 x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
( x – 3 )( x – 2 ) = 0
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
Example 2 x = 1 , x = -3
1, - 3 x–1=0 , x+3=0
(x–1)(x+3)=0
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
a) 4,-7

b) - 6 , - 2

1
c) 2 , 
3

8
 d)

1 2
, 
5 3

1 1
e) ,
3 2

f) 4 , 0

Finding Sum of Roots ( SOR ) and Product of Roots ( POR )

If  and  are roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ,

b
then sum of roots = += 
a
c
and product of roots =  =
a

Sum of Roots Product of Roots

No Quadratic Equation
( +  ) ( )
1. x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
3 2
2. x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
-5 3
3. x2 + 2x -6 = 0

4. x2 – 7x - 8 = 0

5. x2 + 2x - 5 = 0

9
6. 2x2 – 6x + 7 = 0

7. 3x2 – 7x - 9 = 0

8. 2x2 + 4 - 3x = 0

9. 3x2 + 3x + 2 = 0

10. 4x2 – 3x + 2 = 0

11. 2x2 – 3x - 2 = 0

12. 3x2 + 9x + 2 = 0

13. 4x2 – 3x - 2 = 0

14. 3x2 + 9x + 2 = 0

15 2x2 + 5x - 2 = 0

16. 3x2 - 12x - 2 = 0

17. 2x2 - 9x - 2 = 0

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Inequalities

Example

Find the range of values of x for which x 2  2 x  15  0

Solution
Method 1
x 2  2 x  15  0
Let f x   x 2  2 x  15
= x  3x  5
When f x   0 
x  3x  5  0
x  3 or 5

10
 5

For x 2  2 x  15  0
x  5 or x  3

Method 2

Using a number line

+ve -ve +ve

-3 5
Check sign ( +ve or –ve ) of any region
The signs will be alternate

Look at the question :

If > : look at the +ve region
If < : look at the –ve region

For x 2  2 x  15  0
x  5 or x  3

Exercises
A. Factorisation

B. Solve the following inequalities

a) 3x2 – x < 0 b) x2 – 7x + 10 > 0

c) 2x2 + 5x – 7  0 d) x2 – 2x  8

11
e) 2x2 + x > 3 f) x ( x – 1 ) > 12

g) 2 ( x2 – 2 ) < 7x h) 3x2 – 5x + 4 > 3 – x2

4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Guidance Example
1 Arrange the linear equation such that x + 2y = 1
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation. x=
(avoid fraction if possible)
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation . ( )2 + 4y2 = 13
Simplify and express in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
=0

3 Solve the quadratic equation by

factorisation, completing the square or (2y – 3)( ) = 0,
by using the formula

12
 3
y= or
2
4 Substitute the values of the unknown 3
When y = ,
obtained in step 3 into the linear 2
equation. x = 1 – 2( ) =

When y = ,

x=

Exercises

1. Expand the following expression

1 ( x + 3 )2   x  3 x  3 2 ( x + 6 )2

 x2  6 x  9

x 2  12 x  36
3 ( x  5 )2 4 ( x  7 )2

x 2  10 x  25 x 2  14 x  49
5 ( 3x + 4 ) 2
6 ( 6  x )2

9 x 2  24 x  16 36  12x  x 2
7 ( 4x  5 )2 8 ( 3  5x ) 2

16 x 2  40 x  25 9  30 x  25 x 2
9 ( 2x + 5 ) 2
10 2 ( 2x  5)2

4 x 2  20 x  25 8 x 2  40 x  50
11 3 ( 5  4x )2 12 5 ( 2  3x )2

13
 75  120 x  48 x 2 20  60 x  45 x 2
13 5 ( 3  4x )2 14 2
 2  3x 
4 
 2 

4  12 x  9 x 2
45  120 x  80 x 2
15 2 ( 3x  5 )2 16 2
 1 2x 
3 
 3 

18 x 2  60 x  50 1  4 x  4 x2
3
17 3 ( 8  x )2 18 2
 1  3x 
2  
 2 

192  48 x  3x 2 1  6 x  9 x 2
2

2. Factorise the following:

1 x2 + 3x = 2 2x2 + 10x =

14
3 x 2  12 x  36 = 4 x 2  10 x  25 =

5 x2 + 14x + 49 = 6 x2 - 16x + 64

7 x2 + 8x + 15 = 8 x2 + 7x + 12=

9 x2 - 9x + 20 = 10 x2 - 11x + 28 =

11 x2 + 2x - 15 = 12 x2 + 5x -14 =

13 x2 - 6x - 16 = 14 x2 - 5x - 24 =

15
15 2x2 + 17x + 21 = 16 3x2 - 14x + 8 =

17 2x2 + 9x -35 = 18 2x2 - 7x - 30 =

19. 6x2 - 19x + 10 = 20 5x2 + 13x + 6 =

3. Solve the following simultaneous equations

1. x + y = 6 and x2 + y2 = 20 2. 4x + y = -8 and x2 + x – y = 2

16
 Ans:x=2,y=4 Ans :x=-2,y=0
x=4,y=2 x=-3,y=4
3. 2p + q = 3 and 4p2 + 3q2 = 13 4. 2x - 3y = 4 and x2 – xy + y2 = 16

Ans: 1 Ans: 4 12
p  ,q  2 x   ,y  
2 7 7
7
p  ,q  
1 x 8, y  4
4 2

2 3 6. 2y + x = y2 + x2 – 5 = 5
5.   5 and 2 x  3 y  10
x y

17
 Ans: 2
x  4, y  Ans :x=3,y=1
3
1 x=-1,y=3
x , y3
2

5. INDICES AND LOGARITHM

INDICES

Solve each of the following equations

Examples Exercises
1. 3x
3 = 81 1. 9x = 271-x
33x = 34
3x = 4
4
x =
3

2. 2x . 4x+1 = 64 2. 4x . 8x -1 =4
2x . 22 (x+1) = 26

18
 x + 2x + 2 =6
3x =4
4
x =
3

3. 8 x  16 x1  0 3. 5x - 25x+1 =0
2   2   0
3 x 4 x 1

2   2 
3 x 4 x 1

23 x  24 x4
3x = 4x + 4

x=-4

1 1
4. 16 x  4. 8 x 1 
32 32 x
  x
24  5
2
1

2  25
4x

4x = -5
5
x
4

6. COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Determine whether two lines are parallel / perpendicular

Examples Solution

1. Determine whether the straight lines 2y – x = 5,

2y – x = 5 and x – 2y = 3 are parallel. 1 1
y = x  5 , m1 
2 2

x – 2y = 3
1 1
y = x  3 , m2 
2 2

Since m1  m2 , therefore the straight lines 2y – x = 5

and x – 2y = 3 are parallel.

19
2. Determine whether the straight lines 3y – x – 2 = 0
3y – x – 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are 1 2 1
perpendicular. y = x  , m1 
3 3 3
y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= – 3x – 4, m2  3

1
m1 m2   (3) = -1.
3

Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.

Exercises Solution
3. Determine whether the straight lines
y – 3x + 5 = 0 and 2y - 5x + 4= 0 are
parallel.

4. Determine whether the straight lines

3y – x + 8 = 0 and y + 3x - 2 = 0 are
perpendicular.

Equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line may be expressed in the following forms:

i) The general form : ax + by + c = 0

ii) The gradient form : y = mx + c ; m = gradient , c = y-intercept

x y
iii) The intercept form : + =1, a = x-intercept , b = y-intercept
a b

20
a) If given the gradient and one point: Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (2,-3) and has a
y  y1 = m( x  x1 ) 1
gradient of .
4
●
P(x1, y1) y  y1 = m( x  x1 )
1
y  (3)  ( x  2)
4
Gradient = m
4 y  x  14

E1. Find the equation of a straight line that E2. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the point (5,2) and has a passes through the point (-8,3) and has a
gradient of -2. 3
gradient of .
4

y = -2x + 12 4y = 3x + 36
b) If two points are given : Eg. Find the equation of a straight line that
Note : You may find the gradient first, then passes through the points (-3, -4) and (-5,6)
use either (a) y = mx + c
y  (4) = 6  (4)
or (b) y – y1 = m( x – x1) x  (3)  5  (3)

or y4 10

y  y1 y 2  y1 x3 2
(c) =
x  x1 x2  x1
y + 4 = -5 ( x + 3 )
y = -5x- 19

E1. Find the equation of a straight line that E2. Find the equation of a straight line that
passes through the points (2, -1) and (3,0) passes through the points (-4,3) and (2,-5)

21
 y=x-3 4x + 3y +7 = 0
c) The x-intercept and the y-intercept are Eg. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of
given: the straight line PQ are 4 and -8
 y  int ercept  respectively. Find the gradient and the
m = -   equation of PQ.
 x  int errcept 
 y  int ercept 
m PQ = –   y
Equation of straight line is :  x  int errcept 
x y = –   8 
+ =1  4  O 4 x
a b
= 2
Note : Sketch a diagram to help you ! x y -
Equation : + =1
At the x-axis, y = 0
4 8 8
At the y-axis, x = 0
y  2x  8

E2. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of E3. The x-intercept of a straight line AB is -
the straight line PQ are -6 and 3 5 and its gradient is -3. Find the y-intercept
respectively. Find the gradient and the of the straight line AB and the equation of
equation of PQ. AB.

2y = x+6 3x + 5y +15 = 0

7. STATISTICS

Finding median using formula

The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.

Number of vehicles Number of days

50  59 4
60  69 10

22
 70  79 24
80  89 16
90  99 6

Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.

Solution :

Number of Number of days Cumulative

vehicles (f) frequency
50  59 4 4
60  69 10 (14)
Median lies in this 70  79 (24) 38
interval
80  89 16 ( )
90  99 6 ( )

Step 1 : Median class is given by = T n  T60  T30

2 2

Therefore, the median class is 70  79

L = lower boundary of the median

n 
 F class = 69.5
Step 2 : Median = L   2 c n =  f  60
 fm 
  F = cumulative frequency before the
  median class = 14
 60  fm = frequency of the median class
  14  =24
= (___)   2  ( __ ) c = size of the median class
 24 
  = upper boundary ─ lower
  boundary
= 76.17 = 79.5 ─ 69.5
= 10

To estimate the mode using a histogram

Modal class = 70  79

(c)
Class boundary Number of days
(frequency)
49.5 ─ 59.5 4
59.5 – 69.5 10
69.5 – 79.5 24

23
79.5 – 89.5 16
89.5 – 99.5 6

24
 (c) The histogram is shown below

Frequency

25

20

15

10

49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles

Estimated mode = 76

25
** what happen to measures of central tendency / measures of dispersion when + , - ,
x

Exercises:

1. The table below shows the heights of 40 students in cm.

Height( cm ) 150 – 154 155 – 159 160 – 164 165 – 169 170 – 174 175 - 179
Frequency 4 9 12 8 5 2

a. Find the median

b. Construct a histogram and hence, find the estimated mode

2. The table below shows the marks obtained by 50 students in a test.

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Number of students 3 6 13 10 7 7 4

a. Find the median

b. Construct a histogram , and hence find the estimated mode

26
8. CIRCULAR MEASURE

Convert measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.

180 o
 180 o
 1 rad = = __________

Radian Degrees

 
 1 o=
180
rad = _________
180 o

Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.

a. 1.5 rad b. 0.63 rad

 3
c. rad d. rad
2 2

Convert the following angles to radians.

a. 500 b. 124.30

c. 72035’ d. 285021’

27
Arc length of a circle

s  r where s = arc of a circle

r = radius of a circle
 = angle subtended at the center ( in radian )

Find the length of arc.

1. 2.
P

8 cm A 152 B
6.4 cm
0.5 rad O
O

Complete the table below by finding the values of  , r or s.

 r s
1. 1.5 rad 9 cm

2. 14 cm 30 cm

3. 2.333 rad 35 cm

28
Area of a sector

Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and angles
subtended.

1
A  r 2 ,  is in radians
2

Area of sector Radius Angle subtended

1. 38.12 cm 500

2. 90 cm2 9.15 cm

3. 72 cm2  =1.64 rad

4. 18  cm2 6.5 cm

5. 200 cm2 1.778 rad

6. 145 cm2 8 cm

29
9. DIFFERENTIATION:

1. y = 10 2. y = x 5
dy dy
= =
dx dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3 7
4. y = Always change
f ‘(x)= x a fractional
dy function to the
= negative index
dx
before finding
differentiation

5. f ( x)  
1 6. y  4 x 2  x
3x 3 dy
f ‘(x)= =
dx

d  2 1 8. y  x(3x  2)

7.  2 x  2  5x  
dx  x  dy

dx

9. Given y  3x 2  4 x , find the value of  

10. Given f ( x)  x 1  x 2 , find the value
dy of f ' (0) and f ' (1).
when x =2.
dx

30
11. INDEX NUMBER

Index number or price index ,I

Q1
I  100 where Q0 = quantity or price at base time
Q0
Q1 = quantity or price at specific time

Composite index , I 
I Wi i
where Ii = index number
W i

Wi = weightage

The table shows the price of 3 types of goods: A, B and C in the year 2005 and 2006.

Price Price index in 2006

Types of good
2005 2006 (Base year = 2005)
A RM 1.20 RM 1.60 z
B x RM 2.30 110
C RM 0.60 y 102
Find the value of x, y and z

Calculate the composite index for each of the following data

Index number, I 120 110 105

Weightage, W 3 4 3

31
1. PROGRESSIONS

Finding the nth term of an AP and a GP

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression

Tn = a + (n – 1 ) d Tn = ar n - 1

1. Find the 9th term of the arithmetic 2. Find the 11th term of the arithmetic
progression. progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ….. 5
3, , 2,........
Solution: 2
a=2
d = 5-2=3

T9  2  (9  1)3

= _______

3. For the arithmetic progression 4. Find the nth term of the arithmetic
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, ….. ,find the 5th term . progression
1
4, 6 ,9,.....
2

5. Find the 7 th term of the geometric 6. Find the 8 th term of the geometric
progression. progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ….. 16, -8, 4,…
Solution:
4 1
a=-8 r= =
8 2
1 7-1
T7 = (-8)( )
2
1
=
8

32
7. For the geometric progression 8. Find the 3 th term of the geometric
4 2 progression
, , 1 , ….. ,find the 9 th term .
9 3 50, 40, 32…….

Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions

S  sum to infinity
a
S  a = first term
1 r
r = common ratio

1. 24, 3.6, 0.54, …….

Find the sum to infinity of a given
geometric progression below:

Example:

2 2
6, 2, ,  ,.......
3 9

a=6 2. 81, -27,9, ……..

2 1
r 
6 3

1 1 1
3. , , ,....... ..
2 4 8

33
 a
S 
1 r
6
=
 1
1-  - 
 3
9
=
2

Express the following recurring decimal as a fraction in its simplest form

.

1. 0.3 Use
a
.
 S 
0.3 = 0.3333….. 1 r
0 .3

= 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + …. 1  0 .1
0.3
where a = 0.3 and r = 0.1 
0.9
1

3

2. 0.7

3. 0.25

34
4. 0.96

2. LINEAR LAW

Steps to plot a straight line

Using a graph paper.

Identify Y and X from part (a)

Construct a table

Follow the scale given.

Label both axes

Line of best fit

Determine : gradient
–m
Y-intercept c
QUESTION

x 2 3 4 5 6
Table
y 2 9 20 35 54

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx
Non- linear

35
 y
a) Draw the line of best fit for against x
x

a) From your graph, find,

i) p
ii) q

Solution

STEP 1 Reduce the non-linear

To the linear form
y = px2 + qx
The equation is divided throughout by x
2
y px qx To create a constant that is free from x
= +
x x x On the right-hand side i.e, q

y
= px + q Linear form
x Y = mX + c

Y = mX + c

Note : For teacher’s reference

STEP 2 construct table

x 2 3 4 5 6

y 2 9 20 35 54

y
x 1 3 5 7 9

36
 STEP 3 Using graph paper,
- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

y
x

12

10

x
8

x
6

x
4

x
2

2 3 4 5 6 x
0 1

-2

-4

37
 STEP 4 From the graph,
find p and q

Construct a right-angled triangle,

9 1 So that two vertices are on the line
Gradient , p = =2
62 of best fit, calculate the gradient, p

Determine the y-intercept, q

y- intercept = q= -3 from the straight line graph

Exercise

1. Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. The
r
variables x and y are related by the equation y  px  , where p and r are constants.
px

x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5

y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4
Table 1

a. Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.

Hence , draw the line of best fit.

b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of

i. p
ii. r

2. Table 2 shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. Variables x

38
 and y are related by the equation y = pk x+ 1 , where p and k are constants.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8
Table 2

a. Plot log y against ( x + 1 ) , using a scale 2 cm to 1 unit on the ( x + 1 ) axis and 2 cm to

0.2 unit on the log y axis.
Hence, draw line of best fit

b. Use the graph from (a) to find the value of

i. p
ii. k
3. INTEGRATION

Integration of xn :
x n 1
 x dx   c , n  1
n

n 1

x31 x dx  x dx 
5 9
2. 3.
1.  x dx 
3
 c
3 1
x4
= c
4
4.  x 3 dx  5. x
2
dx  6.  x dx 

ax n 1
Integration of axn :
 ax dx   c , n  1
n

n 1

Note :  m dx  mx  c , m a constant
x31  10x dx   4x dx 
4 3
2. 3.
 6 x dx  6.  c
3
1.
3 1
x4
= 6. c
4
3x 4
=  c
2

4..  10 dx  10x + c 5.
1
 2 dx  6..   3dx 

39
7.  8x dx  8.
x11
 c
8.  6x dx  9.  3x dx 
11
x2
= 8. c
2
= 4x 2  c

 12x dx   8x dx   10 x dx 
3 2 5
10. 11. 12.

2 8 12
x  2x x  8x x
3 5
13. 3
dx  dx 14. 5
dx  dx 15. 4
dx 

x 31 =
= 2. c
3  1

x 2
= 2. c
2
1
=  2  c
x

2 2
 0.9x dx 
2

 5x  3 x dx
16. dx  17.  18.
3

To Determine Integrals of Algebraic Expressions.

Note : Integrate term by term. Expand & simplify the given expression where necessary.

3x3 4 x 2
 (3x  4 x  5)dx =   5x  c
2
Example :
3 2
= x3 – 2x2 + 5x + c

 (6 x  4 )dx  (12 x  8 x  1)dx  (x  3 x  2)dx

2 3
1. 2. 3.

= = =

40
4.  x(3x  2 )dx 5.  (2 x  1)(2 x  1)dx 6.  ( x  2)( x  3)dx
= = =

(2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 (3x  2) 6 x2  4
2


7. dx 8.
x2
dx 9.  x2 dx
=
= =

(3x  4)2  (2 x  (2  x)
2
11.  x  1)dx 12. 2
dx
10.  x2 dx
= =
=

Definite Integral

2 4
1. Given that 
1
f ( x)dx  3 and 2. Given that 0
f ( x)dx  3 and
2 4
3
f ( x)dx  7 . Find 0
g ( x)dx  5 . Find

 kx  f ( x) dx  8
2
(a) the value of k if 4 0
 f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
1
(a)
 5 f ( x) 1dx
3 0 4
(b)
(b)  3 f ( x)  g ( x)dx
1 4

0
22
Answer : (a) k = Answer: (a) – 15
3
(b) 48 (b) 4

41
Finding equation of a curve given gradient function of a curve and one point

1. Find the equation of the curve that passes through ( 2,-6) and has the gradient
function dy  x 2 ( x  3 )
dx

dy
2. A curve with  ax  6 , passes through (2,1). At this point , the gradient is 4. Find
dx
a. the value of a
b. equation of the curve

42
3. Find the equation of the curve that has the gradient of 2x + 1 and passes through
1
( ,3)
2

4. The gradient function of a curve which passes through A ( 1 , -12 ) is 3x2 – 6x.
Find the equation of the curve

43
4. VECTOR

Vector in the cartesian coordinates

1. State the following vector in terms in i and j and also in Cartesian coordinates
~ ~
Example Solution
  2
5 OA  2 i   
j ~
0
~
4 P
 0
3 B OB  3 j   
~ 3
2

1
A OP  p  3 i  4 j
~ ~
0 1 2 3 4 5 3
 
 4

44
Exercise Solutions
 
(a) OP = (b) OQ 
j
~

3 P
Q 2

1  

T (c) OR  (d) OS 
-3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4
1-1 i
~
-2
W S
R

 
(e) OT  (f) OW 

2. Find the magnitude for each of the vectors

Example (a) 2i  5 j
3 i 2 j
~ ~
~ ~

32  22
 13 unit

(b) 5 i  12 j (c)  i  j
~ ~ ~ ~

45
3. Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following

Example (a) r  2 i  6 j
r  3i 4 j
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
Solution :
Magnitude, r  32  42
~

=5
 1
unit vector, r,  (4 i  3 j )
~ 5 ~ ~

 6   1 
(b) a    (c) h   
~
3  ~
 2 

* Given 2 parallel vectors and find the unknown in one of the vector ( vector AB ,
vector CD )

* 3 points which are collinear , finding the unknown using vector ( vector AB ,
vector BC )

SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1.

1. Diagram 2 shows two vectors, OP and QO .

y
Q(-8,● 4)

●P(5, 3)

O x
Express

46
  x
(a) OP in the form   ,
 y
(b) OQ in the form xi + yj. [ 2 marks]

5. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.

1. Determine the angle to be labeled on the x-axis.

eg : Function angle

y = sin x x = 90o

y = cos 2x 2x = 90o
x = 45o

3 3
y = sin x x = 90o
2 2
x = 60o

47
2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator

eg : Sketch the graph

a. y = sin 2x
b. y = cos 2x
c. y = 1 + sin 2x
d. y = 1 – 2 sin x

y = 1 – 2 cos 2x

x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

y -1 1 3 1 -1 1 3 1 -1

3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph

y
3  
2
1    

45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 x

  

marks are awarded for

 shape
 max and minimum
 periodic ( the last angle and the middle angle )

Exercises

1. Sketch the graphs of y = 1 + sin 2x for 0  x  180o

3
2. Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2

48
6. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. The number of ways of arranging all the 2. The number of ways of arranging four
alphabets in the given word. of the alphabets in the given word so that
Solution: last alphabet is S
6! = [Link].2.1 Solution:
= 720 The way to arrange alphabet S = 1
5
The way to arrange another 3 alphabets=
P3

The number of arrangement = 1 x 5 P 3 = 60

3. How many ways to choose 5 books 4. In how many ways can committee of 3
from 20 different books men and 3 women be chosen from a group

49
Solution: of 7 men and 6 women ?
The number of ways= 20
C5 Solution:

= 15504 The numbers of ways = 7 C 3 x 6 C 3

= 700

5. Four out of the letters from the word 6. An excursion group consisting of 4 males
BESTARI are arranged in a row. Find the and 4 females is to be chosen from 8 males
possible different arrangements. and 7 females. Find the number of ways the
excursion group can be formed.

7. Find the number of ways to arrange 7 8. The Mathematics teacher would like to
students in a row. choose three students out of ten candidates
to form school quiz team. Find the number
of ways the teacher can do it.

7. PROBABILITY

Question Answer
1. Let
A represent the event that the number on the chosen
2 3 4 6 8 9 card is a multiple of 3, and
The above figure shows six B represent the event that the number on the chosen
numbered cards. A card is chosen card is a factor of 12.
at random. Calculate the A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
probability that the number on the B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
chosen card A  B = {3, 6}
(a) is a multiple of 3 and a A  B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
factor of 12 2 1
(a) P(A  B) =  .
(b) is a multiple of 3 or a factor 6 3
of 12. 5
(b) P(A  B) =
Alternative method 6

50
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
3 4 2
=  
6 6 6
5
= .
6
2. A box contains 5 red balls, 3 3
yellow balls and 4 green balls. A P (yellow) = .
12
ball is chosen at random from the 4
box. Calculate the probability that P(green) =
12
the balls drawn neither a yellow
3 4 7
nor a green. P(yellow or green) = + = .
12 12 12
3. Box C contains 4 black marbles 4
Black
and 6 yellow marbles. A marbles 10
Black
is chosen at random from box C,
its colour is noted and the marbles Yellow
is noted and the marbles is
returned to the box. Then a Black
second marbles is chosen. Yellow
Determine the probability that Yellow
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different 4 4 4
colours. (a) P(black  black)=  =
10 10 25
(c) at least one of the balls (b) P(same colours)
chosen is yellow. = P(black  black) + P(yellow  yellow)
 4   6 6  13
=   +   = .
 25   10 10  25
4 21
(c) 1 – P(both blacks) = 1 – =
25 25

4. A box contains 3 red balls , 5

yellow balls and 2 blue balls. A
ball is drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that the
ball is not blue in colour.

5. The probability that Alia qualifies

51
 2
for the final of a track event is
5
while the probability that Aisha
1
qualifies is . Find the probability
3
that
a. both of them qualifies for the
final
b. only one of them qualifies for the
final.

6. A box contains 10 yellow marbles

and y blue marbles. If a marble is
picked randomly from the box, the
probability of getting a blue marble
2
is . Find the value of y.
7

8. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Example 1 :

Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.

(a) P(Z > 0.934)

52
(b) P(Z  1.25)

Solution

(b) P(Z  1.25) = 1 – P(Z > 1.25)

= 1 – 0.1057
= 0.8944

1.25 1.25

(c) P(Z  - 0.23)

Solution

(c) P(Z  - 0.23) = 1 – P(Z < - 0.23)

= 1 – P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 – 0.40905
= 0.59095

53
-0.23 0.23
(d) P(Z > - 1.512)

Solution

(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)

= 0.06527

-1.512 1.512

(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)

Solution

(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) – P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 – 0.1151
= 0.2295

0.4 1.2 0.4 1.2

(f) P(- 0.828 < Z  - 0. 555)

Solution

(f) P(- 0.828 < Z  - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) – P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 – 0.20384
= 0.08561

54
-0.828 -0.555 0.555 0.828
(g) P(- 0.255  Z < 0.13)

Solution

(g) P(- 0.255  Z < 0.13) = 1 – P(Z < - 0.255) – P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 – P(Z > 0.255) – P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 – 0.39936 – 0.44828
= 0.15236

-0.255 0.13 -0.255 0.13

Example 2 :

Find the value of each of the following :

(a) P(Z  z) = 0.2546

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

Solution

55
(a) P(Z  z) = 0.2546
Score-z = 0.66 0.2546

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329

Score-z = -1.84

(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623

1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 – 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419

(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

1 – P(Z < z) – P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 – P(Z < z) – 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 – 0.2919 – 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72

Summary
Normal Distribution
Type 1 Type 6 Type 1
P( Z > positive no) P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151 P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )
P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743
P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )
K = 0.6
..................................................... = P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )
Type 2
P(Z < negative no) = P ( Z > 0.8 ) – P ( Z > 1.5 )

56
 P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8) = 0.2119 – 0.0668 = 0.1451
= 0.2119

......................................................
..................................................... Type 2
Type 3 P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5
P ( Z < positive no) .....................................................
. P( Z < K ) = 0.3446
P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 – P ( Z>1.3) Type 7 P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
= 1 – 0.0968 - K = 0.4
= 0.9032 P ( negative no < Z < postive no ) K = - 0.4

P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )

= 1 – P ( Z > 0.8) – P ( z < -1.2 )

.....................................................
. = 1 – P ( Z > 0.8 ) – P ( Z >
Type 4. 1.2 ) .......................................................
P( Z > negative no) Type 3
= 1 – 0.2119 – 0.1151 P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z > - 1.4 ) P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
= 1 – P ( Z < -1.4 ) =0.673 P ( Z > K ) = 1 – 0.8849
= 1 – 0.0808 = 0.1151
= 0.9192 K = 1.2

....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive ......................................................
no) Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5
P( 1<Z<2)
=P(Z>1)–P(Z>2) P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
= 0.1587 – 0. 0228 P( Z < K ) = 1 – 0.7580 = 0.2420
= 0.1359 P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7

Exercises

A. If z is standard normal variable, find the value of each of the following.

1. P(Z > 1.25 ) = 2. P(Z < 1.136 ) =

57
 3. P(Z > -2.18 ) = 4. P ( -0.93 < Z < 1.02 ) =

5. P ( - 2.04 < Z < - 1.63 ) = 6. P ( 0 < Z < 1.228 ) =

B. Find the z-score of each of the following

1. P(Z<z) = 0.0192 2. P(Z>z) = 0.75

3. P(Z  z)=0.6044 4. P(Z  z)= 0.8032

58