3G

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International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a

generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by
the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless
voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Compared to
the older 2G and 2.5G standards, a 3G system must allow simultaneous use of speech and data services, and
provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s according to the IMT-2000 specification. Recent 3G releases,
often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to laptop computers
and smartphones.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

 the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China
(however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system
infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. The original and most widespread
radio interface is called W-CDMA. The latest release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s
in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

 the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North

America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically
CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s
downstreams.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology.
While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAXstandards formally also
fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded
3G, and are based on completely different technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were
introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non
backwards compatible transmission technology. 4G systems are expected to appear in 2011-2013 (pre-4G
systems like LTE and mobile WiMAX have already appeared), and fifth generation systems after 2020. The first
release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G requirements
called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G
or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers.
 Contents
 [hide]

1 Overview

2 History

3 Adoption

o 3.1 E

urope

o 3.2 C

anada

o 3.3 Ir

aq

o 3.4 C

hina

o 3.5 N

orth Korea

o 3.6 A

frica

o 3.7 In

dia

4 Features

o 4.1 D

ata rates

o 4.2 S

ecurity

5 Applications

6 Evolution

7 References

[edit]Overview

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved
five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAXwas added in 2007.
[2]

There are evolutionary standards that are backwards-compatible extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as

well as revolutionary standards that require all-new networks and frequency allocations. [3] The latter group is
the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed
standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards[4]

ITU IMT-2000 common name(s) bandwidth of data pre-4G duplex channel

TDMA Single-Carrier (IMT-SC) EDGE (UWT-136) EDGE Evolution none TDMA evol

evol
CDMA Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC) CDMA2000 EV-DO UMB[nb 2] FDD
95)

CDMA Direct Spread (IMT-DS) W-CDMA[nb 4]

CDMA

UMTS[nb 3] TD-CDMA[nb 5] HSPA LTE fami

CDMA TDD (IMT-TC)

TD-SCDMA[nb 6]

TDD
FDMA/TDM
FDMA/TDMA (IMT-FT) DECT none shor
A

IP-OFDMA WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) OFDMA

1. ^ Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS.

2. ^ development halted in favour of LTE.[5]
3. ^ also known as FOMA;[6] UMTS is the common name for a standard that encompasses multiple air
interfaces.
4. ^ also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS, ignoring the other
air interface options.[6]
5. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate (HCR)
6. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate (LCR)

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G")
network availability as separate functionality.
[edit]History

The Nokia 6650, an early UMTS handset

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on
a pre-release of W-CDMA technology.[7] The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan
on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; [8][9] broader availability was delayed by
apparent concerns over reliability.[10] The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South
Korea on the1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was
by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned
by British Telecom, and the first commercial network in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in
December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. These were both on the W-
CDMA technology.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA
was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G network,
having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South
Australia by [Link] Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network
for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison
Telecommunications branded as Three in March 2003.

Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions
worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G
penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G.
Other leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration
level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this
definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers
worldwide.

[edit]Adoption

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating
in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the
USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs
to operate 3G mobile networks.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing
fees. (See Telecoms crash.) In many countries, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so
mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the
United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in
some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of
licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the
expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems.

In 2009, T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider, rolled out a list of over 120 U.S. cities
provided with 3G Network coverage.[12]

[edit]Europe

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3 (Part
of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators
should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.

[edit]Canada

In Canada, Bell Mobility and Telus launched a 3G EVDO network in 2005[13]. Rogers Wireless was the first to

implement UMTS technology, with HSDPA services in eastern Canada in late 2006. [14]. Realizing they would
miss out on roaming revenue from the 2010 Winter Olympics, Bell and Telus formed a joint venture and rolled
out a shared HSDPA network using Nokia Siemens technology.

[edit]Iraq

Mobitel Iraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was launched commercially on February 2007.

[edit]China

China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks would be
allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM customer base. China
Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on
the globally leading W-CDMA (UMTS) standard. The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go
to China Telecom, which would then launch 3G on the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China
would have all three main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009,
Ministry of industry and Information Technology of China awarded licenses of all three standards: TD-SCDMA
to China Mobile, W-CDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom. The launch of 3G occurred on
1 October 2009, to coincide with the 60th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China.

[edit]North Korea
North Korea has had a 3G network since 2008, which is called Koryolink, a joint venture between Egyptian
company Orascom Telecom Holding and the state-owned Korea Post and Telecommunications Corporation
(KPTC) is North Korea's only 3G Mobile operator, and one of only two mobile companies in the country.
According to Orascom quoted in BusinessWeek, the company had 125,661 subscribers in May 2010. The
Egyptian company owns 75 percent of Koryolink, and is known to invest in infrastructure for mobile technology
in developing nations. It covers Pyongyang, and five additional cities and eight highways and railways. Its only
competitor - SunNet, uses GSM technology and suffers from poor call quality and disconnections. [15] Phone
numbers on the network are prefixed with +850 (0)192.[16]

[edit]Africa

The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on the Vodacom network in
November 2004. The first commercial launch was by Emtel-ltd in Mauritius in 2004. In late March 2006, a 3G
service was provided by the new company Wana in [Link] East Africa (Tanzania) in 2007 a 3G service
was provided by Vodacom Tanzania.

[edit]India

In 2008, India entered into 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) in Bihar(Patna). BSNL is the first Mobile operator in India to launch 3G services.
After that (MTNL) launched 3G in Mumbai & Delhi. Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) has
already been provided with a 3G license and has been operating its services in 380 cities by the end of March
2010. Nation wide auction of 3G wireless spectrum in April 2010 was announced. The Auction was a great
success for Government Of India, as it collected triple the amount it was expecting. The estimation for both 3G
and BWA was around Rs 35,000/- Crore ($7.6 billion). Total revenue the Government collected was nearly Rs
1,06,000 Crore ($23 billion).[17] Private providers are expected to provide its 3G service from September 2010

[edit]Features

[edit]Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus
users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being
met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a
minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle," [18] the ITU
does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so
various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.

[edit]Security

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to
authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an
impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a
number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified. [19]

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application
frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

[edit]Applications

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously
available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

 Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be
watched.

 Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

 Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

 Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber.

 Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or
the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends..
[edit]Evolution

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an all-IP network
infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these specifications already display
features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth
requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are
classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted development of UMB in
favour of the LTE family.[5]
On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the
first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services." [20] With the launch of their LTE network, initially
they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

[edit]References

1. ^ Clint Smith, Daniel Collins. "3G Wireless Networks", page 136. 2000.
2. ^ ITU. "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". press
release. Retrieved 1 June 2009.

3. ^ ITU. "What really is a Third Generation (3G)(3G) Mobile Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2009.
4. ^ ITU-D Study Group 2. "Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for
developing countries (GST); Report on Question 18/2". Retrieved 1 June 2009.

5. ^ a b Qualcomm halts UMB project, Reuters, 13 November 2008

6. ^ a b 3GPP notes that “there currently existed many different names for the same system (eg FOMA, W-
CDMA, UMTS, etc)”; "Draft summary minutes, decisions and actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners

Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 October 2001" (PDF). p. 7.

7. ^ "The history of UMTS and 3G development".

8. ^ "World's first 3G launch on 1 October severely restricted ([Link])".
9. ^ "[Link]/3G grinds to a start".
10. ^ "DoCoMo Delays 3G Launch".
11. ^ "Plus 8 Star presentation, "Is 3G a Dog or a Demon – Hints from 7 years of 3G Hype in Asia"".
[Link]. 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2010-09-06.

12. ^ "T-Mobile 3G Network Expansion: List of U.S. Cities Going 3G in 2008".

13. ^ [Link]
14. ^ Kapica Jack (2006-11-02). "Rogers unveils new wireless network". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2010-
03-22.

15. ^ "Cell phone demand stays strong in North Korea". Business Week. 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
16. ^ Telephone numbers in North Korea
17. ^ TOI
18. ^ "Cellular Standards for the Third Generation". ITU. 1 December 2005.
19. ^ "Security for the Third Generation (3G) Mobile System". Network Systems & Security Technologies.
20. ^ "first in the world with 4G services". TeliaSonera. 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
[hide]
v • d • e
Mobile telephony standards
0G (radio telephones) MTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT · Autoradiopuhelin
1G AMPS familyAMPS · TACS · ETACS
 OtherNMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC
GSM/3GPP familyGSM · CSD
3GPP2 familyCdmaOne (IS-95)
2G
AMPS familyD-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
OtherCDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS
GSM/3GPP familyHSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS
2G transitional
3GPP2 familyCDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)
(2.5G, 2.75G)
OtherWiDEN
3GPP familyUMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP2 familyCDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
3GPP familyHSDPA · HSUPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)
3G transitional
3GPP2 familyEV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B
(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
OtherMobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20
3GPP familyLTE Advanced
4G (IMT-Advanced)
WiMAX familyIEEE 802.16m
5G unconfirmedunconfirmed
History · Cellular network theory · List of standards · Comparison of standards · Channel access methods · Spectral efficiency
Related articles
bands · Mobile broadband