History:

The idea of computing in a "cloud" traces back to the origins of utility computing, a concept that computer scientist John
McCarthy publicly proposed in 1961:
"If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future, then computing may someday be organized as
a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and
important industry."
In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, a chief scientist of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET project that
seeded the Internet, stated:
"As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and become sophisticated, we will probably see
the spread of 'computer utilities' ...".
In the late 1990s, [Link] pioneered the notion of bringing remotely provisioned services into the enterprise. In 2002,
[Link] launched the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform.

Cloud:
In telecommunications, a cloud is the unpredictable part of any network through which data passes between two
end points. Possibly the term originated from the clouds used in blackboard drawings or more formal illustrations
to describe the nonspecifiable or uninteresting part of a network. Clouds exist because between any two points in
a packet-switched network, the physical path on which a packet travels can vary from one packet to the next and,
in a circuit-switched network, the specific circuit that is set up can vary from one connection to the next.
Cloud computing is the means of storing and accessing data and programs over the internet rather than on your
computer’s hard drive.
While this may sound simple when we are talking about the different types of cloud computing for individuals, but
it’s an entirely different “cloud” when it comes to businesses.
The following explains the 3 services offered by cloud computing for businesses:
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS clouds are created, often times inside IaaS clouds (which we will learn more about below) by specialists to
deliver the scalability and distribution of any application and to aid make a company’s expenses predictable.
The main benefit of this service is that for very little money you can start your application with no stress and more
than basic development. Its design allows for a lot of scalability since it is based on cloud computing. The only
negative of a PaaS cloud is that these services may come with some restrictions that will not work with your
products under any circumstances.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
This service provides business access to essential web infrastructure such as servers, connections, storage
space, without the need to buy or manage internet infrastructure themselves. The economies of specialization and
scale are beneficial to the managed service provider and the business that is using the infrastructure.
For example, IaaS allows an internet business an opportunity to develop and grow in an instant.
Both PaaS and SaaS clouds are grounded in IaaS clouds since the company that is providing the software as a
service is also maintaining the infrastructure to run the software in the first place. By choosing an IaaS cloud, your
company will have to deal with the complexity, but with it comes flexibility.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
This service offered by cloud computing is relatively mature and its phrases use those included in cloud
computing. Cloud applications permit the cloud to be leveraged for software infrastructure. This reduces the
burden of support, maintenance and operations because the application is run on computers that are owned by
the vendor.
Communications as a Service (CaaS):
Communications as a service (CaaS) is a collection of different vendor services that facilitate business communications.
Organizations may use these and similar services to lower costs and increase efficiency for business processes involving audio
or video telecommunications.
CaaS is part of a larger category of services known as software as a service (SaaS), in which vendors offer software products
and services over the Internet. It is also an alternative to the traditional model of buying and installing licensed software on
site.

Federated Cloud:
A federated cloud (also called cloud federation) is the deployment and management of multiple external and
internal cloud computing services to match business needs. A federation is the union of several smaller parts that
perform a common action.
The EGI Federated Cloud is a multi-national cloud system that integrates community, private and/or public clouds
into a scalable computing platform for research. The Federation pools IaaS, PaaS and SaaS services from a
heterogeneous set of cloud providers using a single authentication and authorization framework that allows the
portability of workloads across multiple providers and enable bringing computing to data.
Permissive federation. Permissive federation occurs when a server accepts a connection from a peer network
server without verifying its identity using DNS lookups or certificate checking. The lack of verification or
authentication may lead to domain spoofing (the unauthorized use of a third-party domain name in an email
message in order to pretend to be someone else), which opens the door to widespread spam and other abuses.
Verified federation. This type of federation occurs when a server accepts a connection from a peer after the
identity of the peer has been verified. It uses information obtained via DNS and by means of domain-specific keys
exchanged beforehand. The con-nection is not encrypted, and the use of identity verification effectively prevents
domain spoofing.
Encrypted federation. In this mode, a server accepts a connec-tion from a peer if and only if the peer supports
Transport Layer Security (TLS) as defined for XMPP in Request for Comments (RFC) 3920. The peer must
present a digital certificate. The cer-tificate may be self-signed, but this prevents using mutual authentication.
Trusted federation. Here, a server accepts a connection from a peer only under the stipulation that the peer
supports TLS and the peer can present a digital certificate issued by a root certifica-tion authority (CA) that is
trusted by the authenticating server.
Presence in the Cloud:
Presence is a service that stores, accepts and distributes information on whether someone is available to
communicate over a network. Presence service can be applied as a single server or have an internal structure
involving multiple servers and proxies.

Presence technology is a type of application that makes it possible to locate and identify a computing device
wherever it might be, as soon as the user connects to the [Link] messaging (IM) is a very common
example. Both proprietary products, such as Sametime, and freely available ones, such as AIM, can be used to
add presence to any application.

That faculty makes collaboration possible wherever and whenever users are online. In another example (among
many possibilities), a driver with a GPS-enabled device can be tracked and sent messages warning about traffic
delays and suggesting alternate routes.

Presence technology is an integral part of third generation (3G) wireless networks, and is being employed across a
wide variety of communication devices, including cellphones, laptop computers, PDAs, television sets, and pagers.

Presence is a core component of an entity’s real-time identity. Presence serves as a catalyst for communica-tion.
Its purpose is to signal availability for interaction over a network. It is being used to determine availability for
phones, conference rooms, applica-tions, web-based services, routers, firewalls, servers, appliances, buildings,
devices, and other applications.
Presence is an enabling technology for peer-to-peer interaction. It first emerged as an aspect of communication
systems, especially IM systems such as ICQ, which allowed users to see the availability of their friends.
Presence Protocols:
The huge role that IM has had in establishing presence is evident with the protocols available today, such as
Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for Instant Messaging and
Presence Lever-aging Extensions (SIMPLE), the Extensible Messaging and Presence Proto-col (XMPP).
A smarter approach is to use one of the standard presence protocols, SIMPLE or XMPP. is an instant messaging
and presence protocol suite based on SIP and managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Leveraging Presence:

Presence leveraging refers to any technology that supports and expands presence, the ability of a network
subscriber to locate and identify any other user's computing device as soon as the other user connects to the
network. Presence technology can be difficult to coordinate among servers and individual end users with divergent
operating systems in large networks.

Privacy and Its Relation to Cloud-Based Information Systems

Information privacy7 or data privacy is the relationship between collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public
expectation of privacy, and the legal issues surrounding them. The challenge in data privacy is to share data while protecting
personally identifiable information. The fields of data security and information security design and utilize software, hardware, and
human resources to address this issue. The ability to control what infor-mation one reveals about oneself over the Internet, and who
can access that information, has become a growing concern. These concerns include whether email can be stored or read by third
parties without consent, or whether third parties can track the web sites someone has visited. Another concern is whether web sites
which are visited collect, store, and possibly share personally identifiable information about users. Personally identifiable
information (PII), as used in information security, refers to information that can be used to uniquely identify, contact, or locate a
single person or can be used with other sources to uniquely identify a single individual.8
Privacy is an important business issue focused on ensuring that per-sonal data is protected from unauthorized and
inappropriate collection, use, and disclosure, ultimately preventing the loss of customer trust and inap-propriate fraudulent
activity such as identity theft, email spamming, and phishing. According to the results of the Ponemon Institute and
TRUSTe’s 2008 Most Trusted Companies for Privacy Survey, privacy is a key market differentiator in today’s cyberworld.
“Consumer perceptions are not superfi-cial, but are in fact the result of diligent and successful execution of thoughtful privacy
strategies,” said Dr. Larry Ponemon, chairman and founder of the Ponemon Institute. “Consumers want to do business with
brands they believe they can trust.”
Privacy Risks and the Cloud
Cloud computing has significant implications for the privacy of personal information as well as for the confidentiality of
business and governmental information. Any information stored locally on a computer can be stored in a cloud, including
email, word processing documents, spreadsheets, videos, health records, photographs, tax or other financial information,
business plans, PowerPoint presentations, accounting information, advertising cam-paigns, sales numbers, appointment
calendars, address books, and more. The entire contents of a user’s storage device may be stored with a single cloud provider
or with many cloud providers. Whenever an individual, a business, a government agency, or other entity shares information in
the cloud, privacy or confidentiality questions may arise.
Protecting Privacy Information
The Federal Trade Commission is educating consumers and businesses about the importance of personal information privacy,
including the secu-rity of personal information. Under the FTC Act, the Commission guards against unfairness and deception
by enforcing companies’ privacy promises about how they collect, use, and secure consumers’ personal information. The FTC
publishes a guide that is a great educational tool for consumers and businesses alike, titled “Protecting Personal Information:
A Guide for Business.”10 In general, the basics for protecting data privacy are as follows, whether in a virtualized
environment, the cloud, or on a static machine:
Collection: You should have a valid business purpose for develop-ing applications and implementing systems that collect, use
or transmit personal data.
Notice: There should be a clear statement to the data owner of a company’s/providers intended collection, use, retention,
disclo-sure, transfer, and protection of personal data.
Choice and consent: The data owner must provide clear and unambiguous consent to the collection, use, retention,
disclosure, and protection of personal data.
Security: Appropriate security measures must be in place (e.g., encryption) to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and
authentica-tion of personal data during transfer, storage, and use.
The Future of Privacy in the Cloud
There has been a good deal of public discussion of the technical architecture of cloud computing and the business models that
could support it; however, the debate about the legal and policy issues regarding privacy and confiden-tiality raised by cloud
computing has not kept pace. A report titled “Privacy in the Clouds: Risks to Privacy and Confidentiality from Cloud Comput-
ing,” prepared by Robert Gellman for the World Privacy Forum, provides the following observations on the future of policy
and confidentiality in the cloud computing environment.

Evolving role of it infrastructure in cloud:

The IT industry is going through its very own industrial revolution, transitioning from its traditional methods of delivering
IT systems to one that consumes and deploys services that are based in the cloud—be it public, private, or hybrid. This
delivers faster response times to the business and allows the IT department to deploy services in hours, rather than the
months that it used to take. This is driving a continual growth in the cloud service market. The use of cloud services has
now become mainstream, with most organizations moving or looking to move services to the cloud. This means that the
architectural role needs to evolve to meet these new ways of working.
Enterprise IT infrastructure -- namely, the data center, that centralized repository built to manage the storage,
management and dissemination of all company information -- is undergoing an evolution that would have been
hard to envision even a decade ago.
Data centers were initially built as siloed physical infrastructures dedicated to specific networks, servers and
storage systems, usually serving specific company applications. As companies accumulated more and relevant
and valuable data, data centers grew larger and required additional hardware such as backup power supplies,
data communications connections, security components, cooling mechanisms and fire suppression in order to run
smoothly.
Over time, it became clear that this traditional enterprise IT infrastructure wasn't necessarily cost-effective or
environmentally friendly. The advent of cloud computing providers, which host data and operations at off-site
facilities, provided an opportunity for enterprises, giving CIOs more choice in how to configure their IT
infrastructure. Organizations are now freer than ever to embrace green IT initiatives, outsource data center
operations or consider a converged infrastructure that combines the best of both worlds.
This CIO Essential Guide on this new breed of enterprise IT infrastructure is part of the CIO Briefings series, which
is designed to give IT leaders strategic management and decision-making advice on timely topics.
Data center challenges and solution:
Cloud Computing trend is rapidly increasing that has an technology connection with Grid Computing,
Cloud Computing is the next generation internet based computing system which provides easy and customizable
services to the users for accessing or to work with various cloud applications. Cloud Computing provides a way to
store and access cloud data from anywhere by connecting the cloud application using internet [1]. By choosing the
cloud services the users are able to store their local data in the remote data server [2]. The data stored in remote
data(PDF) Data Security Challenges and Its.
Cloud data are stored and accessed in a remote server with the help of services provided by cloud service providers. Providing
security is a major concern as the data is transmitted to the remote server over a channel (internet).
Cloud Computing security is the major concern to be addressed nowadays. If security measures are not provided
properly for data operations and transmissions then data is at high risk [3]. Since cloud computing provides a facility for a
group of users to access the stored data there is a possibility of having high data risk. Strongest security
measures are to be implemented by identifying security challenge and solutions to handle these challenges.
Data Security Challenges:
As we are moving into internet based cloud model, it requires great emphasis on Data Security and Privacy. Data
loss or Data leakage can have severe impact on business, brand and trust of an organization. In Fig. 2. Data leak
prevention is considered as most important factor with 88% of Critical and Very important challenges. Similarly
Data Segregation and Protection has 92% impact on security challenges.
Data Centers are no longer a isolated location behind the corporate firewall. It’s a collection of different facilities
and clouds which supports and enable the development, testing and deployment of the applications running
businesses.
At the same time, the demands on the data center keep on growing and they are getting more complex as new
business apps and advanced technologies emerge. Artificial Intelligence, applications and infrastructure delivered
via the cloud as-a-service, IoT, machine learning and mobility are some of them.

Utility software:
Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.[1] It is used to support the
computer infrastructure in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users.
Utility software helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources. Operating systems typically contain the necessary
tools for this, but separate utility programs can provide improved functionality. Utility software is often somewhat technical
and targeted at users with a solid knowledge of computers. If you use a computer mostly for e-mail, some Internet browsing
and typing up a report, you may not have much need for these utilities. However, if you are an avid computer user, these
utilities can help make sure your computer stays in tip-top shape.
Examples of utility programs are antivirus software, backup software and disk tools. Let's look at each of these in a bit more
detail.
Antivirus software, as the name suggests, helps to protect a computer system from viruses and other harmful programs. A
computer virus is a computer program that can cause damage to a computer's software, hardware or data. It is referred to as a
virus because it has the capability to replicate itself and hide inside other computer files.
Device Drivers:
A device driver is a computer program that controls a particular device that is connected to your computer. Typical devices
are keyboards, printers, scanners, digital cameras and external storage devices. Each of these need a driver in order to work
properly.
Device drivers act as a translator between the operating system of the computer and the device connected to it. For many types
of devices, the necessary drivers are built into the operating system. When you plug in a device, the operating system starts
looking for the right driver, installs it and you are ready to start using the device. This is referred to as plug-and-play and is
much preferred over having to manually install the correct drivers.

Data base System for Multitenant Architecture:

The term "software multitenancy" refers to a software architecture in which a single instance of software runs on
a server and serves multiple tenants. A tenantis a group of users who share a common access with specific
privileges to the software instance.
Multitenancy is the fundamental technology that clouds use to share IT resources cost-efficiently and securely. Just
like a bank—in which many tenants cost-efficiently share a hidden, common infrastructure, yet utilize a defined set
of highly secure services, with complete privacy from other tenants—a cloud uses multitenancy technology to share
IT resources securely among multiple applications and tenants (businesses, organizations, etc.) that use the cloud.
Some clouds use virtualization-based architectures to isolate tenants; others use custom software architectures to get
the job done.
The multitenant design of a cloud service can have a dramatic impact on the application delivery and productivity
of an IT organization, yet most CIOs, CTOs, system architects, and developers who use clouds don’t give it a
second thought because it’s all magic that transparently happens behind the scenes. This paper presents an “under
the hood” look at the unique underlying design of core Salesforce Platform technology, [Link].
Multitenant Data Model
Building a cloud application development platform that attempts to manage a vast, ever-changing set of actual
database structures on behalf of each application and tenant would be next to impossible as the service grows.
Instead, the [Link] storage model manages virtual database structures using a set of metadata, data, and pivot
tables, as illustrated in the following figure.

Multitenant Metadata

[Link] has two core internal tables that it uses to manage metadata that corresponds to a tenant’s schema
objects: MT_Objects and MT_Fields. (Please note that, for clarity, the actual names of [Link] system tables and
columns are not necessarily cited in this paper.)
 The MT_Objects system table stores metadata about the tables that an organization defines for an application,
including a unique identifier for an object (ObjID), the organization (OrgID) that owns the object, and the name
given to the object (ObjName).
 The MT_Fields system table stores metadata about the fields (columns) that an organization defines for each
object, including a unique identifier for a field (FieldID), the organization (OrgID) that owns the encompassing
object, the object that contains the field (ObjID), the name of the field (FieldName), the field’s datatype, a Boolean
value to indicate if the field requires indexing (IsIndexed), and the position of the field in the object relative to other
fields (FieldNum).

Multitenant Search Processing

Web-based application users have come to expect an interactive search capability to scan all or a selected scope of
an application’s database, return up-to-date ranked results, and do it all with sub-second response times. To provide
such robust search functionality for applications, [Link] uses a search engine that is separate from its
transaction engine. The relationship between the two engines is depicted in the following figure. The search engine
receives data from the transactional engine, with which it creates search indexes. The transactional engine forwards
search requests to the search engine, which returns results that the transaction engine uses to locate rows that satisfy
the search request.

Web Services Metering Interface:

Web Services mean many things to many people. In the end, there will be a set of standards which allow us to do things we
could not do before, but in the mean time different people and companies approach them from different positions, and with
different expectations. In 2001-2, Web Services have also been a buzzword used repeatedly and claimed to be one of the hot
new technologies. The common themes are:-

 A departure from the web as a quasi-static information space to one in which interactions are the primary
model
 A use of HTTP, XML and other standards from the web architecture as the building blocks
 A typical focus on enterprise wide and inter-enterprise operations
The Web in Web Services is, from the first point, a misuse: the term Internet Services would be more appropriate. The Web
comes from the second point - the use of the HTTP and XML is already in use as a well-understood and well-debugged set of
protocols which support the Web, and so it makes sense to reuse them in providing remote operations and those things
connected with them. The third point is what makes web service requirements so different from a local RPC system.
A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and communicates the information to
the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing. Smart meters typically record energy hourly or more frequently, and report
at least daily.[7] Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Such an advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication
between the meter and the supplier. Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless, or via fixed wired
connections such as power line carrier (PLC). Wireless communication options in common use include cellular
communications (which can be expensive), Wi-Fi (readily available), wireless ad hoc networks over Wi-Fi, wireless mesh
networks, low power long range wireless (LORA), ZigBee (low power, low data rate wireless), and Wi-SUN (Smart Utility
Networks).

Application Transformation Program:

Application transformation is an umbrella term that encompasses everything from reducing the number of applications within
an enterprise to moving applications to the cloud to ensuring that apps meet updated compliance
and governance requirements. The transformation process often involves the establishment of an application portfolio and
management program.
Application transformation products and offerings aim to help IT departments tackle the growing use of mobile
computing and social media in the enterprise. Enterprise CIOs may be charged with managing software portfolios containing
thousands -- even tens of thousands -- of applications. Key questions to ask when beginning an application transformation
initiative include:
 What applications are needed to maintain business?

 What applications need to be brought up to speed, replaced, consolidated or retired?

 How can the enterprise transform apps at a low cost while reducing risk?

 What processes are needed to ensure modernization efforts succeed (e.g., Agile, iterative)?

 How can IT monitor apps to meet business-defined service-level agreements?

 Can app changes be managed without disrupting to the business?

Transformation of software as a service:

Software as a service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with access to a vendor’s cloud-based
software. Users do not install applications on their local devices. Instead, the applications reside on a remote cloud network
accessed through the web or an API. Through the application, users can store and analyze data and collaborate on projects.
The Software as a Service (SaaS) model continues to gain traction across all corners of the business world, and for
good reason. Also known as on-demand software, hosted software or web-based software, SaaS eschews traditional software
installation, maintenance and management approaches in favor of delivering cloud-based applications via the internet. With
SaaS, service provider partners shoulder the burdens of security, availability and performance.
Today, SaaS patterns are generally accepted by many companies that want to benefit from application usage without
the need to maintain and update infrastructure and components. Mail, ERP, collaboration and office apps are the most
accepted SaaS solutions. The flexibility and elasticity of the SaaS model are great benefits.
There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution for cloud adoption.
Key features:
 SaaS vendors provide users with software and applications via a subscription model.
 Users do not have to manage, install or upgrade software; SaaS providers manage this.
 Data is secure in the cloud; equipment failure does not result in loss of data.
 Use of resources can be scaled depending on service needs.
 Applications are accessible from almost any internet-connected device, from virtually anywhere in the world.
Applications:
[Link]
Arguably the quintessential Software as a Service application, Salesforce remains at the vanguard of the cloud computing
revolution it helped create. The customer relations management solution enables businesses to collect all information on
customers, prospects and leads within a single online platform, enabling authorized employees to access critical data on any
connected device at any time.
2. Microsoft Office 365
Signature Microsoft productivity applications such as Word, Excel and PowerPoint are longtime staples of the workplace, but
the cloud-based Microsoft Office 365 dramatically expands the Office suite’s parameters. Users now may create, edit and
share content from any PC, Mac, iOS, Android or Windows device in real-time
3. Box
This online workspace enables professionals to collaborate with anyone, anywhere. Users can securely share large files via
traditional link or custom URL, safeguarding data and documents via permissions and password protection. Box supports
more than 120 file types, and users may preview content prior to downloading.
4. Google Apps
Google long ago expanded beyond its search and advertising roots to offer businesses a comprehensive suite of productivity
tools. Google Apps includes custom professional email (complete with spam protection), shared calendars and video meetings
alongside Google Drive.
5. Amazon Web Services
Amazon, too, has evolved beyond its core e-commerce platform to support the on-demand delivery of cloud-based IT
resources and applications, bolstered by pay-as-you-go pricing options.
6. Concur
Business travel can pose headaches for on-the-go employees and finance departments alike. Concurstreamlines the process by
automating travel and expense management. Its web-based and mobile solutions enable staffers to book travel plans according
to their own needs and preferences, while also making sure all bookings fall within company spending limits.
7. Zendesk
This cloud-based customer service and support ticketing platform enables representatives to more efficiently tackle inbound
client requests across any communications channel — email, web, social media, phone or chat.
8. DocuSign
Electronic signature technology and transaction management services platform DocuSign supports the exchange of digital
contracts and other e-signed documents.
9. Dropbox
Keep your documents and files at your fingertips across all your devices using Dropbox. Anything added to Dropbox storage
automatically shows up across all your desktop and mobile devices, enabling professionals to begin a project on their work
PC, make edits on their smartphone during the evening commute home, and add the finishing touches from their home tablet.
10. Slack
A real-time messaging, archiving and search solution, Slack is redefining business communication. Users may organize team
conversations in open channels dedicated to specific topics or projects or limit more sensitive interactions to private, invite-
only participants.

virtual organization:
A virtual organization or company is one whose members are geographically apart, usually working by computer e-
mail and groupware while appearing to others to be a single, unified organization with a real physical location.
A virtual organisation is one whose employees are spread geographically and communicate via phone, email, and
the internet. The concept explores technologies and issues surrounding virtual organisations from a knowledge
management perspective.
The Virtual Organisation is a flexible network of independent entities linked by telecommunication and computing
technologies to share skills, knowledge and access to expertise in non-traditional ways. It is a form of cooperation
involving companies,institutions and/or individuals delivering a product or service on the basis of a common
business understanding. Units participate in the collaboration and present themselves as a unified organization.