TESTS ON ROCKS
SOIL MECHANICS
SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA
SRI LANKA
SLAKE DURABILITY TEST
This test method is used to estimate qualitatively the durability of weak rocks in the service
environment.
Background : Rock properties change with time due to processes such as exfoliation, hydration,
slaking, solution, oxidation, abrasion, etc.
Exfoliation : Rock being disintegrated sheet by sheet.
Hydration : Reaction with water.
Slaking : Weakening or rock due to repetition of wetting and drying.
Oxidation : Reaction with oxygen.
Abrasion : Smoothening of surface when scraped by other material.
Since these processes cannot be reproduced in the laboratory, resistance or rock (durability of
rock) against them is evaluated in terms of some appropriate indices.
Slake Durability Test:
A drum of 100mm in length and 140mm in diameter is rotated, half immersed in water, at 20
rounds per minute. The drum is made of a 2mm sieve. About 500g of rock is broken into 10
pieces and put in the drum. After rotation for 10 minutes, the percent of rock retained inside the
drum, on a dry weight basic, is reported as the slake durability index, Id (Goodman, 1980). A
smaller Id means that a greater amount of rock was broken into small pieces and lost through the
sieve.
Gambles' Slake Durability Classification (Goodman, 1980)
% retained after one 10 % retained after two 10
Group Name min cycle (dry weight min cycle (dry weight
basis) basis)
Very High Durability > 99 > 98
High Durability 98 - 99 95 – 98
Medium High Durability 95 – 98 85 – 95
Medium Durability 85 – 95 60 – 85
Low Durability 60 – 85 30 – 60
Very Low Durability < 60 < 30
(After Dr. I. Towhata, University of Tokyo)
POINT LOAD INDEX TEST
Point load index test can be used in either the field or laboratory to find the uniaxial compressive
strength or rock. This is a simple and inexpensive test as compared to other tests to find the
uniaxial compressive strength.
The core of diameter D is compressed between the two
hemi - spherical indenters of the testers. The maximum
force (P) to break the sample is used to define the point load
index Is as:
P
Is 2
D
A reasonable correlation exists between the point load index (Is) and the uniaxial compressive
strength (fc) of the material, given by;
Ic = K Is
Value of the constant K depends on the diameter of the core.
Diameter of Core (mm) Value of K
20 17.5
30 19
40 21
50 23
54 24
60 24.5
Validity of the Test
If a clean fracture runs from one loading point indentation to the other, the test results can be
accepted. However, if the fracture runs across some other plane or if the points sink into the
rock surface· causing excessive crushing or deformation, the test should be rejected.( After
Hoek & Bray, 1981)
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Tests to Evaluate Deformation Modulus
Uniaxial compression tests are used to obtain the static modulus of elasticity of rock material E,
and associated Poisson's Ratio n.
If Hooke's law for isotropic linear elasticity is assumed
ΔL to hold for the given rock material,
B + ΔB
L
P
B Stress ( B B)
E
Strain L
L
Original cross - section B x B
Usually the stress - strain relationship is not linear during the initial loading, but is slightly convex
or concave. Secant modulus is evaluated by the slope of OA, which is also known as the modulus
of compression.
A A
Axial Axial
Stress Stress
O ΔL/L O ΔL/L
Strain Strain
Repeated loading and unloading can be carried out until the stress - strain curve becomes
approximately linear, and from this line E can be calculated.
1. First Loading
2. Unloading (rebound curve)
Axial
Stress 3. Second Loading
1 2
3
Strain
Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
Uniaxial compressive strength of rock is used in many design formulas and is sometimes used as
an index property to select the appropriate excavation technique. The strength of rock cores
measured in the laboratory usually do not accurately reflect large-scale in situ properties because
the latter are strongly influenced by joints, faults, inhomogeneities, weakness planes and other
factors. Therefore, laboratory values for intact specimens must be employed with proper judgment
in engineering applications. These tests are expensive; primarily because of the need to carefully
prepare the samples to ensure that there ends are perfectly parallel.
In this experiment, a circular core barrel of rock is compressed in the Amsler machine, and from
the (convex/concave) stress - strain diagram, the secant modulus of deformation is evaluated. The
Uniaxial Compressive Strength is evaluated by loading the element to failure.
Common Sense in Lab Testing of Rocks
Clear identification of samples and specimens.
Avoid moisture loss.
Prevent physical damage to samples.
Consult field records during specimen selection.
Maintain equipment in good working order.
Photo documentation of test specimens.
Careful alignment of axes for measurement by dial gauges, load cells or displacement
transducers.
Save remnant pieces of rock after testing.