TUGAS CONVERSATION

OLEH :

ALYA RIDHA

PUTRI SAADAH

GAZZA MAHARDIKA

MUHAMMAD IRFAN YUSUF

2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
The 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi began in late October 2010 when Mount
Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia began an increasingly violent series of
eruptions that continued into November. Seismic activity around
the volcano increased from mid-September onwards, culminating in repeated
outbursts of lava and ashes. Large eruption columns formed, causing
numerouspyroclastic flows down the heavily populated slopes of the volcano.
Merapi's eruption was said by authorities to be the largest since the 1870s.
Over 350,000 people were evacuated from the affected area. However, many
remained behind or returned to their homes while the eruptions were continuing.
353 people were killed during the eruptions,[2] many as a result of pyroclastic
flows. The ash plumes from the volcano also caused major disruption to aviation
across Java.
The mountain continued to erupt until 30 November 2010. On 3 December 2010
the official alert status was reduced to level 3, from level 4, as the eruptive
activity had subsided.

Volcanic eruptions
Recent background
The thermal signature of hot ash and rock and a glowing lava dome on Mount
Merapi.

In late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard
Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana
Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of
increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.
Observers at Babadan 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west and Kaliurang 8 kilometres
(5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September
2010. On 14 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising 800 metres
(2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March,
increased from background levels of 0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 0.3
millimetres (0.012 in) per day to a rate of 11 millimetres (0.43 in) per day on 16
September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and
the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from
Mount Merapi began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling
the likelihood of an imminent eruption.
On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount
Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move
to safer ground. People living within a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) zone were told to
evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people however the
number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said
about 500volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the
weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about a 1 kilometre
(3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity.

Casualties

Destroyed house in Cangkringan Village after the eruptions

On 26 October at least 18 people, including a two-month-old baby, were found

dead due to burns and respiratory failure caused by hot ashes from the
eruption. Thousands were evacuated within a radius of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)
around the slopes of the volcano.
By Wednesday 27 October the death toll had risen to at least 25. The death toll
included an elder, Mbah Maridjan (grandfather Marijan), known as the volcano's
spiritual gatekeeper, who was found dead at his home approximately 4
kilometres (2.5 mi) from the peak. TheYogyakarta Kraton subsequently
confirmed his death. The 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) exclusion zone remained in place
at the volcano with evacuation and ongoing search and rescue activities
continuing at the site in an attempt to locate further victims of the previous
day's eruptions.
Later reports revised the toll upward to 30 persons recorded at Yogyakarta's
Dr. Sardjito Hospital with 17 hospitalized, mostly with burns, respiratory
problems and other injuries. Earlier on 27 October two of the 28 bodies at the
hospital had been identified. Yuniawan Nugroho, an editor with the [Link]
news portal, was reported to have been killed while conducting reportage on the
night of Tuesday 26 October, the other was later identified as Indonesian Tutur
Priyanto, a 36-year man working for the Red Cross as a volunteer on the
mountain. Tutur Priyanto had been retrieving and escorting residents from the
slopes of the mountain. After making many trips he returned for a further
ascent at 15:00 to assist others to come off the mountain and died during one of
the subsequent eruptive events. The Indonesian National Disaster Mitigation
Agency stated at 10:00 on morning of 1 November that 38 people had been killed
and 69,533 evacuated since Merapi began erupting on 26 October. The victims
came from the district of Sleman, Yogyakarta, where 37 people (including 25
men and 12 women), and 1 baby died. Indonesia's vulcanology agency warned that
flights around Yogyakarta may be disrupted.
A village near Mount Merapi covered in ash from the volcanic eruption.

By the afternoon of 5 November the Indonesian National Disaster Management

Agency was reporting 122 deaths attributable to the Merapi eruptions, primarily
residents from Sleman, Daerah Istimewa, Yogyakarta. In the report made at
15:00 the additional victims who died on 5 November contributed as many as 64
people to the total, also mainly residents of Sleman, Yogyakarta (DIY). They
died due to exposure to heat clouds from Mount Merapi on Friday at 01:00 in
the morning. An additional 151 people were reported as injured and admitted to
four Yogyakarta hospitals. Dr Sardjito hospital had 78 people, Bethesda
Hospital had 6 people, Suradji Hospital 35 people, Tirtonegoro 7 people and
Sleman Hospital Panti Rapih 25 people. Most of the victims died in heat clouds at
approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the summit. Bronggang, 14.5 kilometres
(9.0 mi) from the crater, had been designated as a safe zone. Soldiers joined
the rescue operations there, pulling at least 78 bodies from homes and streets
blanketed by ash 30 centimetres (12 in) deep. People there had been killed when
hot ash clouds from the crater had travelled down the mountain in pyroclastic
flows at speeds of up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) per hour and engulfed their
[Link] were removed on stretchers many with clothes, blankets and
mattresses fused to their skin by the heat. Many of those killed on 5 November
were children from Argomulyo village, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the crater,
according to emergency response officials and witnesses. On 5 November full
emergency response operations were announced under the single command of
Syamsul Muarif, the head of the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster
Management (BNPB) in co-operation with the Governor of Yogyakarta, the
Governor of Central Java, the Commander of Diponegoro, IV, Central Java
Military Region, Central Java police chief and police chief (Polda-National Police-
DIY) of Yogyakarta.
On the morning of 6 November BNPB provided a victim report. At that time
there were 198,488 refugees, 218 people were injured, and 114 people had been
recorded as having died. All the victims came from the districts of Sleman,
Magelang, Klaten and Boyolaliin.
The JakartaGlobe reported on 8 November that that at least 135 people had
died on Merapi's slopes over the previous two weeks, and that authorities were
still struggling on Sunday to help those injured from Friday's massive
eruption. The bodies of four members of the Indonesian Disaster Response
Team were found on the slopes of Mount Merapi on Monday, 8 November. A
Search and Rescue (SAR) team discovered the bodies at 06:00 at the
Glagaharjo barracks. The building itself had been destroyed by a volcanic
mudflow according to the returning retrieval party. The team reported
recovering four bodies and seeing one further. Another body in Banjarsari
hamlet was found by anArmy Special Forces (Kopassus) team. However rescue
officials had to retreat as eruptive activity made their further presence on the
slopes too dangerous. A hot ash cloud from an eruption forced the SAR group to
leave the area carrying only one corpse while the three other bodies were left
behind. The Jakarta Globe, quoting the Antara news agency, reported the same
day that a total of six bodies of the missing Disaster Response Team members
were recovered from the village of Glagaharjo in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The
bodies of another two members of the response team, known as Tagana, were
yet to be found or recovered. The victims had been missing since Thursday and
were presumed dead.
On Monday 8 November Dr. Surono, Head of the Volcanology and Geological
Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) reminded volunteers and rescue workers that
eruptive activity was still high. Volunteers were reminded to be aware of the
mortal danger presented by the pyroclastic clouds and were encouraged to
concentrate on assisting the living at the refugee shelters rather than being
concerned about the evacuation of the dead from the mountain. It was made
clear by Dr. Surono that only Army Special Forces, specialised Search and
Rescue teams, and the Police should be involved in those highly dangerous
activities. Nine further victims died from the further eruptions of Mount
Merapi at Dr Sardjito hospital in Yogyakata on Monday 9 November bringing the
total number of deaths recorded there to 97, with 103 victims still being
treated at that hospital.
The death toll was reported to be over 153 by 9 November with at least
320,000 people reported to have been evacuated to emergency shelters. One
hospital recorded 12 more bodies brought to its morgue on 9 November,
including seven pulled from a destroyed village. Another five people who were
being treated for burns died.
The National Disaster Management Agency announced on 11 November that the
death toll since the first eruption on 26 October had climbed to 194, three-
quarters of those from searing heat blasts during the biggest eruptions and
included deaths from respiratory problems, heart attacks and other illnesses
related to the eruptions.
The number of people killed by the ongoing eruptions had risen to 275 by 18
November. The National Disaster Management Agency announced the death toll
had climbed after more than a dozen victims succumbed to their injuries, the
majority of those being from severe burns. Most of the 275 people were
reported as being killed by searing gas clouds and from respiratory
complications, burns and other illnesses related to the eruptions. Some victims
died in road and other accidents during the panicked exodus from the
mountain. By 22 November, the death toll had risen to 304 and by 24 November
the toll had risen to 324. Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster
Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number
of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the
volcano's slopes. By 3 December the toll had risen to 353.