EXERCISE 1: ANIMAL TISSUE A.
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
OBJECTIVES: TYPES SIMPLE EPITHELIA:
1. To identify different types of tissues and their corresponding 1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
locations in the body 2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
2. To correlate the structure of the tissues to its function 3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
3. To name the function(s) of each type of tissue 4. CILIATED EPITHELIUM
4. To identify the parts of each type of tissue 5. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Cells are structural and functional units of the body SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Cells are multi-cellular
The epithelium is composed of one layer of cells
Cells do not function independently
The cells, with their oval nuclei, are arranged like tiles in the
HISTOLOGY floor
The round structure found at the center of the cell is the nucleus
The study of tissues surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Outside the nuclear membrane is a lighter portion, the
TISSUES cytoplasm surrounded by the cell membrane
The epithelium lines the:
Aggregations of similar cells and cell products that perform specific
1. Inner wall of blood vessels (the endothelium)
functions
2. Terminal respiratory ducts and their sacs of the lungs
Tissues perform specific functions thus, 3. Lining of the coelom (the peritoneum)
Shape (Morphology)
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Location
Position The cells are cube – shaped
The cells are more specialized for wear and tear than are the
of the cells have a definite relation to their function cells of simple squamous epithelium
The spaces of varying sizes and shapes are the lumen of the
4 KINDS OF TISSUES IN THE BODY:
kidney tubules
Lining these spaces are the cells of the cuboidal epithelium
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
The round centrally located dark structure is the nucleus
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
3. MUSCLE TISSUES This type of epithelium is also found in
4. NERVOUS TISSUES 1. Many glands ( e.g salivary & mucous)
2. Germinal layer of the ovary
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES 3. Pigmented epithelium of the retina
Covers body and organ surfaces, line body and lumen cavities SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
and form glands
Cells of this epithelium are taller than they are wide
Forms the outer layer of the skin, parts of the sense organs,
Certain cells of this tissue contain goblets cells
most glandular tissue structures & the inner linings of the
respiratory, excretory, digestive and circulatory systems Specialized for absorption and secretion as well as protection
This lines the:
Composed of tightly fitted cells
1. Stomach
EPITHELIAL TISSUES MAY BE STUDIED AS TO: 2. Intestines
3. Gall bladder
a. THE NUMBER OF LAYERS IN THE CELLS 4. Bronchioles
1. SIMPLE – single-layered 5. Oviducts
6. Uterus
2. STRATIFIED – multilayered
7. Many glands
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM GOBLET CELLS – single–celled glands
Allows substances to diffuse readily through the cells
› Specialized for secreting mucus
STARTIFIED EPITHELIUM › Found abundantly in mucous membranes
More protective in function
CILIATED EPITHELIUM
b. THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS The cells are either squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
The free ends of which are provided with hair-like projections
1. SQUAMOUS – flattened
The cells are columnar, supported by a basement membrane
2. CUBOIDAL – cube like Occurs in the uterine tubes of the female
3. COLUMNAR – column like
CILIA – fine hair-like structures, found in the free end of the cells
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM II. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Stratified (It is actually simple however, since each cell is in Found throughout the body
contact with the basement membrane, although not all cells are Supports or binds other tissues
exposed to the surface Provides for the metabolic needs of all body organs
Has a stratified appearance Highly vascular & well nourished
Numerous goblet cells and ciliated, exposed surface are They are able to replicate
characteristic of this epithelium Responsible for the repair of body organs
The lumina of the trachea and the bronchial tubes are lined with Contain considerably more matrix (intercellular material) than
this tissue cells
Frequently called respiratory epithelium Do not occur on free surfaces of body cavities or on the surface
of the body
B. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA Named according to the kind & arrangement of the matrix
Tissues consisting 2 or more layers of cells
4 KINDS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Specialized for protection
Classified according to the shape of the surface of the cells 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
The layer in contact with the basement membrane is cuboidal 2. CARTILAGE TISSUE
or columnar in shape 3. BONE TISSUE
4. VASCULAR TISSUE
TYPES OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIA:
A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
2. STRATEFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Has a loose, flexible matrix
3. STRATEFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Frequently called ground substance
4. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
FIBROBLAST – most common cell
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM › Large, star-shaped cells that produce collagenous , elastic & reticular
fibers
Composed of a variable number of cell layers that tend to flatten
near the surface
6 BASIC TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
1. LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. KERATINIZED – forms the outer layer or epidermis of the skin
3. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. NONKERATINIZED – lines in the oral cavity & pharynx, nasal 4. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
cavity, vagina & canal 5. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
6. ADIPOSE (FAT) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRATEFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Usually consists of only 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells forming the LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
lining around the lumen Loosely arranged fibroblastic tissue
This type of epithelium is confined to the linings of the larger The most widespread of all connective tissue
ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands & pancreas Specialized cells called MAST CELLS – are dispersed throughout
this type of tissue
STRATEFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM FIBROBLASTS are the predominant cells of this type of
Sites containing this tissue include parts of the epithelium, with collagenous & elastic fibers dispersed
1. Pharynx throughout the ground substance
2. Larynx
3. Mammary glands DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4. Salivary gland ducts Characterized by large amount of densely packed collagenous
fibers lying parallel to the direction of force placed on this tissue
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM during body movement
Similar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium except This type of tissue occurs where strong, flexible support is
that the surface cells of the former are large & round rather than necessary
flat & some may have 2 nuclei TENDONS & LIGAMENTS are composed of this type of tissue
Located only within the urinary system
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
› Particularly in the luminal surface of the urinary bladder & the walls
of the ureters Characterized by large amounts of densely packed collagenous
fibers that are interwoven to provide tensile strength in any
direction
This tissue is found in the DERMIS of the skin, SUBMUCOSA of Sites containing hyaline cartilage include the articular surfaces of
the GI tract, & composing that fibrous capsules of ORGANS & cones, nose, walls of respiratory passages & fetal skeleton
JOINTS Scattered throughout the matrix or CHONDRIN are small
cavities, LACUNAE
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE Each lacunae contains at least one cartilage-forming cell – a
Has a predominance of elastic fibers that are irregularly CHONDROCYTE
arranged & yellowish in color
This type of tissue is found in: ELASTIC CARTILAGE
1. the walls of large arteries Similar to hyaline except for the presence of elastic fibers in its
2. portions of the larynx matrix
3. trachea & bronchial tubes of the lungs Sites containing elastic cartilage include the
4. arches of the vertebrae that make up the vertebral column 1. external ear
2. walls of the auditory tube
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE 3. epiglottis
Characterized by a network of reticular fibers woven through a 4. larynx
jellylike matrix Situated in the lacuna, the chondrocytes are in some cases
Certain specialized cells within reticular tissue are arranged as a cells nests, as in hyaline cartilage
PHAGOCYTIC – and therefore ingest foreign materials A layer of connective tissue, the perichondrium, surrounds the
This tissue contains in: elastic cartilage
1. Liver
FIBROCARTILAGE
2. Spleen
3. Lymph nodes Has its matrix reinforced with numerous collagenous fibers
4. Bone marrow It is found at the SYMPHYSIS PUBIS – where the 2 pelvic bones
articulate & between the vertebrae as INVERTEBRAL DISCS
ADIPOSE (FAT) CONNECTIVE TISSUE It also forms the cartilaginous wedges within the knee joint
called MENISCI
A specialized type of loose fibrous connective tissue that
The chondrocyte lacunae present typically lie in rows between
contains large quantities of ADIPOSE CELLS or ADIPOCYTES
collagen bundles
Adipose cells store droplets of fat within their cytoplasm,
It lacks perichondrium
causing them to swell & forcing their nuclei to one side
The fat is usually removed in the prepared section
C. BONE TISSUE (OSSEOUS TISSUE)
Adipose tissue is found throughout the body but is concentrated
1. around the kidney The most rigid of the connective tissue
2. hypodermis of the skin The cells are called BONE CELLS or OSTEOCYTES – located in the
3. surface of the heart spaces called lacunae & having matrix of calcium carbonate
4. surrounding joints The outermost covering of the bone is the POROSITY
5. breast of sexually mature females most bones have both types of bone tissue
B. CARTILAGE TISSUE 2 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
Consist of CARTILAGE CELLS or CHONDROCYTES, and a semisolid
1. COMPACT / DENSE BONE TISSUE
matrix that imparts marked elastic properties of tissue
2. SPONGY / CANCELLOUS CONE TISSUE
The chondrocytes within cartilage may occur singly but are
frequently clustered
COMPACT / DENSE BONE TISSUE
CHONDROCYTES – occupy cavities called LACUNAE, within the
matrix The hard outer layer & is covered by the PERIOSTEUM
most cartilage tissue is surrounded by a dense regular OSTEOCYTES (mature bone cells) are arranged in concentric
connective tissue called PERICHONDRIUM layers around a CENTRAL (HAVERSIAN) CANAL – which contains
a vascular & nerve supply
3 KINDS OF CARTILAGE Each osteocyte occupies a cavity canal called a LACUNA
Radiating from each lacuna are numerous minute canals called
1. HYALINE CARTILAGE CANALICULI
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE The canaliculi traverse the dense matrix of the bone tissue to
3. FIBROCARTILAGE adjacent lacunae
The inorganic matrix is deposited in concentric layers called
HYALINE CARTILAGE LAMELLAE
Has a homogenous, bluish matrix in which the collagenous fibers
are so fine
When viewed through microscope, hyaline cartilage has a clear,
glassy appearance
SPONGY / CANCELLOUS CONE TISSUE 1. NEUTROPHILS
Is the porous, highly vascular, inner portion Most leucocytes present in a blood film are mature neutrophils
Consists primarily of slender, bony trabeculae that enclose These cells represent 50% - 70% of the total leucocyte count of
irregular marrow cavities adult peripheral blood
Peripherally, these trabeculae merge with a thin shell of The nucleus of the mature neutrophil is segmented, which 2 of 5
compact bone which contains scattered OSTEONS (HAVERSIAN lobes interconnected by fine strands & chromatin that is
SYSTEMS) condensed & dark staining
The reticular connjective tissue in the marrow cavities is They contain abundant fine neutrophilic granules (specific
obscured by ADIPOSE CELLS & HEMOPOIETIC (blood – forming) granules), that impart a lavender color to the cytoplasm
tissue In addition, they have a few larger granules that stain a reddidsh
purple using (Wright’s stain)
D. VASCULAR TISSUE Immature forms are recognizable by the fact that their nucleus
Blood is highly specialized, viscous connective tissue remains band-shaped, sometimes resembling a horseshoe,
hence they are termed BAND NEUTROPHILS
The cells or formed elements of vascular connective tissue are
suspended in the liquid plasma matrix
2. EOSINOPHILS
THREE TYPES OF FORMED ELEMENTS ARE FOUND WITHIN THE BLOOD Only 1% - 4% of the leucocytes in adult peripheral blood are
ARE: eosinophils
Slightly larger than neutrophils & their nucleus consists of only 2
1. ERYTHROCYTES / RED BLOOD CELLS
lobes
2. THROMBOCYTES / PLATELETS
Striking feature: large acidophilic specific granules, which stain
3. LEUCOCYTES / WHITE BLOOD CELLS
bright red / reddish-purple using (Wright’s stain)
ERYTHROCYTES / RED BLOOD CELLS
3. BASOPHILS
These cells are the commonest type & it has a shape of
Rare type of leucocytes representing 0.5% - 1% of the total
biconcave disk & without nucleus
peripheral blood leucocytes, so to find even a single basophil in
RBC’S sometimes stick together temporarily, forming columns
a blood film is a real challenge
called ROULEAUX – that resemble stacks of coins
Almost as large as neutrophils
Basophils possess a nucleus that generally has 2 lobes but may
THROMBOCYTES / PLATELETS
have more
These are produced by MEGAKARYOCTES – giant cells of red The nucleus may be largely or entirely obscured by a moderate
bone marrow number of substantial blue-staining specific granules using
Platelets represent entirely cytoplasmic fragments, covered by (Wright’s stain)
cell membrane & lacking a nuclear component because they are
produced through fragmentation of subdivided megakaryocyte AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / AGRANULOCYTES
cytoplasm
Lack conspicuous granules
They tend to aggregate in drawn blood, so platelet clumps may
Few tiny granules may be present
be found as well as individual platelets in blood films
The central region of a platelet contains purple-staining
1. LYMPHOCYTES
granules, whereas the non-granular periphery stains a
transparent pale blue using Wright’s stain Comprise 20% - 40% of peripheral blood leucocytes & are
relatively easy to find in blood films
LEUCOCYTES / WHITE BLOOD CELLS Most are SMAL LYMPHOCYTES & some are LARGE
LYMPHOCYTES
These nucleated cells are much less numerous than erythrocytes
Leucocytes are subdivided into 5 types according to the SMAL LYMPHOCYTES – possess a small, spherical / slightly indented
character of the nucleus the absence or presence of granules in rim of slightly basophilic cytoplasm is visible in blood films
the cytoplasm & the types of granules
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES – possess a nucleus that is slightly larger &
WBC’S ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN GROUPS: darker staining, though also spherical / slightly indented (sometimes
mistaken as a monocyte); the cytoplasm is slightly more copious that
1. GRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / GRANULOCYTES
that of a small lymphocytes & equally basophilic
2. AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / AGRANULOCYTES
2. MONOCYTES
GRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / GRANULOCYTES
Constitute 2% - 6% of the total blood leucocytes
Granule containing leucocytes Because they represent the largest type of leucocyte they are
relatively easy to find in blood films
The nucleus varies from being deeply indented / roughly kidney-
shaped to having the form of a wide horseshoe
The cytoplasm is abundant & stains a distinctive pale blue / light 2. CROSS SECTION OF A NERVE
blue gray The section seen is composed of 2 or 3 bundles of nerve fibers or
fascicle, bound together by a connective tissue, the
III. MUSCLE TISSUES EPINEURIUM
These tissues are unique in possessing the property of Each nerve bundle / fascicle is in turn made up of smaller round
contractility structures, the nerve fibers & enclosed by the PERINEURIUM
The muscle cells / fibers are elongated in the direction of From the perineurium, very fine strands are seen passing inward
contraction between nerve fibers
The inward extensions of the perneurium is the endoneurium
3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY
1. SMOOTH / VISCERAL / UNSTRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
2. CARDIAC / STRAITED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
3. SLKELETAL / STRAIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
SMOOTH / VISCERAL / UNSTRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
Common throughout the body, occurring in many of the systems
Found in the:
1. Wall of the GI tract
2. Walls of the arteries
3. Walls of respiratory passages
4. Urinary & reproductive tracts
Smooth muscle fibers are long, spindle shaped cells
Each contains a single nucleus & lack striations
These cells are usually grouped together in flattened sheets,
forming a muscular portion of a wall around a lumen
CARDIAC / STRAITED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
Makes up most of the wall of the heart
Characterized by BIFURCATING (branching) fibers, a centrally
positioned nucleus & transversely positioned intercalated discs
SLKELETAL / STRAIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
Attaches to the skeleton
Responsible for voluntary movements
Each elongated, multinucleated fiber has distinct transverse
striations
Fibers of this muscle are grouped into parallel FASCICULE
(bundles) that can be seen without a microscope in fresh muscle
IV. NERVOUS TISSUES
Specialized to receive & transmit impulses
The unit structure of this tissue us the nerve cell, neuron,
composed of a nerve cell body (PERIKARYON) with a
conspicuous nucleus & nerve processes in the form of dendrites
& axon
NERVE FIBER – refers to any process extending from the cell body of
a neuron
1. NERVE CELL / NEURON
The cells are stellate in shape
Examine a prepared slide of a cross section cerebellum
containing nerve cells