Probiotics for Diarrhea Management
Probiotics for Diarrhea Management
Antisecretory effect induced by toxins • Bacteraemia
Vibrio cholerae produces a toxin, which activates adenylate cyclase Lactobacillus bacteria are not pathogenic although endocarditis,
meningitis pneumonia and sepsis have been reported76, 77.
of the enterocyte and stimulates cAMP production resulting in a
major secretory diarrhea. S. boulardii inhibit cholera induced Arthritis and immunosuppressive effect
secretion in rabbit jejunum41.
Injection of the cell membranes of streptococci and Lactobacilli can
Inhibition of toxins binding to intestinal receptors cause chronic polyarthritis. Bacterial components may possibly be
transported to the joints, where they trigger off a local reaction78, 79.
Clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of nosocomial
diarrhea in adults and the pathogen causing persistent and Side effects of yeast probiotics
protracted enterocalopathies42,43 and pseudo‐ membranous
The safety of S. boulardii has been investigated in animal models and
enterocolities in children44 as well as adults45 Carthier et al found
in randomized double blind studies. In mice given 5% S. boulardii
that gnotobiotic mice, who generally die rapidly after a C. difficile for 70 days in their drinking water, no translocation from the
challenge, were protected after a single dose of S. boulardii47. Several gastrointestinal tract was observed. S. boulardii could not be
studies have shown that S. boulardii inhibited the formation of detected in the organs (liver, kidney, lungs and heart) or in the
histological lesions in the cecum due to the toxins of C. difficile in mesenteric lymph glands80. In an immune depressed animal model
mice and hamster47‐49. (prednisolone and antibiotic decontamination) S. boulardii could
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Int J Pharmacy and Pharm Sci, Vol 2, Issue 3, 2328
only be detected at very low concentration in the mesenteric lymph years, during which millions of S. boulardii treatment has been
gland81. S. boulardii was given to more than 40 AIDS patients without prescribed, few cases of fungaemia with S. boulardii have been
any serious side effects being reported74, 82, 83. Within a period of 10 reported84.
Table 2: Randomized double blind placebo controlled studies of Bacterial probiotics
Sr. no Type of bacterial Objective n0 Inhibition by Inhibition by p Ref.
probiotics probiotics (%) placebo (%)
01 (Living) A* 48 70 68 N.S. 57
[Link] B* 50 35 29 N.S. 58
[Link] C* 353 01 11 N.S. 59
02 (Living) B* 319 53 47 N.S. 60
L. acidophilus
03 (Unspecified) B* 202 25.7 23.8 N.S. 61
L. acidophilus
04 (Heat Killed) D* 712 5.4 25.50 N.S 62
L. acidophilus
05 Lactobacillus G.G. B* 820 41 46.50 N.S 63
06 L. fumentum B* 181 23.8 23.8 N.S 64
07 Streptococcus E* E* 45 8.7 27.2 N.S 65
faecium SF 68 F* F* 39 24 Hrs. 24 Hrs. N.S. 66
Objective: topic of the study; A) Prevention of diarrhea in volunteers infected with ETEC; B) Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea; C) Prevention of
diarrhea associated with enteral feeding; D) Acute diarrhea in children; E) Prevention of AAD; F) Mean duration of diarrhea in adult with acute
diarrhea; G) Prevention of diarrhea in hospitalized children.
n°: no of patients ; p: level of significance; AAD: antibiotic associated diarrhea; ETC: enterotoxic E. coli
* Parameter that was statistically evaluated
Table 3: Randomized double blind placebo controlled studies with S. boulardii
Objective n° S. boulardii Placebo p Ref.
Prevention of AAD* 388 4.5% 17.5% p<0.001 67
Prevention of enteral feeding
diarrhea* 40 8.7% 16.9% p<0.001 68
Prevention of enteral feeding
diarrhea* 20 1.5% 9.1% p<0.001 69
Patients with severe burns 1231 31.8% 42.6% p<0.002 60
C. difficile colitis* 124 26.3% 44.8% p<0.05 70
Children’s acute diarrhea* 130 15% 60 % p<0.01 71
Adults with acute diarrhea* 92 3% 12 % p<0.05 72
Children’s chronic diarrhea* 40 30% 90 % p<0.001 73
AIDS patients‐chronic diarrhea* 35 39% 88 % p<0.002 74
Objective: topic of the study; n°: no of patients; p: level of significance
AAD: antibiotic associated diarrhea; ETC: enterotoxic E. coli
* Parameter that was statistically evaluated
Safety of probiotics CONCLUSION
The safety of viable microorganism is difficult to establish using the In health, the gastrointestinal tract is not only an organ of digestion
current assessment methods; theoretically, almost any and absorption which is metabolically active and has specific
microorganism may, under certain circumstances, either cause an nutrient requirements, but it has an additional function as a major
infection or alter its virulence due to internal or external factors. barrier, protecting the body from harmful intraluminal pathogens
The balance between intestinal microbes, the intestinal barrier and and large antigenic molecules.
the whole body forms a cohabitate in which the human system
accepts the microbial interference and ecology in its current form. Probiotics offer a large number of theoretical advantages in the
No evidence of opportunistic infection or other ill effects by treatment of diarrhea. They offer a possible solution to the problem
probiotics has been observed nor have harmful effects been of the ever‐increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and have
observed in controlled clinical studies with lactobacilli and the advantage that they work by multiple pathophysiologic
bifidobacteria84, 85. mechanisms, as a result of which the development of resistance is
unlikely without altering the colonization of resistance of the
Also the nonpathogenic S. boulardii yeast has been shown to be safe intestinal flora.
in animal models and although the yeast has been available for over
40 years and used throughout the world, side effects are These probiotics can competitively prevent pathological bacterial
uncommon86. Nonetheless a few cases of fungemia have been colonization strengthen epithelial tight junctions and stimulate
reported although only 13 well documented cases of S. boulardii subsets of T‐helper cell89‐ 91
infection have been described in the literature87, 88. In one study
constipation and increased thirst were reported to occur70. [Link] is the only probiotics with convincing and reproducible
double blind studies92 and statistically significant efficiency in the
In conclusion, the reported risks of biotherapeutic agents are prevention and treatment of diarrhea. S. boulardii and loperamide
extremely rare. Cases reported in the literature are limited to are the only antidiarrhoeal on the positive list 93; the WHO regards S.
sporadic cases of transient bacteremia or fungemia87. boulardii as a possible treatment for recurrent C. difficile colitis94.
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Although some in vitro studies provided very interesting results, 9. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RYY, Stamm WE.
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