CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1General

The observations of the various tests that were conducted such as compression tests, flexural
strength test and split tensile tests have been analyzed to the study the effect of cement
replacing materials on engineering behavior of different proportions of cement- fly ash-
GGBFS-silica fume mixtures. The results of the analyses are discussed in the subsequent
sections.

As mentioned earlier, in the present study four different combinations were investigated. In
each combination 8 trials were performed considering 5% increase in cement content and at
same time 2.5% decrease in fly ash, GGBFS and silica fume. Water cement ratio is
considered decreasing from 0.47 to [Link] the forth combination which contains of all the
three cement replacing materials reduction in replacing materials was done equally for three
materials. Depending upon the mix design proportion and literature review all the percentage
variation was decided. The specimens were cured for 7, 28, 40 and 90 days’s.

The quantity of each material such as sand, metal I and metal II were varied for each trial of
each combination. Also admixture quantity also varied considering water cement ratio for
each trial.

4.2Combination I – OPC+FLY ASH +GGBFS (OFG)

Compression Strength Test
Twelve identical cubes were casted for compression strength test in mould having size 150
×150 × 150 mm for each trial. The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28, 40 and
90 days. Thereafter, they were tested for compressive strength.

The values of compressive strength tests in respect of the first combination OFG-cement-fly
ash-GGBFS are given in Table 4.1.

49
 Table 4.1: The values of the compressive strengths for combination I-OFG
Compressive Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement Fly Ash GGBFS
7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’ 90 Days’
No ratio (%) (%) (%)
Curing Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 20.14 32.00 36.00 39.00
2 0.45 60 20 20 22.81 38.66 37.19 42.96
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 30.37 41.48 45.48 49.77
4 0.41 70 15 15 33.18 40.00 42.37 48.44
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 33.00 36.44 39.25 44.74
6 0.37 80 10 10 40.59 54.81 54.37 55.70
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 46.81 57.63 58.07 58.22
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 45.33 55.25 57.33 63.70

The effect of cement replacing material, water cement ratio, curing periods and that of
compaction factor in respect the various proportions are briefed further.
From the values of compressive strength obtained in case of 7, 28, 40 and 90 days curing as
mentioned in the afore-mentioned Tables, it is observed that the strength of concrete increases
with decreasing fly ash and GGBFS content and with increase in cement contents with
admixture. Also it is observed that strength increases as the curing period increases.

The performance evaluation of the various mixes in the context of cement contents, water
cement ratio, curing periods and that of cement replacing materials is discussed in the sub-
sequent sections.

4.2.1 Effect of cement contents

The values of compression strengths as observed for the combination I-OFG for varying
cement and cement replacing material contents, water cement ratio as against the 7, 28, 40
and 90 days curing are given in the Table 4.1.

The graphical representation of the variation in the values of the compression strengths with
respect to cement content is depicted in Figure 4.1.

50
 Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
70 7 Days Strength
60
28Days Strength
50
40 40 Days Strength
30
90 Days Strength
20
10
0
10 12 14 16 18 20
Cement Content(kg)

Figure 4.1: Variation in compressive strength with cement content

It is observed from the Figure 4.1 that compressive strength for the mixes of cement, fly ash
and GGBFS is found to increase with the addition of cement content. This is attributed to
increase in the availability of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement) for
pozzolanic reaction. Further, the rate of gain in the strength is found to be high for higher
cement contents as seen from Figure 4.1.

In respect of 7days’ curing, the value of compressive strength is found to be 20.15 N/mm2 for
the first trial for cement content 11.61 kg and it goes on increasing to 39 N/[Link] increase
in strength found to be 93% approximately. For 28 days’ curing period, the difference goes on
increasing with increase in cement contents. The compressive strength increases from 32
N/mm2 for first trial to 55.25 N/mm2 for the last trial.

The difference between the strength in respect of first trial and last trial when cured for 7
days’ is observed to be 125% for the increase in cement content from 11kg to 19 kg. For the
28, 40 and 90 days’ the difference between the strength in respect of first trial and last trial is
observed to be 73%, 59% and 63% respectively, so for all cases the value of strength with
respect to cement content is observed more for 7days’.

51
4.2.2 Effect of cement replacing material contents
Cement replacing materials such as fly ash and GGBFS is used for the combination [Link]
shown in Table 4.1, the content of fly ash and GGBFS are decreased from Trial No1 to Trial
No 8 in the same proportion. The graphical representation of the values mentioned in the
Table 4.1 as shown in the Figure 4.2.

70
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

60
50 7 Days Strength
40
28 Days Strength
30
40Days Strength
20
10 90 Days Strength

0
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
Fly Ash Content (kg)

Figure 4.2: Variation in compressive strength with fly ash content

For the combination I, as the percentage replacement of fly ash and GGBFS is same, the
graphical representation is same for both the materials. From Table 4.1, it is observed that out
of total cement content if 45% of cement is replaced by the fly ash and GGBFS for the first
trial, the strength is found increasing for 7, 28, 40 and 90 days’ curing. For 7days curing the
strength is observed as 20.14 N/mm2 which is found to increase by 59% for 28 days curing.
Again 28 days strength is increased by 12.5% for 40 days curing and is again increased by
8.33% for 90 days curing.

4.2.3 Effect of curing period

The effect of curing period on strength is shown in Table 4.1. The graphical representation is
as shown in Figure 4.3.

52
 70

Compressive Strength ( N/mm2)

60 Trial - 1
50 Trial -2
40 Trial - 3
Trial - 4
30
Trial - 5
20
Trial - 6
10 Trial - 7
0 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.3: Variation in compressive strength with curing period

It is observed from the Figure 4.3 that the compressive strength is found to increase with
increase in cement content and curing period. This is attributed to increase in the availability
of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement) for pozzolanic reaction. Further the rate
of gain is found to be high for higher curing periods.

For the first trial, 7 days’ strength is found to be 20.14 N/mm2 and 28 days’ strength is found
to be 32 N/mm2. Hence, there is increase in strength is observed from 7 days’ curing period to
28 days’ curing period. In the similar manner, there is increase in strength is observed from 40
days curing period to 90 days curing period.

4.2.4 Effect of water cement ratio

Water cement ratio is considered 0.47 for the first trial and is reduced up to 0.33 for last trial
as shown in Table 4.1. The graphical representation of the variation of water cement ratio
with strength is as shown in Figure 4.4.

53
 Compressive Strength in N/mm2
70
60 7 Days Strength
50 28 Days Strength
40
40 Days Strength
30
90 Days Strength
20
10
0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49

Figure 4.4: Variation in compressive strength with water cement ratio

The graphical representation illustrates the effect of water cement ratio on the compressive
strength. It indicates that with increase in water cement ratio, the compressive strength of
concrete mix is found to decrease in respect of all the periods of curing considered in the
present study for with plasticizers. Further, compressive strength of concrete is obtained on
higher side for the water cement ratio 0.33 in respect of all the curing periods.

4.2.5 Effect of compaction factor

Table 4.2: The values of the compressive strengths and compaction factor

Days T- 1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8

7 20.15 22.82 30.37 33.19 33.00 40.59 46.81 45.33
28 32.00 38.67 41.48 40.00 36.44 54.81 57.63 55.26
40 36.00 37.19 45.48 42.37 39.26 54.37 58.07 57.33
90 39.00 42.96 49.78 48.44 44.74 55.70 58.22 63.70
Compaction
0.98 0.98 0.97 0.93 0.895 0.88 0.895 0.87
Factor

From this table it is seen that for more values of compaction factor, the strength observed is
less and then it is found to increase with decrease in compaction factor values.

54
 70
Compressive Strength(N/mm2) 60
7 Days Strength
50
28 Days Strength
40
40 Days Strength
30
90 Days Strength
20

10
0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1
Compaction Factor

Figure 4.5: Variation in compressive strength with compaction factor

Figure 4.5 shows the effect of compaction factor for different periods of curing on
compressive strength of concrete. With increase in compaction factor, the compressive
strength of concrete is found to be on lower side for all curing periods such as 7, 28, 40 and
90 days.

4.3 Flexural strength test for beams

To determine the modulus of rupture of concrete beam, flexural test was performed on
concrete beams of size 100 × 100× 500 mm as per IS: 516 – [Link] identical beams
were casted for flexural strength test in mould having size100 × 100 × 500 mm for each trial.
The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28 and 40 days. Thereafter, they were
tested for flexural strength.

The values of flexural strength tests in respect of the first combination OFG-cement-fly ash-
GGBFS are given in Table 4.3.

55
 Table 4.3: The values of the flexural strengths for combination I-OFG
Flexural Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement Fly Ash GGBFS
No ratio (%) (%) (%) 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 7.6 6.8 8
2 0.45 60 20 20 7.2 7.6 8
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 8 6.4 7.6
4 0.41 70 15 15 8 7.6 7.2
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 7.6 7.2 8
6 0.37 80 10 10 8 7.2 8
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 9.2 7.6 8
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 9.2 8 6.4

From the values of the flexural strength it is observed that the flexural strength is more for 7
days’ curing than that of 28 and 40 days’ curing.
The graphical representation of the variation of flexural strength with curing periods is shown
in Figure.4.6.

Combination -I-OGF
10
Flexural strength (N/mm2)

9 Trial - 1
Trial - 2
8 Trial - 3
Trial - 4
7
Trial - 5
6 Trial - 6
Trial - 7
5 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42

Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.6: Variation in flexural strength with curing period

56
Figure 4.6 illustrates the graphical representation of flexural strength with curing periods. It is
observed that for Trial No. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 flexural strength is found to increase for 7 days’
curing. Further, for 28 days’ curing period, the strength is found to decrease and again
increased for 40 days’ curing period. For trial 4 and 8, the strength is observed decreasing
from 7 days’ curing period up to 40 days’ curing period.

4.4 Split Tensile Test for cylinders

The test is indirect test carried out to determine the Tensile strength of concrete .For the
testing of Tensile strength, the cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 300 mm length are used.
The tensile test is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete is
usually not expected to resist the direct tensions because of it is low tensile strength of
concrete determine the load at which concrete members is a tensile failure.

The values of split tensile strength tests in respect of the first combination OFG-cement-fly
ash-GGBFS are given in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: The values of the Split tensile strengths for combination I-OFG
Split tensile Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement Fly Ash GGBFS
7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%) (%)
Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 1.91 3.25 2.23
2 0.45 60 20 20 3.19 4.78 2.55
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 1.91 2.87 2.87
4 0.41 70 15 15 1.59 2.87 3.50
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 1.91 2.55 2.55
6 0.37 80 10 10 3.19 3.19 4.14
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 3.82 2.55 3.34
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 2.23 3.82 2.23

As concrete is weak in tension, the results obtained for the test are low. The maximum
strength observed is 4.78 N/mm2.

57
The graphical representation of tensile strength with curing period in respect of various mixes
having different cement contents, different fly ash and GGBFS contents is depicted in Figure
4.7.

5
Split Tensile Strength ( N/mm2)

Trial - 1
4 Trial - 2
Trial - 3
3 Trial - 4
Trial - 5
Trial - 6
2 Trial - 7
Trial - 8
1
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.7: Variation in split tensile strength with curing period

From the graphical representation, it is observed that tensile strength for the Trial No. 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 and 8 is found to be on lower side for 7 days’ curing periods. Again for 28 days’ curing
periods the strength is increased but again for 40 days’ curing periods the strength is found to
decrease. Afterwards strength for third, fourth and fifth trial it remains almost same and then
again for seventh and eighth trial it shows variation in results. For Trial No. 6 and 7, the
strength is observed more during initial curing periods and again it is decreased for 28 days’
curing periods and further again it is found to increase for 40 days’ curing period.

4.5 Combination II – OPC+ SILICA FUME + FLY ASH (OSF)

Compression Strength Test
Twelve identical cubes were casted for compression strength test in mould having size 150 ×
150 × 150 mm for each trial. The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28, 40 and
90 days.

58
Thereafter, they were tested for compressive strength. The values of compressive strength
tests in respect of the second combination OSF-cement-silica fume-fly ash are given in Table
4.5.

Table 4.5: The values of the compressive strengths for combination II-OSF
Silica Fly Compressive Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement
Fume Ash 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’ 90 Days’
No ratio (%)
(%) (%) Curing Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 24.81 33.92 38.07 45.77
2 0.45 60 20 20 31.85 38.37 37.33 45.33
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 34.81 35.26 47.55 46.96
4 0.41 70 15 15 30.96 42.51 44.88 46.22
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 37.18 51.70 53.48 54.88
6 0.37 80 10 10 48.14 62.81 61.77 56.22
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 47.11 55.25 59.85 59.55
8 0.33 90 5 5 53.92 57.48 55.70 50.22

The effect of cement replacing material, water cement ratio, curing periods and that of
compaction factor in respect the various proportions are briefed further.
From the values of compressive strength obtained in case of 7, 28, 40 and 90 days curing as
mentioned in the afore-mentioned Tables, it is observed that the strength of concrete increases
with decreasing fly ash and GGBFS content and with increase in cement contents with
admixture. Also it is observed that strength increases with as the curing period increases.

The performance evaluation of the various mixes in the context of cement contents, water
cement ratio, curing periods and that of cement replacing materials is discussed in the sub-
sequent sections.

4.5.1 Effect of cement contents

The values of compression strengths as observed for the combination II-OSF for varying
cement and cement replacing material contents, water cement ratio as against the 7, 28, 40
and 90 days curing are given in the Table 4.5. Here, the strengths observed are higher side

59
than that of OFG combination in respect of all curing periods. It indicates that silica fume
gives more strength than that of GGBFS.

The graphical representation of the variation in the values of the compression strengths with
respect to cement content is depicted in Figure 4.8.

70
60
50
7 Days Strength
40
28 Days Strength
30
40 Days Strength
20
90 Days Strength
10
10 12 14 16 18 20
Cement content (kg)

Figure 4.8: Variation in compressive strength with cement content

It is observed from Figure 4.8 that the compressive strength for the mixes of cement, silica
fume and fly ash is found to increase with the addition of cement content. This is attributed to
increase in the availability of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement) for
pozzolanic reaction. Further the rate of gain in the strength is found to be high for higher
cement contents as seen from Figure 4.8.

In respect of 7days’ curing, the value of compressive strength is found to be 24.81 N/mm2 for
the first trial for cement content 11.61 kg and it found to increase to 53.92 N/[Link]
increase in strength found to be 117% approximately. The compressive strength is found to
increase successively up to trial eight.

For 28 days’ curing period, the difference goes on increasing with increase in cement
contents. The compressive strength increases from 33.92 N/mm2 for first trial to 57.48 N/mm2

60
for the last trial. The difference between the strength in respect of first trial and last trial when
cured for 7 days’ is observed to be 117 % for the increase in cement content from 11kg to 19
kg. For the 28, 40 and 90 days the difference between the strength in respect of first trial and
last trial is observed to be 73%, 59% and 63% respectively, so for all cases the value of
strength with respect to cement content is observed more for 7days’.

4.5.2 Effect of cement replacing material contents

Cement replacing materials such as fly ash and silica fume is used for the II combination-
[Link] shown in Table 4.5, the content of fly ash and silica fume are decreased from Trial
No. 1 to Trial No. 8 in the same proportion. The graphical representation of the values
mentioned in the Table 4.5 as shown in the Figure 4.9.

70
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

60

50
7 Days Strength
40 28 Days Strength
30 40 Days Strength
20 90 Days Strength

10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Silica Fume content (kg)

Figure 4.9: Variation in compressive strength with silica fume content

For the combination II, as the percentage replacement of silica fume and fly ash is same, the
graphical representation is same for both the materials. From Table 4.5, it is observed that out
of total cement content if 45% of cement is replaced by the fly ash and silica fume for the first
trial, the strength is found increasing for 7, 28, 40 and 90 days’ curing. For 7days’ curing the
strength is observed as 24.81 N/mm2 which is found to increase by 37 % for 28 days’ curing.
Again 28 days’ strength is increased by 12.3% for 40 days’ curing and is again increased by
20% for 90 days’ curing.

61
4.5.3 Effect of curing period
The effect of curing period on strength is shown in Table 4.5. The graphical representation is
as shown in Figure 4.10.

Combination -II OSF

70
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

60 Trial - 1

50 Trial - 2
Trial - 3
40
Trial - 4
30 Trial - 5
Trial - 6
20
Trial - 7
10 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Curing
Silica FumePeriod in (kg)
content Days

Figure 4.10: Variation in compressive strength with curing period

From the Figure 4.10 it is observed that the compressive strength is found to increase with
increase in cement content and curing period. This is attributed to increase in the availability
of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement) for pozzolanic reaction. Further the rate
of gain is found to be high for higher curing periods.

For the first trial, 7 days’ strength is found to be 24.81 N/mm2 and 28 days’ strength is found
to be 33.92 N/mm2. So there is increase in strength is observed from 7 days’ curing period to
28 days’ curing period. In the similar manner, there is increase in strength is observed from 40
days’ curing period to 90 days’ curing period.

62
4.5.4 Effect of water cement ratio
Water cement ratio is considered 0.47 for the first trial and is reduced up to 0.33 for last trial
as shown in Table [Link] graphical representation of the variation of water cement ratio with
strength is as shown in Figure 4.11.

70
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

60

50 7 Days Strength

40 28 Days
Strength
30
40 Days
20 Strength

10
0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49
Water cement ratio

Figure 4.11: Variation in compressive strength with water cement ratio

The above – mentioned graphical representation illustrates the effect of water - cement ratio
on the compressive strength. It indicates that with increase in water cement ratio, the
compressive strength of concrete mix is found to decrease in respect of all the periods of
curing considered in the present study for with plasticizers. Further, the compressive strength
of concrete is obtained on higher side for the water cement ratio 0.33 in respect of all the
curing periods.

63
4.5.5 Effect of compaction factor
Table 4.6: The values of the compressive strengths and compaction factor

Days Trial- 1 Trial -2 Trial -3 Trial -4 Trial -5 Trial -6 Trial -7 Trial -8

7 24.81 31.85 34.81 30.96 37.19 48.15 47.11 53.93
28 33.93 38.37 35.26 42.52 51.70 62.81 55.26 57.48
40 38.07 37.33 47.56 44.89 53.48 61.78 59.85 55.70
90 45.78 45.33 46.96 46.22 54.89 56.22 59.56 50.22
Comp.
0.92 0.91 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.84
Factor

From Table 4.6 it is seen that for more values of compaction factor, the strength observed is
less and then, it is found to increase with decrease in compaction factor values.

65
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

60
55
50
45
7 Days Strength
40
35 28 DaysStrength
30 40 Days Strength
25 90 Days Strength
20
0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93

Compaction Factor

Figure 4.12: Variation in compressive strength with compaction factor

Figure 4.12 shows the effect of compaction factor for different periods of curing on
compressive strength of concrete. With increase in compaction factor, the compressive
strength of concrete is found to be lower side for all curing periods such as 7, 28, 40 and 90
days.

64
4.6 Flexural strength test for beams
To determine the modulus of rupture of concrete beam, flexural test was performed on
concrete beams of size 100 × 100× 500 mm as per IS: 516 – [Link] identical beams
were casted for flexural strength test in mould having size100 ×100×500 mm for each trial.
The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28 and 40 days. Thereafter, they were
tested for flexural strength

The values of flexural strength tests in respect of the first combination OSF-cement- silica
fume-fly ash are given in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7: The values of the flexural strengths for combination II-OSF

Silica Flexural Strength in N/mm2

Trial w/c Cement Fly Ash
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 6.8 5.6 6
2 0.45 60 20 20 5.2 5.2 7.2
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 7.2 8 6.4
4 0.41 70 15 15 7.2 7.6 8
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 8 7.2 8.8
6 0.37 80 10 10 8.8 7.2 7.2
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 8.4 9.2 8.8
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 7.6 8 8.8

The values of flexural strength for combination II i.e. for OSF are more than that observed in
combination I. Flexural strength is found to increase for all periods of curing.

The graphical representation of flexural strength is shown in Figure 4.13.

65
 Combination -II-OSF
10
Flexural strength (N/mm2) Trial -1
Trial -2
8
Trial -3
Trial -4
6 Trial -5
Trial -6

4 Trial -7
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 Trial -8

Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.13: Variation of flexural strength with curing period

From the graphical representation, it is observed that for the Trial No. 2, 4 and 8, the flexural
strength is on higher side for 7 days’ curing periods again it is found to increase for 28 and 40
days curing period. For other trials, the strength is found to be on higher side for 7 days’
curing periods and then it is decreased for 28 days’ curing periods. Again the strength is found
to be more for 40 days’ curing periods.

4.7 Split Tensile Test for cylinders

The test is indirect test carried out to determine the Tensile strength of concrete .For the
testing of Tensile strength, the cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 300 mm length are used.
The tensile test is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete is
usually not expected to resist the direct tensions because of it is low tensile strength of
concrete determine the load at which concrete members is a tensile failure.

The values of split tensile strength tests in respect of the second combination OSF-cement-
silica fume-fly ash are given in Table 4.8.

66
 Table 4.8: The values of the Split tensile strengths for combination II-OSF
Split tensile Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement Fly Ash GGBFS
7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%) (%)
Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 1.59 2.07 2.23
2 0.45 60 20 20 2.55 2.23 3.03
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 2.87 3.19 3.34
4 0.41 70 15 15 3.19 3.19 3.50
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 3.19 2.23 3.03
6 0.37 80 10 10 3.82 2.87 3.50
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 3.82 4.30 4.62
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 5.73 4.14 2.55

The graphical representation of flexural strength is shown in Figure 4.14.

7
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

6
Trial - 1
5 Trial - 2
4 Trial - 3
3 Trial - 4
Trial - 5
2
Trial - 6
1
Trial - 7
0 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42

Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.14: Variation of split tensile strength with curing period

From the graphical representation it is observed that the strength is found to increase from 7
days’ curing period to 28 days’ curing period and 40 days’ curing period. Only for Trial No.

67
8, the strength is observed to be decreasing from 7 days curing periods up to 40 days curing
periods.

4.8 Combination III – OPC+SILICAFUME+GGBFS (OSG)

Compression Strength Test
Twelve identical cubes were casted for compression strength test in mould having size 150 ×
150 × 150 mm for each trial. The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28, 40 and
90 days. Thereafter, they were tested for compressive strength.

The values of compressive strength tests in respect of the third combination OSG-cement-
silica fume-GGBFS are given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9 : The values of the compressive strengths for combination III-OSG
Silica Compressive Strength in N/mm2
Trial w/c Cement GGBFS
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’ 90 Days’
No ratio (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 26.96 31.25 42.81 42.67
2 0.45 60 20 20 32.14 41.77 43.85 49.77
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 33.77 50.22 56.59 52.74
4 0.41 70 15 15 31.70 41.18 42.96 50.074
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 40.14 46.37 57.03 56.00
6 0.37 80 10 10 39.11 51.40 54.96 59.111
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 51.25 62.37 67.25 59.33
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 50.37 66.37 64.00 54.00

The effect of cement replacing material, water-cement ratio, curing periods and that of
compaction factor in respect the various proportions are briefed further.

From the values of compressive strength obtained in case of 7, 28, 40 and 90 days curing as
mentioned in the afore-mentioned Tables, it is observed that the strength of concrete increases
with decreasing silica fume and GGBFS content and with increase in cement contents with
admixture.

68
Also, it is observed that strength increases with as the curing period increases; but there is
slight variation in the increasing strength is observed. For 7 days’ curing, strength increases
up to third trial then again it decreases and again increases with slight variation. For 40 days’
curing, less strength is observed for fourth and sixth trial. The performance evaluation of the
various mixes in the context of cement contents, water cement ratio, curing periods and that of
cement replacing materials is discussed in the sub-sequent sections.

4.8.1 Effect of cement contents

The values of compression strengths as observed for the combination III-OSG for varying
cement and cement replacing material contents, water cement ratio as against the 7, 28, 40
and 90 days curing are given in the Table 4.9.

The graphical representation of the variation in the values of the compression strengths with
respect to cement content is depicted in Figure 4.15.

70
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

65
60
55
7 Days Strength
50
45 28 Days Strength
40 40 Days Strength
35
30 90 Days Strength
25
20
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Cement Content (kg)

Figure 4.15: Variation in compressive strength with cement content

69
It is observed from the Figure 4.15 that the compressive strength for the mixes of cement,
silica fume and GGBFS is found to increase with the addition of cement content. This is
attributed to increase in the availability of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement)
for pozzolanic reaction. Further, the rate of gain in the strength is found to be high for higher
cement contents as seen from Figure 4.15.

4.8.2 Effect of cement replacing material contents

Cement replacing materials such as fly ash and GGBFS is used for the I [Link]
shown in Table 4.9, the content of fly ash and GGBFS are decreased from Trial No. 1 to Trial
No. 8 in the same proportion. The graphical representation of the values mentioned in the
Table 4.9 as shown in the Figure 4.16.

70
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

65
60
55
50 7 Days Strength
45
28 Days Strength
40
35 40 Days Strength
30
90 Days Strength
25
20
0 1 2 3 4 5
Silica Fume content(kg)

Figure 4.16: Variation in compressive strength with silica fume content

For the combination III, as the percentage replacement of silica fume and GGBFS is same, the
graphical representation is same for both the materials. From Table 4.9, it is observed that out
of total cement content if 45% of cement is replaced by the silica fume and GGBFS for the
first trial, the strength is found increasing for 7, 28, 40 and 90 days’ curing. The increase in
the strength is observed more for 7 days’ and 28 days’.

70
4.8.3 Effect of curing period
The effect of curing period on strength is shown in Table 4.9. The graphical representation is
as shown in Figure 4.17.

Combination -III-OSG
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

80 Trial - 1
70 Trial - 2
60 Trial - 3
50 Trial - 4
40 Trial - 5
30 Trial- 6
20 Trial - 7
10 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.17: Variation in compressive strength with curing period

It is observed from the Figure 4.17 that the compressive strength is found to increase with
increase in cement content and curing period. This is attributed to increase in the availability
of alkali (which is by-product of hydration of cement) for pozzolanic reaction. Further the rate
of gain is found to be high for higher curing periods.

The graphical representation illustrates that strength is found to increase with increasing
curing periods.

71
4.8.4 Effect of water cement ratio
Water cement ratio is considered 0.47 for the first trial and is reduced up to 0.33 for last trial
as shown in Table 4.9. The graphical representation of the variation of water-cement ratio
with strength is as shown in Figure 4.18.

80
Compressive Strength ( N/mm2)

70 7 Days Strength
60
50 28 Days Strength

40 40 Days Strength
30
20 90 Days Strength

10
0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49
Water cement ratio

Figure 4.18: Variation in compressive strength with water cement ratio

The graphical representation illustrates the effect of water cement ratio on the compressive
strength. It indicates that with increase in water-cement ratio, the compressive strength of
concrete mix is found to decrease in respect of all the periods of curing considered in the
present study for with plasticizers. Further, compressive strength of concrete is obtained on
higher side for the water cement ratio 0.33 in respect of all the curing periods.

72
4.8.5 Effect of compaction factor
Table 4.10: The values of the compressive strengths and compaction factor

Days Trial- 1 Trial -2 Trial -3 Trial -4 Trial -5 Trial -6 Trial -7 Trial -8

7 26.96 32.15 33.78 31.70 40.15 39.11 51.26 50.37
28 31.26 41.78 50.22 41.19 46.37 51.41 62.37 66.37
40 42.81 43.85 56.59 42.96 57.04 54.96 67.26 64.00
90 42.67 49.78 52.74 50.07 56.00 59.11 59.33 54.00
Comp.
0.97 0.87 0.87 0.82 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.84
Factor

From this table it is seen that for more values of compaction factor, the strength observed is
less and then, it is found to increase with decrease in compaction factor values.

75
Compressive Strength ( N/mm2)

65
55 7 Days Strength
45 28 Days Strength
35
40 Days Strength
25
90 Days Strength
15
5
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98
Compaction Factor

Figure 4.19: Variation in compressive strength with compaction factor

Figure 4.19 shows the effect of compaction factor for different periods of curing on
compressive strength of concrete. For the Trial No 4 ,for all curing periods the strength is
found to be less compared to other trials. Also the compaction factor value is also observed to
be less.

73
4.9 Flexural strength test for beams
To determine the modulus of rupture of concrete beam, flexural test was performed on
concrete beams of size 100 × 100 × 500 mm as per IS: 516 – [Link] identical beams were
casted for flexural strength test in mould having size 100 × 100 × 500 mm for each trial. The
cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28 and 40 days. Thereafter, they were tested
for flexural strength.

The values of flexural strength tests in respect of the first combination OSG-cement- silica
fume-GGBFS are given in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11: The values of the flexural strengths for combination III-OSG

Silica Flexural Strength in N/mm2

Trial w/c Cement GGBFS
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 7.2 6.4 8.4
2 0.45 60 20 20 6.8 6.4 8
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 8.8 8.8 9.6
4 0.41 70 15 15 7.2 6 9.2
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 8 6 8.4
6 0.37 80 10 10 7.2 9.6 8.8
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 9.2 9.6 10.4
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 8.8 9.6 10.4

The values of flexural strength for combination III i.e. for OSG are more than that observed in
combination I and II. Flexural strength is found to give more results for 40 days periods of
curing. Here the strength is value obtained up to 10.4 N/mm2.

The graphical representation of flexural strength is shown in Figure 4.20.

74
 Combination -III-OSG

12 Trial - 1
Flexural Strength(N/mm2) Trial - 2
10 Trial - 3
Trial - 4
8 Trial - 5
Trial - 6
6 Trial - 7
Trial - 8
4
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.20: Variation of flexural strength with curing period

From graphical representation it is observed that flexural strength is more during 7 days’
curing periods and again it showed decreasing nature for 28 days’ curing periods and again it
is increased for 40 days’ curing periods except for Trial No. 6.

4.10 Split Tensile Test for cylinders

The test is indirect test carried out to determine the Tensile strength of concrete. For the
testing of Tensile strength, the cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 300 mm length are used.
The tensile test is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete is
usually not expected to resist the direct tensions because of it is low tensile strength of
concrete determine the load at which concrete members is a tensile failure.

The values of split tensile strength tests in respect of the third combination OSG-cement-
silica fume-GGBFS are given in Table 4.12.

75
 Table 4.12: The values of the Split tensile strengths for combination III-OSG

Silica Split tensile Strength in N/mm2

Trial w/c Cement GGBFS
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 22.5 22.5 0.96 2.23 2.55
2 0.45 60 20 20 2.87 2.55 2.87
3 0.43 65 17.5 17.5 2.23 3.98 4.30
4 0.41 70 15 15 2.55 3.98 2.55
5 0.39 75 12.5 12.5 1.27 3.50 3.50
6 0.37 80 10 10 4.14 3.03 2.55
7 0.35 85 7.5 7.5 2.87 3.34 4.14
8 0.33 90 5.0 5.0 3.82 4.78 5.10

For first trial, for 45% addition of silica fume and GGBFS and at the same time 55% addition
of cement, 7 days’ strength is observed less. But it is found to increase for 28 days’ and 40
days’ curing periods. For last trial, for 10% addition of silica fume and GGBFS and at the
same time 90% addition of cement, strength is observed on higher side for 40 days’ curing
periods.
The graphical representation of split tensile strength is shown in Figure 4.21.
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

6
Trial - 1
5
Trial - 2
4 Trial - 3
3 Trial - 4
2
Trial - 5
Trial - 6
1
Trial - 7
0 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.21: Variation of split tensile strength with curing period

76
It is observed from the Figure 4.21 that tensile strength is less during 7 days’ curing periods
and it shows slight increase in strength for 28 days’ curing compared to 7 days’ curing. Again
it is observed that strength increases for 40 days’ curing. So the rate of gain of strength is
higher for at higher curing periods. For Trial No. 1, 3, 4, 5,7 and 8 the strength increases with
increase in curing periods whereas it is observed to be decreasing for Trial No.2 and 6.

4.11 Combination IV – OPC+SILICAFUME+GGBFS+FLY ASH (OSGF)

Compression Strength Test
Twelve identical cubes were casted for compression strength test in mould having size 150
×150 × 150 mm for each trial. The cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28, 40 and
90 days. Thereafter, they were tested for compressive strength.

The values of compressive strength tests in respect of the fourth combination OSGF-cement-
silica fume-GGBFS-fly ash are given in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: The values of the compressive strengths for combination IV-OSGF
Compressive Strength in N/mm2
Silica Fly
Trial w/c Cement GGBFS
Fume Ash
No ratio (%) (%) 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’ 90 Days’
(%) (%)
Curing Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 15 15 15 22.07 37.93 40.89 50.22
2 0.45 60 13.34 13.34 13.34 27.26 39.56 44.44 47.11
3 0.43 65 11.67 11.67 11.67 30.07 51.41 42.07 43.26
4 0.41 70 10 10 10 36.74 55.26 48.89 55.70
5 0.39 75 8.34 8.34 8.34 36.89 57.33 55.56 42.00
6 0.37 80 6.67 6.67 6.67 43.26 48.74 61.33 60.67
7 0.35 85 5 5 5 43.56 50.07 52.44 60.89
8 0.33 90 3.34 3.34 3.34 52.44 46.52 53.93 61.56

The fourth combination comprises of all three cement replacing materials with cement. From
the Table 4.13 it is observed that the strength increases with the curing period. The effect of

77
cement replacing material, water-cement ratio, curing periods and that of compaction factor in
respect the various proportions are briefed further.

From the values of compressive strength obtained in case of 7, 28, 40 and 90 days curing as
mentioned in the afore-mentioned Table, it is observed that the strength of concrete increases
with decreasing silica fume, GGBFS and fly ash content and with increase in cement contents
with less quantity of admixture. Also it is observed that strength increases as the curing period
[Link] performance evaluation of the various mixes in the context of cement contents,
water cement ratio, curing periods and that of cement replacing materials is discussed in the
sub-sequent sections.

4.11.1 Effect of cement contents

The values of compression strengths as observed for the combination IV-OSGF for varying
cement and cement replacing material contents, water cement ratio as against the 7, 28, 40
and 90 days curing are given in the Table 4.13.

The graphical representation of the variation in the values of the compression strengths with
respect to cement content is depicted in Figure 4.22.
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Combination IV- OSGF

70
60 7 Days Strength
50
28 Days Strength
40
40 Days Strength
30
20 90 Days Strength
10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Cement Content(kg)

Figure 4.22: Variation in compressive strength with cement content

78
From graphical representation it is observed that as the cement content goes on increasing
compressive strength values also observed on higher side. The strength is found to increase
from first trial up to last trial.

4.11.2 Effect of cement replacing material contents

Cement replacing materials such as fly ash, GGBFS and silica fume is used for the IV
[Link] shown in Table 4.13, the content of fly ash, GGBFS and silica fume
are decreased from trial 1 to trial 8 in the same proportion. The graphical representation of the
values mentioned in the Table 4.13 as shown in the Figure 4.23.

Combination IV- OSGF

70
60 7 Days Strength
50
28 Days Strength
40
30 40 Days Strength

20 90 Days Strength
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

GGBFS Content (kg)

Figure 4.23: Variation in compressive strength with GGBFS content

For the combination IV, as the percentage replacement of fly ash, GGBFS and silica fume is
same; the graphical representation is same for both the materials. From Table 4.13, it is
observed that out of total cement content, if 45% of cement is replaced by the fly ash, GGBFS
and silica fume for the first trial, the strength is found increasing for 7, 28, 40 and 90 days
curing. For 7 days’ curing the strength is observed as 22.07 N/mm2 which is found 37.93
N/mm2 for 28 days’ curing. Similarly increase in strength is observed for 40 and 90 days
curing.

79
4.11.3 Effect of curing period
The effect of curing period on strength is shown in Table 4.13. The graphical representation is
as shown in Figure 4.24.

Combination -IV-OSGF
70
60 Trial - 1

50 Trial - 2
Trial - 3
40
Trial - 4
30 Trial - 5
20 Trial - 6
10 Trial - 7
0 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.24: Variation in compressive strength with curing period

It is observed from the Figure 4.24 that the compressive strength is found to increase with
increase in cement content and curing period. Further the rate of gain is found to be high for
higher curing periods.

For the first trial, 7 days’ strength is found to be 22.07 N/mm2 and 28 days’ strength is found
to be 37.93 N/mm2. Thereafter, there is an increase in strength is observed from 7 days’
curing period to 28 days’ curing period. In the similar manner, there is increase in strength is
observed from 40 days curing period to 90 days curing period.

80
4.11.4 Effect of water -cement ratio
Water - cement ratio is considered 0.47 for the first trial and is reduced up to 0.33 for last trial
as shown in Table 4.13. The graphical representation of the variation of water cement ratio
with strength is as shown in Figure 4.25.

Combination IV-OSGF
70 7 Days Strength
60
28 Days Strength
50
40 40 Days Strength
30
90 Days Strength
20
10
0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49
Water -Cement Ratio

Figure 4.25: Variation in compressive strength with water cement ratio

The graphical representation illustrates the effect of water cement ratio on the compressive
strength. It indicates that with increase in water cement ratio, the compressive strength of
concrete mix is found to decrease in respect of all the periods of curing considered in the
present study for with plasticizers. Further, compressive strength of concrete is obtained on
higher side for the water cement ratio 0.33 in respect of all the curing periods.

81
4.11.5 Effect of compaction factor
Table 4.14: The values of the compressive strengths and compaction factor

Days T- 1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8

7 22.07 27.26 30.07 36.74 36.89 43.26 43.56 52.44
28 37.93 39.56 51.41 55.26 57.33 48.74 50.07 46.52
40 40.89 44.44 42.07 48.89 55.56 61.33 52.44 53.93
90 50.22 47.11 43.26 55.70 42.00 60.67 60.89 61.56
Compaction
0.98 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.96
Factor

From this table it is seen that for more values of compaction factor, the strength observed is
less and then it is found to increase with decrease in compaction factor values.

70 Combination IV-OSGF

60 7 Days Strength
50 28 Days Strength
40
40 Days Strength
30
20 90 Days Strength
10
0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99

Figure 4.26: Variation in compressive strength with compaction factor

Figure shows the effect of compaction factor for different periods of curing on compressive
strength of concrete. With increase in compaction factor, the compressive strength of concrete
is found to be lower side for all curing periods such as 7, 28, 40 and 90 days.

82
4.12 Flexural strength test for beams
To determine the modulus of rupture of concrete beam, flexural test was performed on
concrete beams of size 100 × 100 × 500 mm as per IS: 516 – [Link] identical beams were
casted for flexural strength test in mould having size100 × 100 × 500 mm for each trial. The
cubes were kept in tank for curing period of 7, 28 and 40 days. Thereafter, they were tested
for flexural strength.

The values of flexural strength tests in respect of the first combination OSGF-cement-silica
fume -GGBFS -fly ash are given in Table 4.15

Table 4.15: The values of the flexural strengths for combination IV-OSGF

Silica Flexural Strength in N/mm2

Trial w/c Cement GGBFS Fly Ash
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 15 15 15 5.6 6.4 8.4
2 0.45 60 13.34 13.34 13.34 5.2 8 8
3 0.43 65 11.67 11.67 11.67 5.2 6.8 8.8
4 0.41 70 10 10 10 5.6 8.8 8.4
5 0.39 75 8.34 8.34 8.34 5.6 7.6 7.6
6 0.37 80 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.4 10 8.8
7 0.35 85 5 5 5 7.2 10 9.6
8 0.33 90 3.34 3.34 3.34 8 11.2 9.6

From the values of the flexural strength, it is observed that the flexural strength is more for 28
days’ curing than that of 7 and 40 days’ curing. Also it is observed that for 80, 85 and 90%
increase in cement content, strength is found to decrease for 40 days curing periods.

The graphical representation of flexural strength is shown in Figure 4.27.

83
 Combination -IV-OSGF
12
Flexural Strength (N/mm2) Trial -1
10 Trial - 2
Trial - 3
8 Trial - 4
Trial - 5
6 Trial - 6
Trial - 7
4 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42

Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.27: Variation in flexural strength with curing period

The graphical representation illustrates that during the initial curing periods the strength is
found to increase but rate of increase slow down for 40 days’ curing periods. For Trial No. 2,
4,5,6,7 and 8 the flexural strength is found to be increasing for 7 days’ and 28 days’ curing
periods. Thereafter, for the curing period of 40 days’, strength is found to decrease. For Trial
No. 1 and 3, the strength is observed to be increasing form 7 days’ up to 40 days’.

4.13 Split Tensile Test for cylinders

The test is indirect test carried out to determine the Tensile strength of concrete .For the
testing of Tensile strength, the cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 300 mm length are used.
The tensile test is one of the basic and important properties of the concrete. The concrete is
usually not expected to resist the direct tensions because of it is low tensile strength of
concrete determine the load at which concrete members is a tensile failure.

The values of split tensile strength tests in respect of the first combination OSGF -cement-
silica fume -GGBFS -fly ash are given in Table 4.16.

84
 Table 4.16: The values of the Split tensile strengths for combination IV-OSGF

Silica Split tensile Strength in N/mm2

Trial w/c Cement GGBFS Fly Ash
Fume 7 Days’ 28 Days’ 40 Days’
No ratio (%) (%) (%)
(%) Curing Curing Curing
1 0.47 55 15 15 15 1.59 2.39 3.50
2 0.45 60 13.34 13.34 13.34 2.23 3.03 4.46
3 0.43 65 11.67 11.67 11.67 2.55 2.87 2.87
4 0.41 70 10 10 10 2.23 3.19 2.07
5 0.39 75 8.34 8.34 8.34 1.91 3.19 3.82
6 0.37 80 6.67 6.67 6.67 3.03 3.50 4.14
7 0.35 85 5 5 5 2.39 3.82 4.14
8 0.33 90 3.34 3.34 3.34 3.03 4.78 4.78

As concrete is weak in tension, the results obtained for the test are low. The maximum
strength observed is 4.78 N/mm2.

Combination IV- OSGF

Split Tensile Strength ( N/mm2)

5 Trial - 1
Trial - 2
4
Trial - 3
3 Trial - 4

2 Trial - 5
Trial - 6
1 Trial - 7
0 Trial - 8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42

Curing Period in Days

Figure 4.28: Variation in split tensile strength with curing period

From the graphical representation, the split tensile strength it is observed to be increasing
form 7 days’ up to 28 days’ for Trial No. 3,4,7 and 8 and again it is found to be decreasing to

85
40 days’ curing periods. So it concludes that more curing period does not increase the strength
of concrete.

4.14 Closure
Following details of materials used in the experimental investigation as well as detailing of
the experimental programme and subsequent description of the procedures of the various tests
involved in the experimental programme along with the results of the various tests are
discussed in this chapter.

86