REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH.
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thIs repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before
the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the
speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But
it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is
normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a
more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY
A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person
except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her; mine = his,
hers; we = they...)
She said, “he’s my son”. She said that he was her son.
“I’m ill”, she said. She said that she was ill.
B. THIS / THESE
This used in time expressions usually becomes that.
She said, “She’s coming this week”. She said that she was coming that week.
This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.
He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.
This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”. He said he had
found them beside the king’s bed.
He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”. He said that they would discuss it (the matter) the
next day.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the following
day
the day after tomorrow in two day’s time
next week/year etc. the following week/year
etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.
a year etc. ago a year before/the previous
year
STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY
A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ... This is usual when we
are:
a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
c. reading instructions and reporting them
d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll never get married.
When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct
speech without any change of tense:
PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech have
then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
“I never eat meat”, he explained. = He explained (that) he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have found a flat”, he said. = He said (that) he had found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. = He said (that) he had been waiting for ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I took it home with me”, she said. = She said (that) he had taken it home with her.
Future Conditional
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”. = He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
“I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24h”, = She said (that) she’d been using the car herself
she said. on the 24th.
Conditional Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”. = I said (that) I would like to see it.
