Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(2): 2084-2088

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2018; 7(2): 2084-2088 Availability of boron under different cropping
Received: 03-01-2018
Accepted: 04-02-2018 systems in soils of Morigaon district of Assam
Nath DC
SMS Soil Science, Krishi Vigyan Nath DC, Talukdar MC, Medhi BK, Das Janardan, Deka Kanku and
Kendra, Cachar, Assam Talukdar Bidyasagar
Agricultural University, Assam,
India
Abstract
Talukdar MC Boron is an essential micronutrient element for growth and development of plants. The boron availability
Professor, Department of Soil of soil is low, the range between deficient and toxic concentrations of boron in plants and soils are very
Science, Assam Agricultural narrow. The Morigaon district is situated in the central Brahmaputra valley zone of Assam between
University, Jorhat, Assam, India longitude (92° and 95.5°E), latitude (26.15° and 26.5°N) and five blocks viz., Bhurbandha, Mayong,
Lahorighat, Kapili, and Mairabari. Hundred numbers (100) of surface (0-15 cm) soil samples from
Medhi BK different cropping systems were collected with an auger from Morigaon district representing twenty five
Principal Scientist at AICRP on (25) soil samples from each dominant cropping systems. Soil samples were analyzed to determine the
irrigation water management,
availability of boron under different cropping systems in Inceptisols soils of Morigaon district and its
AAU, Jorhat, Assam, India
relation to soil properties. The experimental findings revealed that the soils were sandy loam to silty clay
Das Janardan loam in texture and strongly acidic to near neutral (4.17 to 6.94) in reaction with organic carbon content
Programme Assistant ranging from medium to high (0.51 to 1.14 per cent). EC of the soils were very low ranging from 0.01 to
Agriculture, Krishi Vigyan 0.06 dS m-1. The CEC of the soils were low and varied from 5.50 to 7.70 [cmol (p+) kg-1]. The available
Kendra, Cachar, Assam nitrogen and phosphorus content of the soil ranged from low to medium (219.52 to 533.12 kg/ha), (21.54
Agricultural University, Assam, to 57.96 kg/ha) and available potassium status were low to high (104.36 to 419.46 kg/ha). The available
India boron content was found to be lowest in rice-rice followed by rice-rapeseed, rice-vegetable and
vegetable-vegetable cropping system and values ranged from 0.29 to 0.98, 0.52 to 1.00, 0.74 to 1.14 and
Deka Kanku 1.10 to 1.38 mg kg-1, respectively. The available boron showed a positive and significant correlation ship
SRF-NICRA, Krishi Vigyan with pH and organic carbon in all the cropping systems.
Kendra, Cachar, Assam, India
Keywords: boron, cropping, Morigaon, Assam, soils
Talukdar Bidyasagar
SRF-NICRA, Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Cachar, Assam, India Introduction
Boron is the only non-metallic element in Group 13 of the Mendeleev Periodic Table and
shares a chemical resemblance with carbon. The importance of boron as an essential plant
nutrient was first established in 1923 by Warrington and now it is reported as the most
deficient plant nutrient worldwide (Shorrocks, 1997) [19]. Though plants vary in boron need,
there exists a narrow range between toxicity and deficiency and plant can develop symptoms
both deficiency and toxicity in the same growing period (Reisenauer et al., 1995) [14]. Boron
deficiency causes reduction in cell enlargement in growing tissues due to its structural role and
responsible for creating male sterility and inducing floral abnormalities (Sharma, 2006) [17].
Boron deficiency is much more common in crops that are grown in soil that have higher
amount of free carbonates, low organic matter, and high pH (Rashid et al., 2004) [13].
Availability of boron is influenced by their distribution and physico-chemical properties of the
soil (Sharma and Chaudhary, 2007) [18]. Several soil factors influence the availability of boron
content to the plants. These factors are pH, soil texture, organic matter, clay minerals,
microbiological activity, soil drainage, oxidation-reduction conditions, seasonal variation in
climatic conditions and interrelations of micronutrients.
Analysis of more than 3 lakhs soil samples carried out under the aegis of All India
Coordinated Project on Micro and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements in Soils and
Plants of the ICAR showed that about 33 per cent soil is deficient in boron. Coarse texture,
high pH, calcareousness, declining organic carbon and leaching aggravate micronutrient
deficiency. Irrespective of these soil properties, irrigated crops whose productivity is two-three
times higher than rainfed crops, suffered more often from micronutrient deficiency. Boron
deficiencies that appear to be localized today may expand geographically in the near future
Correspondence posing threat to the production system. As such it is important to estimate and monitor the
Nath DC
SMS Soil Science, Krishi Vigyan
boron status/deficiencies in various agro ecological regions to forecast potential boron
Kendra, Cachar, Assam prospect and problems in order to develop models for different soil crop situation (Nayar,
Agricultural University, Assam, 1999) [10].
India
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

In a study on Assam soils reported that 44 and 34 per cent of annual rainfall is received in between November to March.
the alluvial and lateritic soils were deficient in boron, The maximum temperature goes up to 36°C in June/July
respectively (Borkakati and Takkar, 2000) [2]. On the other whereas the minimum temperature falls to 8°C in
hand, importance of boron in crops and cropping systems are December/January with an annual average temperature of
increasing, more particularly under intensive agricultural 22°C.
situations in Morigaon district of the state. Considering the
above fact and need maiden research investigation was Materials and Methods
proposed to identify the availability of boron in Inceptisols of Representative soil samples from different cropping systems
Morigaon district of Assam under different cropping systems were collected from Inceptisols of Morigaon district. Hundred
to determine the availability of boron under different cropping numbers (100) of surface (0-15 cm) soil samples were
system and its relation to soil properties. collected with an auger from Morigaon district representing
The Morigaon district is situated in the central Brahmaputra twenty five (25) soil samples from each dominant cropping
valley zone of Assam between longitude (92° and 95.5°E) and systems as mentioned above. The samples collected were air-
latitude (26.15° and 26.5°N). Morigaon district is divided into dried, ground and passed through a 2 mm sieve and stored in
five blocks viz., Bhurbandha, Mayong, Lahorighat, Kapili, labeled polythene bags for further analysis.
and Mairabari. Total gaon panchayats and Revenue villages The soil properties and available boron contents were
are 97 and 790, respectively. Total geographical area of the determined using the facilities available in the Department of
district is 1550 sq km. Rice is the main crop followed by Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. Standard
rapeseed, jute, wheat, vegetable and pulses. Rice is also laboratory procedures adopted during the analysis are
growing as a monocrop. The soil of the district is alluvial and presented in Table 1.
fertile. According to taxonomic classification soil orders are 3 Simple correlation was computed using Pearson’s equation to
and 10 great groups. The dominant cropping systems are: 1. reveal the magnitudes and directions of relationships between
rice – rice, 2. rice – rapeseed, 3. rice – vegetable and 4. selected soil physico-chemical properties and availability of
vegetable - vegetable. The climate of the district is sub- boron. Statistical analysis of the experimental data was done
tropical humid, characterized by high rainfall. It receives an by CoStat Professional, Version 6.311, Copyright© 1998-
average annual rainfall of 1291.1 mm of which about 90 per 2005, CoHort Software, CoHort Software, 798 Lighthouse
cent falls between April to October and 10 per cent of total Ave, PMB 320, Monterey, CA 93940, USA.

Table 1: Methods adopted for physico-chemical analysis

Sl. No. Parameters Methods References
1. Soil reaction (1:2.5) Glass electrode pH meter Jackson (1973)
2. Electrical conductivity (1:2.5) Electrical conductivity meter Jackson (1973)
3. Organic carbon Walkley and Black’s method Jackson (1973)
4. Cation exchange capacity Distillation method Jackson (1973)
5. Mechanical analysis International Pipette Method Piper (1966)
6. Available nitrogen Alkaline KMnO4 method Subbiah and Asija (1956)
7. Available phosphorus Extracted with 0.03N NH4F in 0.025 N HCl (Bray’s-I method). Bray and Kurtz (1945)
8. Available potassium Flame photometric method Jackson (1973)
9. Available boron Azomethine-H colorimetric method Wolf (1974)

Findings and Discussion in reaction with pH values ranging from 4.32 to 5.71 with a
Results on physico-chemical properties of soils under rice- mean value of 5.01, while the organic carbon content of the
rice cropping systems, the texture of the soils were varied soil ranged from medium to high. It ranged from 0.61 to 0.88
from sandy loam to clayey. Sand, silt and clay fractions of the per cent with a mean value of 0.70 per cent. The CEC of the
soils varied from 28.20 to 66.16, 15.00 to 33.00 and 15.84 to soils were found to vary from 5.70 to 7.50 [cmol (p+) kg-1]
49.40 per cent, respectively. The pH of the soil was strongly with an average value of 6.55 [cmol (p+) kg-1], while the EC
acidic to near neutral (4.17 to 6.94) in reaction with a mean of the soil was found to be very low ranging from 0.01-0.06
value of 4.75. The organic carbon content of the soil ranged dS m-1 with an average value of 0.03 dS m-1. The available
from medium to high (0.51 to 0.95 per cent) with a mean nitrogen, phosphorus content of the soil ranged from low to
value of 0.72 per cent, while CEC of the soil varied from 5.50 medium 282.24 to 533.12 kg/ha with a mean value of 363.76
to 7.60 [cmol (p+) kg-1] with an average value of 6.61 [cmol kg/ha and 21.54 to 53.86 kg/ha with a mean value of 31.54
(p+) kg-1] of the soil. The EC of the soil was very low. It kg/ha, respectively. The available potassium and boron
ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 dS m-1 with an average value of distributed between low to high from 104.16 to 419.46 kg/ha
0.02 dS m-1. The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium with a mean value of 170.52 kg/ha and ranged from 0.52 to
and boron content of the soil ranged from low to medium 1.00 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 0.89 mg kg-1.
219.52 to 533.12 kg/ha with a mean value of 381.32 kg/ha; Results on physico-chemical properties of soils under rice-
from 21.54 to 57.96 kg/ha with a mean value of 33.54 kg/ha; vegetable cropping system, the results were showed that the
from 105.36 to 229.95 kg/ha with a mean value of 167.36 texture of the soil varied from sandy loam to silty clay loam.
kg/ha and from 0.29 to 0.98 mg kg-1 with a mean value of Sand, silt and clay fraction varied from 19.16 to 66.88, 10.48
0.57 mg kg-1 of soil, respectively. to 54.00 and 17.84 to 44.60 per cent, respectively. The soils
Results on physico-chemical properties of soils under rice- were found to be strongly acidic to medium acidic in reaction
rapeseed cropping systems, the results showed that the texture with pH values ranging from 4.28 to 5.94 with a mean value
of the soils varied from sandy loam to clay loam. Sand of 4.90. Organic carbon content of the soil varied from low to
fraction varied from 35.20 to 67.16, silt from 13.00 to 34.28 high with values ranging from 0.49 to 1.05 per cent with a
and clay from 17.84 to 34.12 per cent. The soils were acidic mean value of 0.71 per cent. The CEC of the soil was found
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

to range from 5.70 to 7.60 [cmol (p+) kg-1] with an average Correlation coefficient rates of different parameters under
value of 6.59 [cmol (p+) kg-1], while the EC of the soil was rice-rapeseed cropping systems, data revealed that available
found to be very low which ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 dS m-1 boron was found to be positive correlationship with pH
with an average value of 0.03 dS m-1. The available nitrogen, (r=0.455*) and organic carbon (r=0.422*) content of the soil.
phosphorus, potassium and boron content of the soil varied Data revealed that available boron of the soil had a positive
from low to medium 219.52 to 533.12 kg/ha with a mean correlationship with pH (r=0.452*), organic carbon
value of 365.00 kg/ha; low to medium from 21.54 to 57.96 (r=0.478*), available phosphorus (r=0.939**) and negative
kg/ha with a mean value of 32.91 kg/ha; low to high from correlation with sand (r=-0.483*) content of the soil.
107.11 to 462.47 kg/ha with a mean value of 173.90 kg/ha Results in the correlation studies of the soils under vegetable-
and ranged from 0.74-1.14 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 0.95 vegetable cropping systems are presented in Table 4.15. Data
mg kg-1 of soil. revealed that available boron was positively correlated with
Results on physico-chemical properties of soils under pH (r=0.427*) and organic carbon (r=0.460*) content of the
vegetable-vegetable cropping system are presented in Table soil.
4.7. The results showed that the texture of the soil varied from Available boron content of the soil was found to be least
sandy loam to clay soil. Sand, silt and clay fraction varied under rice-rice cropping system followed by rice-rapeseed,
from 19.16 to 63.56, 15.00 to 52.00 and 16.00 to 50.00 per rice-vegetable and vegetable-vegetable cropping system. It
cent, respectively. The soils were found to be strongly acidic was reported that rice removes relatively higher amount of
to medium acidic in reaction with pH values ranging from boron (120 g/ha) as compared to vegetable (7 g/ha) and
4.40 to 6.95 with a mean value of 5.09. Organic carbon rapeseed (5 g/ha) (Vasuki, 2010) [21]; so, boron availability
content of the soil varied from medium to high with values was found to be lower under that system. In case of other
ranging from 0.58 to 1.14 per cent with a mean value of 0.77 cropping systems, it was experienced that farmers used to
per cent. The CEC of the soil was found to range from 5.70 to apply boron fertilizer for vegetable crops and to a smaller
7.70 [cmol (p+) kg-1] with an average value of 6.60 [cmol (p+) extent in rapeseed. Probably because of that reason boron
kg-1], while the EC of the soil was found to be very low which availability was higher in vegetable-vegetable cropping
ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 dS m-1 with an average value of 0.03 system followed by vegetable- rapeseed cropping systems.
dS m-1. The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and The status of available in rice-rice cropping system were low
boron content of the soil varied from medium to high 282.24 to just at the critical limit while in other cropping systems
to 533.12 kg/ha with a mean value of 387.60 kg/ha; medium availability status was above critical limit i.e. in sufficiency
to high from 23.33 to 57.96 kg/ha with a mean value of 37.06 zone.
kg/ha and low to high 117.46 to 425.37 kg/ha with a mean Available boron showed a positive and significant correlation
value of 196.74 kg/ha and from 1.10-1.51 mg kg-1 with a with pH, organic carbon and clay content of the soil. Berger
mean value of 1.38 mg kg-1 of soil. and Truog (1945) [1] reported that boron availability in acid
soil increases with increasing pH and observed a positively
Discussion correlation with pH for acid soil (pH < 7). Available boron
Data revealed that soils of Morigaon district were sandy loam was also reported to be positively and significantly correlated
to silty clay loam in texture, strongly acidic to near neutral in with pH in arid soils of Western Rajasthan and in Bikaner
reaction and organic carbon content ranged from medium to district (Chaudhary and Shukla, 2003 and Mathur et al., 2011)
[4, 8]
high. The EC content of the soils were low. The available . Colloidal material like organic carbon and clay content
nitrogen and phosphorus content of the soils ranged from low might have influenced boron availability owing to its
to medium, but potassium content of the soils ranged from adsorption on positively charged surfaces. A positive relation
low to high. between available boron and phosphorus might be due to their
Most of the soils of the study area were sandy loam and silty positive relationship with organic carbon.
clay loam in texture. Coarse textured (sandy) soils often In all the cropping system available boron showed a positive
adsorbed less available boron than fine textured soils, thus and significant correlation with pH and organic carbon.
boron deficiency frequently arises in areas located in sandy Similarly, increased in available boron content with organic
soils (Fleming, 1980) [6]. In a soil higher percentage of sand carbon was also reported by Murthy and Srinivas (2005) [9],
indicates lower percentage of silt and clay content and vice- Nazif et al. (2006) [11] and Sarwar et al. (2007) [16].
versa. Thus, increase in sand content reduces the reactive The critical limit of boron in Assam soils is considered to be
surface area of a soil. So, a negative correlationship was 0.5 mg/kg, so based on the mean values of available boron in
observed between available boron and sand content. The all the cropping systems, soils could be put under “sufficient”
finding of the present investigation was in conformity with zone. However, rice-rice cropping system available boron
the findings of Wilson et al. (1951) [23] and Oyinlola et al. content in some soils (20 per cent) were found to be in
(2010) [12], who reported that higher sand content facilitated deficient zone or just at the critical level. In the present study
leaching of boron from the surface soil. Thus, negative available boron content of the soils ranged between 0.32 to
relationship between available boron and sand content could 0.98 mg kg-1. Working on acid soils of Assam, Borkakati and
be justified. Finding of the present investigation was in Takkar (1996) [3] reported that available boron varied from
conformity with the findings of Chabbra et al. (1996) and 0.41 to 0.60 mg kg–1. Sakal and Singh (1995) [15] reported that
Nazif et al. (2006) [11]. available boron content in acidic soil ranged from 0.17 to 0.91
Results of the correlation studies under rice-rice cropping mg kg–1 with a mean value of 0.53 mg kg–1. In another study,
systems, it was observed that available boron of the soil was Debnath et al. (2010) [5] reported critical limit of available
significantly correlated with pH (r=0.424*) and organic boron to be 0.32 mg kg–1 in rice growing soils of Terai zone
carbon (r=0.440*) content of the soil. of West Bengal.

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Table 2: Simple correlation between physico-chemical properties and available boron in soils under different cropping systems
pH EC OC CEC SAND SILT CLAY Av. N Av.P2O5 Av. K2O Av. Boron
pH - 0.000 0.235* 0.092 0.152 -0.125 -0.109 0.094 0.130 0.092 0.205*
EC - -0.114 0.000 -0.070 0.098 -0.005 -0.046 -0.081 -0.109 0.151
OC - 0.198* 0.093 -0.125 0.005 0.794** 0.904** 0.202* 0.223*
CEC - -0.022 -0.014 0.061 0.119 0.167 0.110 -0.009
SAND - -0.842** -0.681** 0.008 0.063 -0.165 -0.266**
SILT - 0.180 -0.057 -0.100 0.048 0.073
CLAY - 0.065 0.026 0.233* 0.390**
Av. N - 0.772** 0.075 0.139
Av.P2O5 - 0.100 0.219*
Av. K2O - 0.197*
Av. Boron -
* Significant at 5% level
** Significant at 1% level

Summary and Conclusion distribution. In International Conference on Managing

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