Yıldız Technical University

Introduction to
Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Yıldız Technical University
Review of Circuit
Elements

Review linear circuit components and properties

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives
Review
Resistors, capacitors, inductors
○ i-v characteristics of these elements
Sources, nodes

3
Passive Elements
Resistor Capacitor Inductor

i i i
R C L

+ V - + V - + V -

dV di
V = iR i=C V =L
dt dt
4
Series and Parallel Connections
Series Parallel
Resistors R1 R2 R3 1
R1 R2 R= 1
R1
+ R1 + R1
R = R1+R2 2 3

Inductors L1
1
L2 L=
L1 L2 L3 1
L1
+ L1 + L1
L = L1+L2 2 3

C1 C2 C3
Capacitors C1 C2 C3
1
C= C = C1+C2+C3
1
C1
+ 1
C2
+ 1
C3
 Connections and Sources
Ground Reference
for 0 volts

Node Voltage level the

same everywhere
on the node
Voltage Source Independent Dependent
+
-

Current Source Independent Dependent

6
 Circuit Connections

R3 + R3 +
R2 R2 R6
R6 V0
V0
R1 R1
- -
R5 R5
IS V1 IS
V1 R4 R4

7
Next Lesson

Review of Kirchhoff’s Laws

8
Yıldız Technical University
Introduction to
Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Yıldız Technical University
Review of
Kirchoff’s Laws

Review of KVL and KCL

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Previous Lesson

Review of linear circuit components

3
Lesson Objectives
Review
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

4
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

The sum of voltages

around any closed
loop is zero.

5
KVL Quiz

+ -1v - - 5v +

+ +
2v 4v
- -
- VH +

6
KVL and Parallel Circuits

7
KVL Example

i3 5Ω 2v
i1 + V0 -

20Ω i2 10Ω
10V

8
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

∑ ientering = ∑ ileaving

9
KCL and Series Circuits

10
KCL Example

i3 5Ω 2v
i1 + V0 -

20Ω i2 10Ω
10V

11
Summary

Introduced KVL and KCL

Applied KVL to parallel elements
Applied KCL to series elements
Solved a simple circuit using
Kirchhoff’s Laws

12
Next Lesson

Review of Impedance Methods

13
Yıldız Technical University
Introduction to
Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Yıldız Technical University
Review of
Impedance

Review of Impedance for Analyzing AC Circuits

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Previous Lesson

Review of Kirchhoff’s Laws

3
Lesson Objectives
Review
Impedances for steady-state sinusoidal inputs (AC)

4
Impedances

In-phase Current leads voltage Current lags voltage

Frequency invariant

5
Impedances in Series

6
Impedances in Parallel

7
Kirchhoff’s Laws

8
Series RC
+

Vi Vo
-

9
Series RLC

+
Vo
Vi
-

10
Summary

Introduced KVL and KCL

Applied KVL to parallel elements
Applied KCL to series elements
Solved a simple circuit using
Kirchhoff’s Laws

11
Next Lesson

Review of Transfer Functions

12
Yıldız Technical University
Introduction to
Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Yıldız Technical University
Review of
Transfer Functions

Review of transfer functions for characterizing circuits

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Previous Lesson

Review of impedance

3
Lesson Objectives
Review transfer functions
To characterize a circuit
To find frequency response curves

4
Transfer Function Two-Port Networks

Vi(t) = Ain(ωt + θin) H(ω) Vo(t) = Aoutcos(ωt + θout)

H(ω)Vi = Vo
H(ω)A in∠θin = A out ∠θout
A out = H(ω) Ain θout = ∠H(ω) + θin

5
Summary of Simple Circuits
1
H(ω) =
+

1 + RCωj
Vi Vo
-

+ RCωj
Vo H(ω) =
Vi - 1 + RCωj

1
+
H(ω) =
Vi Vo
-
1 − ω2LC + RCωj
6
Summary

Defined transfer function for Two-Port

Networks
Showed transfer functions of simple circuits

7
Next Lesson

Review of Frequency Responses

8
Yıldız Technical University
Introduction to
Electronics
Dr. ɗbrahim Beklan
Küçükdemiral

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Yıldız Technical University
Review of Frequency
Response Plots
(Bode)

Review of linear plots and Bode plots to show the frequency

characteristics of signals and circuits

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Previous Lesson

Review of Transfer Functions

3
Lesson Objectives

Define the frequency response for a transfer function H(ω)

Magnitude Plot: |H(ω)| vs ω

Angle Plot: ∠H(ω) vs ω

Show linear plots and Bode plots

4
Frequency Response 1

0.8

Magnitude
0.6

+ 0.4

Vi Vo 0.2
-
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ω
0
Transfer Function
-20
1
H(ω) =

Angle (deg)
-40
1 + RCωj
-60
1
H(ω) = -80

1 + (RCω)2 -100
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ω
∠H(ω) = −a tan(RCω)
5
 Circuit Response
1.5
2
1
1
0.5

v(t)
v(t)

0
Vi Vo 0

-1
-0.5

-1
-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (sec) -1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (sec)

Vi = cos(50t) + cos(800t) Vo = 0.95cos(50t-20o) + 0.13cos(800t-85o)

1 0

0.8 -20
Magnitude

Angle (deg)

0.6 -40

0.4 -60

0.2 -80

0 -100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
ω ω

6
Bode Plots

1 10 100 1000 Frequency ω (rad/sec) or f (Hz)

1 10 100 1000 Frequency ω (rad/sec) or f (Hz)

7
Linear Plot and Bode
0
Plot
1

0.8 -5

Magnitude (dB)
Magnitude

0.6 -10

0.4 -15

0.2 -20

0 -25 0 1 2 3
0 200 400 600 800 1000 10 10 10 10
ω ω
0 0

-20 -20

Angle(deg)
Angle (deg)

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100 0 1 2 3
0 200 400 600 800 1000 10 10 10 10
ω ω 8
 Bode
0
Plot First-Order Characteristics
-5 1
H(ω) =
Magnitude (dB)

-10 1 + jωRC
-15 1
-20
H(ω) =
1 + (ωRC) 2
-25 0 1 2 3
10 10
ω
10 10
∠H(ω) = −a tan(ωRC)
0

-20
Angle(deg)

-40

-60

-80

-100 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
ω 9
Bode Plot of RLC Circuit, Overdamped
0 L R
Magnitude (dB)

-20 +
+ C
- vc
-40 - vs
-
-60

-80 1 1
10
2
10 10
3 4
10
5
10 H (ω) =
0
ω (1 − LCω2 ) + RCjω

-50
Angle(deg)

-100

-150

-200 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
ω 10
Bode Plot of RLC Circuit, Underdamped
20
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
ω
0

-50
Angle(deg)

-100

-150

-200 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10
ω
11
Summary

A is a plot of the transfer function

versus frequency
The frequency response can be used to determine the
steady-state sinusoidal response of a circuit at different
frequencies

12