BY-
ANIKET D LAVAND
CLASS XII Sci.
ROLL NO - 4
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby to certify that, the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried out
to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has
been completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactorily by Aniket Dhanaji Lavand of Class
XII-Science, Kendriya Vidyalaya Ganeshkhind ,
regarding his project titled
“Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of
Cigarettes”
External’s Signature Teacher’s signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my
sincere thanks to My Chemistry Teacher Mr. C.P
Prashant in providing a helping hand in this
project. Their valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through this project titled
“Extraction of nicotine sulphate from samples of
cigarettes”,
are responsible for attaining its present form.
CONTENTS
Apparatus Required
Chemicals and other materials
required
Procedure
Observation
Result
Conclusion
Tobacco
Nicotine
APPARATUS REQUIRED
250 ml Beaker
Filter Paper
Separating funnel
China Dish
Physical Balance
Glass Rod
CHEMICALS AND OTHER
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
Kerosene as solvent
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
Cigarettes
Collect different samples of cigarettes.
Remove the covers and collect the contents
of the cigarettes on separate pieces of
papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample
using a physical balance and label them.
Place them in a dry place.
Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide
solution taken in 100ml beakers. Stir them
with the help of a glass rod.
Filter the different solutions after the
Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect them
separately in separating funnels.
Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each
separating funnel. Before pouring, ensure
that the valve is closed.
After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously
in order to mix the two liquids and leave it
for two days without disturbing. Two layers
– one heavy layer in the bottom and the
second lighter layer in the top separates
out.
Open the valve of the funnel and let the
heavy layer out through the open valve. The
lighter layer remains in the separating
funnel.
Add half a test tube of concentrated
Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel.
Again shake it vigorously in order to mix
them and leave it for some time.
Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark
drown) layer at the bottom and another
lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.
Open the valve of the separating funnel
and collect the heavier layer in a test tube.
Now transfer the contents into a china dish.
Repeat the same procedure for the
different samples and label them after the
name of the cigarettes from which they have
been obtained.
Heat the crystals in liquid form and
ultimately subject them to cold water and
leave them for a day or two.
Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the
help of a physical balance.
RESULT
The analysis showed
Gold flake contains 0.17g nicotine
Marlboro advance contains 0.16g nicotine
Marlboro light contains 0.15g nicotine
Black contains 0.15g nicotine
Less compared to country cigarettes which have
nearly 0.20 g of nicotine
CONCLUSION
This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco
contained in country cigarettes is higher compared to the
content in company manufactured branded cigarettes.
TOBACCO
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in
the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the
form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly
used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as
Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name for any
plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade
family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and used in
cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco
plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species
are grown as ornamentals.
The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical
America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it
is no longer known in the wild. [Link], a mild-flavored, fast-burning
species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown
chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most
characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive
nature. The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of
different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium,
nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines
(TSNAs), phenols, and many others.
Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are
sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then
transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually
harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest, tobacco is stored for
curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation of
carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties
that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following
this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which include
smoking, chewing, snuffing, and so on.
Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder,
more inhalable smoke. Use of low-pH, inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is
one of the principal reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other
diseases association with smoke inhalation.
NICOTINE
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants
(Solanaceae) that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The
biosynthesistakes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves
of the Solanaceae. It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry
weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 μg/kg of various
edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine
was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs such as
imidacloprid are currently widely used.
In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed
nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high
amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is the main factor
responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking.
According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has
historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the
pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco
addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and
cocaine.
The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly
increased over the years, and one study found that there was an
average increase of 1.6% per year between the years of 1998 and
2005. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Link];
[Link]
7555-overview;
[Link];
[Link];
[Link];
“World Health Survey” by the World
Health Organisation (WHO);
“Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna
Sagar Publications;